During evolution the brain has selected glucose as a main source of metabolic energy. This has imposed homeostatic and behavioral constraints. First, the glycemic levels must be maintained at a minimum of ~5 mM to ensure constant energy supply to the brain. Second, a hi...

A major goal in plant biology is to understand how naturally occurring genetic variation leads to quantitative differences in economically important traits. Efforts to navigate the genotype-to-phenotype map are often focused on linear genetic interactions. As a result, ...

Within clonal bacterial populations not all cells exhibit the same phenotype, even though they grow in the same environment. The molecular sources contributing to phenotypic variation are diverse and can originate from noise in gene expression to heterogeneity in growth...