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  • Authors: Douglas J. Cant;

    ABSTRACT The Aptian-Albian Mannville Group of the Western Canada foreland basin shows longitudinal paleoflow parallel to the basin axis, and therefore its sequence stratigraphic organization differs from that of either a passive margin or a transversely supplied foreland. A detailed isopach map of the lower transgressive systems tract shows that over most of the basin, the greater part of this unit was not deposited in accommodation generated primarily by flexural subsidence In the west, the basal Cadomin Conglomerate was shed during a period of erosion of the overthrust load and uplift of the foreland, and does not mark the initiation of overthrusting. The Cadomin was preserved in disequilibrium with respect to any sea-level-related base level. To the east, basal Mannville sediments were deposited in valleys forming a major drainage system cut into the underlying Paleozoic rocks or in a large but shallow cratonic basin overlying a thick Paleozoic salt undergoing solution. The valley fills are nested, cut into one another because of the lower rates of ormation of accommodation and also the narrow topographic depressions on the basal unconformity. None of these sediments were deposited in accommodation resulting from flexural subsidence. The upper highstand systems tract includes a number of unconformities, indicated in nonmarine to marginal-marine areas by incised valleys or abrupt, discontinuous facies shifts, and in shallow marine areas by falling to lowstand shoreface sandstones. In the area of higher subsidence rates near the overthrust belt, subaerial unconformities do not extend onto marine shelves; conformable surfaces with no evidence of subaerial exposure (Type 2 sequence boundaries) occur here. Eastward (parallel to the shoreline) in areas of lower subsidence rates, these pass into subaerial unconformities (Type 1 sequence boundaries) cutting across marine shelves, with falling and lowstand shoreface deposits at their distal edges. Traced much farther east into areas with the lowest subsidence rates, the Ty e 1 unconformities amalgamate, with the result that the gaps in the section are larger stratigraphically and represent longer time periods. The proportion of falling, lowstand, and transgressive sea-level deposits compared to highstand deposits is also greater cratonward. These stratigraphic and sedimentologic patterns are interpretable as the result of fluctuations in sea level generated by some unspecified extrabasinal mechanism, possibly eustasy, superimposed on the laterally varying foreland subsidence gradient.

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    Authors: Daniele Durante;
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    TheScienceBreaker
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY SA
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      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: John A. Fornshell; Alessandra Tesei;

    The development of acoustic methods for measuring depths and ranges in the ocean environment began in the second decade of the twentieth century. The two world wars and the “Cold War” produced three eras of rapid technological development in the field of acoustic oceanography. By the mid-1920s, researchers had identified echoes from fish, Gadus morhua, in the traces from their echo sounders. The first tank experiments establishing the basics for detection of fish were performed in 1928. Through the 1930s, the use of SONAR as a means of locating schools of fish was developed. The end of World War II was quickly followed by the advent of using SONAR to track and hunt whales in the Southern Ocean and the marketing of commercial fish finding SONARs for use by commercial fisherman. The “deep scattering layer” composed of invertebrates and fish was discovered in the late 1940s on the echo sounder records. SONARs employing high frequencies, broadband, split beam, and multiple frequencies were developed as methods for the detection, quantification and identification of fish and invertebrates. The study of fish behavior has seen some use of passive acoustic techniques. Advancements in computer technology have been important throughout the last four decades of the twentieth century.

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    International Journal of Oceanography
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    International Journal of Oceanography
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      International Journal of Oceanography
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      International Journal of Oceanography
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    Authors: Xiaoyan Yang; Juzhi Hou; Feixue San;

    Abstract Continental chemical weathering has been suggested to affect the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide that influences global climate change at different time scales. Various indices for chemical weathering have been adopted to investigate past change in chemical weathering intensity and climate change on oceanic and lacustrine sediment archives. The reliability of the chemical weathering indices has been questioned as most sediments likely originate from multiple types of bedrock that may experience various degrees of chemical weathering and can thus be reliably robust indicators of climate and paleoclimate. Here we present Sr-type (e.g. Rb/Sr Sr/Ba) and Na-type (e.g. CIA CIW PIA CPA) chemical weathering indices for top soils across the southern Tibetan Plateau to discuss the chemical weathering characteristic in the Tibetan Plateau and to examine their response to regional climate variation. The results of chemical indices and the A-CN-K ternary plot show that the southern Tibetan Plateau is under the carbonate control of the primary chemical weathering stage with the cold-dry climate. Correlation analyses show shat Sr-type indices co-vary with mean annual temperature and annual precipitation while Na-type indices show little consistence with regional climate. The climate condition is the dominant control of Sr-type indices of top soils in the study area and the bedrock may be the dominant control for the Na-type indices. We also compared the corresponding indices at a Holocene lacustrine sediment profile in the Qaidam Basin in the northeast Tibetan Plateau with regional climatic records which strongly supports our observation in the top soils. The results of the study suggest that for the relative cold and dry climate in Tibetan Plateau the Sr-type indices are more sensitive to climate condition than Na-type indices. This suggests that the Sr-type indices are likely more suitable than Na-type indices to reflect the change of climate on the Tibetan Plateau. Caution should be taken for using the Na-type indices for reconstructing the past change in climate for the study area.

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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2020
    License: CC BY
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Sarah E. Myhre; Tessa M. Hill; James P. Kennett; Ken'ichi Ohkushi; +1 Authors
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    Quaternary International
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Quaternary International
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    Authors: O. V. Charkin; A. V. Zalizovski; Yu. M. Yampolski;

    Objective. Developing a technique for investigation of a dynamic of the equatorial boundary of the night side of the Northern auroral oval using data of registrations of scattered HF signals on superlong radio paths. Methods. Spectral, time, and time-frequency analysis of HF signals from time service stations, recorded at the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station (UAS). Selection of the spatial mode of signals scattered on the plasma inhomogeneities of the high latitude ionosphere of the northern hemisphere. The developed method is based on the measurement of the Doppler frequency shift and time of the group delay of the radio signal. Results. The possibility of studying the dynamics of the equatorial boundary of the night side of the Northern auroral oval using characteristics of scattered HF signals of time service stations registered at UAS is demonstrated. Conclusions. In the registrations of HF signals of the RWM station (55.75°N, 37.64°E) at UAS (65.25°S, 64.27°W) it is possible to select the mode scattered on the inhomogeneities of the high-latitude ionosphere of the northern hemisphere. The method for diagnosing the equatorial boundary of the auroral oval by observations on UAS of scattered radio signals from stations of the time service is proposed. It is convenient to use such stations as sources of the probe signal for diagnostic of the ionosphere so far as they have a number of advantages, including low relative frequency instability of master oscillators; weakly directed antennas and sufficiently powerful transmitters thanks to which their signals can be recorded in different regions of the globe; continuous work on a previously known schedule and, finally, the fact that they simultaneously emit at several frequencies, which expands the possibilities of their diagnostic use. The technique does not require additional transmitting devices and expensive antenna systems. The regular measurements using the suggested method allow carrying out the monitoring of auroral ionosphere, which will give the possibility for improving the existent models of its behavior.

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    Authors: D. Carstea;

    A detailed analysis was conducted to determine the adequacy of the total research efforts regarding the potential environmental impacts related to the exploration, drilling, production, and transmission stages of vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated, geopressured, and hot-dry-rock geothermal resources. The following environmental considerations were selected and analyzed in detail: air emissions (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercury, boron, radon, etc.); liquid emissions (brine, and toxic chemicals); land subsidence; seismic activity; and noise. Following the definition of the problem and the assessment of the past and ongoing research efforts, environmental research needs were then recommended based on: (1) the severity of the environmental problems as perceived by literature and contacts with the research community; (2) probability of occurrence; (3) and the research dependency for a solution to that particular problem. The recommended research needs consisted of: (1) an evaluation of the past and ongoing research efforts to ascertain gaps in knowledge for a particular pollutant, process, or control technology; (2) baseline studies of air, soil, water, and ecology around the existing geothermal facilities and in the locations scheduled for future geothermal development; (3) need for the development of appropriate models for predicting concentration and dispersion of pollutants; (4) development of predictive models for potential health and environmental effects associated with geothermal operations; and (5) development of appropriate control technology to destroy, remove or reduce harmful emissions in order to prevent the occurrence of environmental and health hazards and to comply with existing standards and criteria.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ekaterini Souvermezoglou; Evangelia Krasakopoulou; Alexandra Pavlidou;

    Abstract Nutrient and oxygen data collected in the southern Aegean Sea (Cretan Sea) and the straits of the Cretan Arc, during the four seasonal PELAGOS cruises in 1994–1995, are investigated and compared with data collected from 1987 to 1992 within the same area. During the cruises of the PELAGOS Project, nutrient enrichment of the intermediate layers of the Cretan Sea was observed, as a result of intrusion of ‘nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor’ Transition Mediterranean Water (TMW) compensating the Cretan Deep Water (CDW) outflow. TMW occupied the intermediate layers of the entire Cretan Sea. The concentrations of nutrients within this layer were often two times higher than those observed in the same area during previous studies undertaken before 1992 (increase ∼2.5 μmol/l of nitrate, ∼0.05 μmol/l of phosphate and ∼2.5μmol/l of silicate). The decrease of oxygen in this layer is about 0.8ml/l (35 μmol/l). Outflow of CDW occurs principally through the Antikithira and Kassos Straits (the two deeper straits of the Cretan Arc); it results in an increase of oxygen content but a decrease in the nutrient content of water in the deep and bottom layers outside the Cretan Sea. The major mesoscale features in the area have a major influence of the distributions and exchanges of nutrients and oxygen through the straits of the Cretan Arc. The surface and the intermediate layers were richer in nutrients and poorer in oxygen in spring (March 1994), than in autumn (September 1994).

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    Progress In Oceanography
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Robert B. Cook;

    Minerals of the Grenville Province is a rather ambitious undertaking, considering the breadth of geological environments and their accompanying mineral localities incorporated in the Grenville Prov...

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    Rocks & Minerals
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Myke King;
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    https://doi.org/10.1002/978111...
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      https://doi.org/10.1002/978111...
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  • Authors: Douglas J. Cant;

    ABSTRACT The Aptian-Albian Mannville Group of the Western Canada foreland basin shows longitudinal paleoflow parallel to the basin axis, and therefore its sequence stratigraphic organization differs from that of either a passive margin or a transversely supplied foreland. A detailed isopach map of the lower transgressive systems tract shows that over most of the basin, the greater part of this unit was not deposited in accommodation generated primarily by flexural subsidence In the west, the basal Cadomin Conglomerate was shed during a period of erosion of the overthrust load and uplift of the foreland, and does not mark the initiation of overthrusting. The Cadomin was preserved in disequilibrium with respect to any sea-level-related base level. To the east, basal Mannville sediments were deposited in valleys forming a major drainage system cut into the underlying Paleozoic rocks or in a large but shallow cratonic basin overlying a thick Paleozoic salt undergoing solution. The valley fills are nested, cut into one another because of the lower rates of ormation of accommodation and also the narrow topographic depressions on the basal unconformity. None of these sediments were deposited in accommodation resulting from flexural subsidence. The upper highstand systems tract includes a number of unconformities, indicated in nonmarine to marginal-marine areas by incised valleys or abrupt, discontinuous facies shifts, and in shallow marine areas by falling to lowstand shoreface sandstones. In the area of higher subsidence rates near the overthrust belt, subaerial unconformities do not extend onto marine shelves; conformable surfaces with no evidence of subaerial exposure (Type 2 sequence boundaries) occur here. Eastward (parallel to the shoreline) in areas of lower subsidence rates, these pass into subaerial unconformities (Type 1 sequence boundaries) cutting across marine shelves, with falling and lowstand shoreface deposits at their distal edges. Traced much farther east into areas with the lowest subsidence rates, the Ty e 1 unconformities amalgamate, with the result that the gaps in the section are larger stratigraphically and represent longer time periods. The proportion of falling, lowstand, and transgressive sea-level deposits compared to highstand deposits is also greater cratonward. These stratigraphic and sedimentologic patterns are interpretable as the result of fluctuations in sea level generated by some unspecified extrabasinal mechanism, possibly eustasy, superimposed on the laterally varying foreland subsidence gradient.

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    Authors: Daniele Durante;
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    Authors: John A. Fornshell; Alessandra Tesei;

    The development of acoustic methods for measuring depths and ranges in the ocean environment began in the second decade of the twentieth century. The two world wars and the “Cold War” produced three eras of rapid technological development in the field of acoustic oceanography. By the mid-1920s, researchers had identified echoes from fish, Gadus morhua, in the traces from their echo sounders. The first tank experiments establishing the basics for detection of fish were performed in 1928. Through the 1930s, the use of SONAR as a means of locating schools of fish was developed. The end of World War II was quickly followed by the advent of using SONAR to track and hunt whales in the Southern Ocean and the marketing of commercial fish finding SONARs for use by commercial fisherman. The “deep scattering layer” composed of invertebrates and fish was discovered in the late 1940s on the echo sounder records. SONARs employing high frequencies, broadband, split beam, and multiple frequencies were developed as methods for the detection, quantification and identification of fish and invertebrates. The study of fish behavior has seen some use of passive acoustic techniques. Advancements in computer technology have been important throughout the last four decades of the twentieth century.

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    International Journal of Oceanography
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    International Journal of Oceanography
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      International Journal of Oceanography
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    Authors: Xiaoyan Yang; Juzhi Hou; Feixue San;

    Abstract Continental chemical weathering has been suggested to affect the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide that influences global climate change at different time scales. Various indices for chemical weathering have been adopted to investigate past change in chemical weathering intensity and climate change on oceanic and lacustrine sediment archives. The reliability of the chemical weathering indices has been questioned as most sediments likely originate from multiple types of bedrock that may experience various degrees of chemical weathering and can thus be reliably robust indicators of climate and paleoclimate. Here we present Sr-type (e.g. Rb/Sr Sr/Ba) and Na-type (e.g. CIA CIW PIA CPA) chemical weathering indices for top soils across the southern Tibetan Plateau to discuss the chemical weathering characteristic in the Tibetan Plateau and to examine their response to regional climate variation. The results of chemical indices and the A-CN-K ternary plot show that the southern Tibetan Plateau is under the carbonate control of the primary chemical weathering stage with the cold-dry climate. Correlation analyses show shat Sr-type indices co-vary with mean annual temperature and annual precipitation while Na-type indices show little consistence with regional climate. The climate condition is the dominant control of Sr-type indices of top soils in the study area and the bedrock may be the dominant control for the Na-type indices. We also compared the corresponding indices at a Holocene lacustrine sediment profile in the Qaidam Basin in the northeast Tibetan Plateau with regional climatic records which strongly supports our observation in the top soils. The results of the study suggest that for the relative cold and dry climate in Tibetan Plateau the Sr-type indices are more sensitive to climate condition than Na-type indices. This suggests that the Sr-type indices are likely more suitable than Na-type indices to reflect the change of climate on the Tibetan Plateau. Caution should be taken for using the Na-type indices for reconstructing the past change in climate for the study area.

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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Sarah E. Myhre; Tessa M. Hill; James P. Kennett; Ken'ichi Ohkushi; +1 Authors
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    Quaternary International
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    Authors: O. V. Charkin; A. V. Zalizovski; Yu. M. Yampolski;

    Objective. Developing a technique for investigation of a dynamic of the equatorial boundary of the night side of the Northern auroral oval using data of registrations of scattered HF signals on superlong radio paths. Methods. Spectral, time, and time-frequency analysis of HF signals from time service stations, recorded at the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station (UAS). Selection of the spatial mode of signals scattered on the plasma inhomogeneities of the high latitude ionosphere of the northern hemisphere. The developed method is based on the measurement of the Doppler frequency shift and time of the group delay of the radio signal. Results. The possibility of studying the dynamics of the equatorial boundary of the night side of the Northern auroral oval using characteristics of scattered HF signals of time service stations registered at UAS is demonstrated. Conclusions. In the registrations of HF signals of the RWM station (55.75°N, 37.64°E) at UAS (65.25°S, 64.27°W) it is possible to select the mode scattered on the inhomogeneities of the high-latitude ionosphere of the northern hemisphere. The method for diagnosing the equatorial boundary of the auroral oval by observations on UAS of scattered radio signals from stations of the time service is proposed. It is convenient to use such stations as sources of the probe signal for diagnostic of the ionosphere so far as they have a number of advantages, including low relative frequency instability of master oscillators; weakly directed antennas and sufficiently powerful transmitters thanks to which their signals can be recorded in different regions of the globe; continuous work on a previously known schedule and, finally, the fact that they simultaneously emit at several frequencies, which expands the possibilities of their diagnostic use. The technique does not require additional transmitting devices and expensive antenna systems. The regular measurements using the suggested method allow carrying out the monitoring of auroral ionosphere, which will give the possibility for improving the existent models of its behavior.

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    Authors: D. Carstea;

    A detailed analysis was conducted to determine the adequacy of the total research efforts regarding the potential environmental impacts related to the exploration, drilling, production, and transmission stages of vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated, geopressured, and hot-dry-rock geothermal resources. The following environmental considerations were selected and analyzed in detail: air emissions (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercury, boron, radon, etc.); liquid emissions (brine, and toxic chemicals); land subsidence; seismic activity; and noise. Following the definition of the problem and the assessment of the past and ongoing research efforts, environmental research needs were then recommended based on: (1) the severity of the environmental problems as perceived by literature and contacts with the research community; (2) probability of occurrence; (3) and the research dependency for a solution to that particular problem. The recommended research needs consisted of: (1) an evaluation of the past and ongoing research efforts to ascertain gaps in knowledge for a particular pollutant, process, or control technology; (2) baseline studies of air, soil, water, and ecology around the existing geothermal facilities and in the locations scheduled for future geothermal development; (3) need for the development of appropriate models for predicting concentration and dispersion of pollutants; (4) development of predictive models for potential health and environmental effects associated with geothermal operations; and (5) development of appropriate control technology to destroy, remove or reduce harmful emissions in order to prevent the occurrence of environmental and health hazards and to comply with existing standards and criteria.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ekaterini Souvermezoglou; Evangelia Krasakopoulou; Alexandra Pavlidou;

    Abstract Nutrient and oxygen data collected in the southern Aegean Sea (Cretan Sea) and the straits of the Cretan Arc, during the four seasonal PELAGOS cruises in 1994–1995, are investigated and compared with data collected from 1987 to 1992 within the same area. During the cruises of the PELAGOS Project, nutrient enrichment of the intermediate layers of the Cretan Sea was observed, as a result of intrusion of ‘nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor’ Transition Mediterranean Water (TMW) compensating the Cretan Deep Water (CDW) outflow. TMW occupied the intermediate layers of the entire Cretan Sea. The concentrations of nutrients within this layer were often two times higher than those observed in the same area during previous studies undertaken before 1992 (increase ∼2.5 μmol/l of nitrate, ∼0.05 μmol/l of phosphate and ∼2.5μmol/l of silicate). The decrease of oxygen in this layer is about 0.8ml/l (35 μmol/l). Outflow of CDW occurs principally through the Antikithira and Kassos Straits (the two deeper straits of the Cretan Arc); it results in an increase of oxygen content but a decrease in the nutrient content of water in the deep and bottom layers outside the Cretan Sea. The major mesoscale features in the area have a major influence of the distributions and exchanges of nutrients and oxygen through the straits of the Cretan Arc. The surface and the intermediate layers were richer in nutrients and poorer in oxygen in spring (March 1994), than in autumn (September 1994).

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Progress In Oceanogr...arrow_drop_down
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    Progress In Oceanography
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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      Progress In Oceanography
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Robert B. Cook;

    Minerals of the Grenville Province is a rather ambitious undertaking, considering the breadth of geological environments and their accompanying mineral localities incorporated in the Grenville Prov...

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    Rocks & Minerals
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Rocks & Minerals
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Myke King;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.1002/978111...
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      https://doi.org/10.1002/978111...
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