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  • COVID-19
  • 2022-2022
  • Publications
  • HAL AMU

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  • Authors: Christofle, Sylvie; Fournier, Carine;

    International audience; The aim of this study is to determine the trajectories of global convention cities, in order to identify and explain the strong interactions between urban policies and changes and the dynamics of hosting international conferences around the world. To accomplish this aim, the major convention cities are calibrated so that their relative positions over 24 years alongside their policies for urban change can be analyzed. To do this, we undertake a factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) combined with ascending hierarchical classification to establish a hierarchical ranking and a typology. The hosting dynamics observed reveal the strong links between material and nonmaterial urban changes and a city’s attractiveness as a convention destination. At present, the situation still reflects the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic. It has already had technical, technological, and health-related consequences for convention processes. These new factors need to be considered in further studies on convention tourism and urban changes

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    Authors: Hassan Karimi-Maleh; Elena Niculina Dragoi; Eric Lichtfouse;

    The coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) started in 2019 and induced long-lasting effects on many aspects of life. Every one of us felt how the quiet existence was transformedinto a chaotic state full of uncertainties, doubts, and fear for one’s safety. This led to many societal changes, some influenced by objective facts and events, others by human risk perception and behavior modifications. Although risk perception tends to be biased and the responses of individuals to the perceived threat are very different, jumping from lack of precautions and a false feeling of security to unnecessary scares and stigmatization of risks groups will impact human activities in all areas for many years to come. Here, we review the positive and negative outcomes of the pandemic on academia and scientific enterprises. International audience

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    Environmental Chemistry Letters
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    Environmental Chemistry Letters
    Other literature type . 2023
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      Environmental Chemistry Letters
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer Nature TDM
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      Environmental Chemistry Letters
      Other literature type . 2023
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    Authors: Allison K. Maher; Katie L. Burnham; Emma M. Jones; Michelle M. H. Tan; +14 Authors

    AbstractAlthough alterations in myeloid cells have been observed in COVID-19, the specific underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we examine the function of classical CD14+monocytes in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 during the acute phase of infection and in healthy individuals. Monocytes from COVID-19 patients display altered expression of cell surface receptors and a dysfunctional metabolic profile that distinguish them from healthy monocytes. Secondary pathogen sensing ex vivo leads to defects in pro-inflammatory cytokine and type-I IFN production in moderate COVID-19 cases, together with defects in glycolysis. COVID-19 monocytes switch their gene expression profile from canonical innate immune to pro-thrombotic signatures and are functionally pro-thrombotic, both at baseline and following ex vivo stimulation with SARS-CoV-2. Transcriptionally, COVID-19 monocytes are characterized by enrichment of pathways involved in hemostasis, immunothrombosis, platelet aggregation and other accessory pathways to platelet activation and clot formation. These results identify a potential mechanism by which monocyte dysfunction may contribute to COVID-19 pathology.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Article . 2022
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Franck Touret; Emilie Giraud; Jérôme Bourret; Flora Donati; +7 Authors

    The landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants dramatically diversified with the simultaneous appearance of multiple subvariants originating from BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 Omicron sub-lineages. They harbor a specific set of mutations in the spike that can make them more evasive to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we compared the neutralizing potential of monoclonal antibodies against the Omicron BA.2.75.2, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB variants, with a pre-Omicron Delta variant as a reference. Sotrovimab retains some activity against BA.2.75.2, BQ.1, and XBB as it did against BA.2/BA.5, but is less active against BQ.1.1. Within the Evusheld/AZD7442 cocktail, Cilgavimab lost all activity against all subvariants studied, resulting in loss of Evusheld activity. Finally, Bebtelovimab, while still active against BA.2.75, also lost all neutralizing activity against BQ.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB variants. International audience

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    iScience
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Article . 2022
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    iScience
    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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  • Authors: Couprie, Hélène;

    International audience; This commentary puts into perspective two of the articles in this issue, which analyse the impact of the COVID‑19 crisis on the allocation of time within families in France: one is written by Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz and Lionel Wilner and the other written by Hugues Champeaux and Francesca Marchetta. Both reveal that family arrangements appeared generally flexible, since time use changed significantly in the context of the crisis, leading to men becoming much more involved in household chores and parenting in particular. However, far from being unprecedented, this flexibility is compatible with a traditional division of roles according to gender. The changes observed may result from a model in which the man plays the role of a secondary worker in domestic production, who can be mobilised in the event of the unavailability of the primary worker, the woman. Decisions made by families in France are still anchored to gender norms; not only does this constitute a waste of resources, it also generates temporal inequalities that may manifest as intra‑family conflicts.

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    Authors: George Mpekoulis; Katerina I. Kalliampakou; Raphaela S. Milona; Despoina Lagou; +11 Authors

    The SARS-CoV-2 infection was previously associated with the expression of the dopamine biosynthetic enzyme L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC). Specifically, a negative correlation was detected between DDC mRNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in in vitro infected epithelial cells and the nasopharyngeal tissue of COVID-19 patients with mild/no symptoms. However, DDC, among other genes related to both DDC expression and SARS-CoV-2-infection (ACE2, dACE2, EPO), was upregulated in these patients, possibly attributed to an orchestrated host antiviral response. Herein, by comparing DDC expression in the nasopharyngeal swab samples of severe/critical to mild COVID-19 cases, we showed a 20 mean-fold reduction, highlighting the importance of the expression of this gene as a potential marker of COVID-19 severity. Moreover, we identified an association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the expression of key catecholamine biosynthesis/metabolism-related genes, in whole blood samples from hospitalized patients and in cultured cells. Specifically, viral infection downregulated the biosynthetic part of the dopamine pathway (reduction in DDC expression up to 7.5 mean-fold), while enhanced the catabolizing part (increase in monoamine oxidases A and B expression up to 15 and 10 mean-fold, respectively) in vivo, irrespectively of the presence of comorbidities. In accordance, dopamine levels in the sera of severe cases were reduced (up to 3.8 mean-fold). Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between DDC and MAOA mRNA levels (r = 0.527, p < 00001) in the blood was identified upon SARS-CoV-2-infection. These observations were consistent to the gene expression data from SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 and A549 epithelial cells. Furthermore, L-Dopa or dopamine treatment of infected cells attenuated the virus-derived cytopathic effect by 55% and 59%, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 mediated suppression of dopamine biosynthesis in cell culture was, at least in part, attributed to hypoxia-like conditions triggered by viral infection. These findings suggest that L-Dopa/dopamine intake may have a preventive or therapeutic value for COVID-19 patients. International audience

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    Cells
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Cells
    Article . 2022
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      Cells
      Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cells
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    Authors: Perla Abou Atmeh; Perla Abou Atmeh; Laetitia Gay; Laetitia Gay; +11 Authors

    Introduction The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants during the COVID pandemic has revealed the impact of variant diversity on viral infectivity and host immune responses. While antibodies and CD8 T cells are essential to clear viral infection, the protective role of innate immunity including macrophages has been recognized. The aims of our study were to compare the infectivity of different SARS-CoV-2 variants in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and to assess their activation profiles and the role of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We also studied the ability of macrophages infected to affect other immune cells such as γδ2 T cells, another partner of innate immune response to viral infections. Results We showed that the SARS-CoV-2 variants α-B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), β-B.1.351 (South Africa), γ-P.1 (Brazil), δ-B.1.617 (India) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), infected MDM without replication, the γ-Brazil variant exhibiting increased infectivity for MDM. No clear polarization profile of SARS-CoV-2 variants-infected MDM was observed. The β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced macrophage activation while B.1.1.529 (Omicron) was rather inhibitory. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 variants modulated ACE2 expression in MDM. In particular, the β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced a higher expression of ACE2, related to MDM activation. Finally, all variants were able to activate γδ2 cells among which γ-P.1 (Brazil) and β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variants were the most efficient. Conclusion Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 variants can infect MDM and modulate their activation, which was correlated with the ACE2 expression. They also affect γδ2 T cell activation. The macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 variants was stereotypical. International audience

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    Frontiers in Immunology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Frontiers in Immunology
    Article . 2022
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      Frontiers in Immunology
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Ayimpam, Sylvie; Bouju, Jacky;

    International audience; Cet article examine la gouvernance de la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19 en 2020 en République démocratique du Congo en lien avec l’exposition au risque de contamination des populations pauvres, et propose d’en analyser les aspects nécropolitiques. En restreignant les libertés d’action et de circulation des citoyens dont le mode de survie au quotidien dépend de telles libertés, les mesures de prévention du risque pandémique pendant la période d’état d’urgence ont eu l’effet inverse de celui escompté, exposant des centaines de milliers d’entre eux à de nouveaux risques. Bien plus, la gouvernance au quotidien de la pandémie a été parfois défaillante et chaotique, contribuant ainsi à la généralisation du déni du risque de pandémie. Les réactions de résistance des citoyens face aux mesures de restrictions interdisant leurs activités quotidiennes de survie ont favorisé l’apparition de risques « concurrents » et engendré de nouvelles vulnérabilités, aggravant les risques « familiers » préexistants. Ce paradoxe dramatique est interprété ici comme la conséquence d’une gouvernance nécropolitique autoritaire.

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    Authors: BOUZIDI, Hawa Sophia;

    Dans le contexte actuel, où l’émergence et la réémergence de pathogènes viraux ne cessent de croître et constituent un problème majeur de santé publique, le développement de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques est indispensable. L'ingénierie des virus recombinants est un outil prééminent pour déchiffrer la biologie des agents pathogènes viraux émergents tels que les Coronavirus, les Artérivirus ou encore les Flavivirus. Cependant, la grande taille et la complexité des génomes de certains de ces virus rendent les méthodes actuelles de génétique inverse difficiles. Ici, nous décrivons une méthode simple basée sur la technologie des « amplicons sous-génomiques infectieux » (ISA) pour générer des virus infectieux recombinants, ceci sans avoir besoin de reconstruction de l'ADNc génomique complet ni de clonage. Cette technique a été appliquée avec succès aux virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (PRRSV), du coronavirus entérique félin (FeCoV), du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère 2 (SARS-CoV-2) et de l’encéphalite à tiques (TBEV).Nous avons réussi à obtenir des virus recombinants « sauvages » avec des caractéristiques biologiques similaires aux souches d'origine pour l’ensemble de ces virus. Egalement, des mutations spécifiques et des gènes rapporteurs rouges fluorescents (mCherry) ont été incorporés dans le génome du SARS-CoV-2 et du TBEV permettant leur utilisation dans différents domaines de la virologie. En effet, les souches virales générées de novo ont pu être utilisées avec des essais de séroneutralisation ainsi que pour des tests de molécules antivirales. La rapidité et la simplicité de la méthode ISA a le potentiel d’accroître la génération de virus par génétique inverse, afin d'explorer les propriétés biologiques des virus et d'accélérer le développement de composés thérapeutiques efficaces. Cette méthode polyvalente, permettrait aussi de générer des souches génétiquement modifiées et atténuées pour le développement éventuel de candidats vaccins.

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    Authors: I. Aristegui; J. Castro Avila; V. Villes; R. M. Delabre; +9 Authors

    Background: Female sex workers (FSW) have been disproportionately impacted by the Covid-19 crisis. Data show increases of police violence toward key populations (KP), likely a consequence of their role in enforcing health government measures. This study aimed to identify factors associated with police violence experienced by FSW during the Covid-19 crisis in Argentina.Methods: EPIC is a multi-country, cross-sectional, community-based research program evaluating the impact of Covid-19 among KP. In Argentina, the study was conducted in collaboration with FSW community-based organizations (CBO). Participants completed an online survey (October 2020-April 2021). Police violence was measured as having experienced episodes of violence (physical, verbal, psychological or sexual) by security forces since the start of the health crisis. Factors associated with police violence were assessed in logistic regression models.Results: Among 173 respondents, median age was 34 [IQR 27-42], 39.3% were transgender women (TW), 78.1% declared sex work as their only income and 71.7% mentioned their financial situation has deteriorated with the health crisis. Nearly half of FSW (44.5%) reported experiencing police violence within the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, and among them, 76.6% declared more frequent violence episodes since the beginning of the health crisis. After adjustment for age, being a TW (aOR [95% CI] = 2.71 [1.21;6.05]), reporting non-injection drug use (2.92 [1.02;8.36]), having a considerably deteriorated financial situation (3.67 [1.47;9.21]), having had a consultation with a CBO worker for medical care/treatments (5.56 [2.15;14.37]) and declaring fear or experiences of discrimination by physicians/other health workers (2.97 [1.21;7.29]), since the beginning of the Covid-19 health crisis, were independently associated with police violence.Conclusions: FSW in Argentina have experienced an increase in police violence since the beginning of the health crisis. Belonging to multiple KP (FSW, TW, people who use drugs) increases the likelihood of experiencing police violence, highlighting the need of an intersectional approach to develop interventions to reduce stigma and violence against FSW. CBOs have provided essential support and services during the crisis to FSWs, and other KPs, who may have avoided traditional healthcare structures due to fear or experiences of discrimination. International audience

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    Harm Reduction Journal
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    Harm Reduction Journal
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  • Authors: Christofle, Sylvie; Fournier, Carine;

    International audience; The aim of this study is to determine the trajectories of global convention cities, in order to identify and explain the strong interactions between urban policies and changes and the dynamics of hosting international conferences around the world. To accomplish this aim, the major convention cities are calibrated so that their relative positions over 24 years alongside their policies for urban change can be analyzed. To do this, we undertake a factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) combined with ascending hierarchical classification to establish a hierarchical ranking and a typology. The hosting dynamics observed reveal the strong links between material and nonmaterial urban changes and a city’s attractiveness as a convention destination. At present, the situation still reflects the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic. It has already had technical, technological, and health-related consequences for convention processes. These new factors need to be considered in further studies on convention tourism and urban changes

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    Authors: Hassan Karimi-Maleh; Elena Niculina Dragoi; Eric Lichtfouse;

    The coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) started in 2019 and induced long-lasting effects on many aspects of life. Every one of us felt how the quiet existence was transformedinto a chaotic state full of uncertainties, doubts, and fear for one’s safety. This led to many societal changes, some influenced by objective facts and events, others by human risk perception and behavior modifications. Although risk perception tends to be biased and the responses of individuals to the perceived threat are very different, jumping from lack of precautions and a false feeling of security to unnecessary scares and stigmatization of risks groups will impact human activities in all areas for many years to come. Here, we review the positive and negative outcomes of the pandemic on academia and scientific enterprises. International audience

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    Environmental Chemistry Letters
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Chemistry Letters
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    Authors: Allison K. Maher; Katie L. Burnham; Emma M. Jones; Michelle M. H. Tan; +14 Authors

    AbstractAlthough alterations in myeloid cells have been observed in COVID-19, the specific underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we examine the function of classical CD14+monocytes in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 during the acute phase of infection and in healthy individuals. Monocytes from COVID-19 patients display altered expression of cell surface receptors and a dysfunctional metabolic profile that distinguish them from healthy monocytes. Secondary pathogen sensing ex vivo leads to defects in pro-inflammatory cytokine and type-I IFN production in moderate COVID-19 cases, together with defects in glycolysis. COVID-19 monocytes switch their gene expression profile from canonical innate immune to pro-thrombotic signatures and are functionally pro-thrombotic, both at baseline and following ex vivo stimulation with SARS-CoV-2. Transcriptionally, COVID-19 monocytes are characterized by enrichment of pathways involved in hemostasis, immunothrombosis, platelet aggregation and other accessory pathways to platelet activation and clot formation. These results identify a potential mechanism by which monocyte dysfunction may contribute to COVID-19 pathology.

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    Nature Communications
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Communications
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    Authors: Franck Touret; Emilie Giraud; Jérôme Bourret; Flora Donati; +7 Authors

    The landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants dramatically diversified with the simultaneous appearance of multiple subvariants originating from BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 Omicron sub-lineages. They harbor a specific set of mutations in the spike that can make them more evasive to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we compared the neutralizing potential of monoclonal antibodies against the Omicron BA.2.75.2, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB variants, with a pre-Omicron Delta variant as a reference. Sotrovimab retains some activity against BA.2.75.2, BQ.1, and XBB as it did against BA.2/BA.5, but is less active against BQ.1.1. Within the Evusheld/AZD7442 cocktail, Cilgavimab lost all activity against all subvariants studied, resulting in loss of Evusheld activity. Finally, Bebtelovimab, while still active against BA.2.75, also lost all neutralizing activity against BQ.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB variants. International audience

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  • Authors: Couprie, Hélène;

    International audience; This commentary puts into perspective two of the articles in this issue, which analyse the impact of the COVID‑19 crisis on the allocation of time within families in France: one is written by Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz and Lionel Wilner and the other written by Hugues Champeaux and Francesca Marchetta. Both reveal that family arrangements appeared generally flexible, since time use changed significantly in the context of the crisis, leading to men becoming much more involved in household chores and parenting in particular. However, far from being unprecedented, this flexibility is compatible with a traditional division of roles according to gender. The changes observed may result from a model in which the man plays the role of a secondary worker in domestic production, who can be mobilised in the event of the unavailability of the primary worker, the woman. Decisions made by families in France are still anchored to gender norms; not only does this constitute a waste of resources, it also generates temporal inequalities that may manifest as intra‑family conflicts.

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    Authors: George Mpekoulis; Katerina I. Kalliampakou; Raphaela S. Milona; Despoina Lagou; +11 Authors

    The SARS-CoV-2 infection was previously associated with the expression of the dopamine biosynthetic enzyme L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC). Specifically, a negative correlation was detected between DDC mRNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in in vitro infected epithelial cells and the nasopharyngeal tissue of COVID-19 patients with mild/no symptoms. However, DDC, among other genes related to both DDC expression and SARS-CoV-2-infection (ACE2, dACE2, EPO), was upregulated in these patients, possibly attributed to an orchestrated host antiviral response. Herein, by comparing DDC expression in the nasopharyngeal swab samples of severe/critical to mild COVID-19 cases, we showed a 20 mean-fold reduction, highlighting the importance of the expression of this gene as a potential marker of COVID-19 severity. Moreover, we identified an association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the expression of key catecholamine biosynthesis/metabolism-related genes, in whole blood samples from hospitalized patients and in cultured cells. Specifically, viral infection downregulated the biosynthetic part of the dopamine pathway (reduction in DDC expression up to 7.5 mean-fold), while enhanced the catabolizing part (increase in monoamine oxidases A and B expression up to 15 and 10 mean-fold, respectively) in vivo, irrespectively of the presence of comorbidities. In accordance, dopamine levels in the sera of severe cases were reduced (up to 3.8 mean-fold). Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between DDC and MAOA mRNA levels (r = 0.527, p < 00001) in the blood was identified upon SARS-CoV-2-infection. These observations were consistent to the gene expression data from SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 and A549 epithelial cells. Furthermore, L-Dopa or dopamine treatment of infected cells attenuated the virus-derived cytopathic effect by 55% and 59%, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 mediated suppression of dopamine biosynthesis in cell culture was, at least in part, attributed to hypoxia-like conditions triggered by viral infection. These findings suggest that L-Dopa/dopamine intake may have a preventive or therapeutic value for COVID-19 patients. International audience

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    Cells
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Perla Abou Atmeh; Perla Abou Atmeh; Laetitia Gay; Laetitia Gay; +11 Authors

    Introduction The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants during the COVID pandemic has revealed the impact of variant diversity on viral infectivity and host immune responses. While antibodies and CD8 T cells are essential to clear viral infection, the protective role of innate immunity including macrophages has been recognized. The aims of our study were to compare the infectivity of different SARS-CoV-2 variants in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and to assess their activation profiles and the role of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We also studied the ability of macrophages infected to affect other immune cells such as γδ2 T cells, another partner of innate immune response to viral infections. Results We showed that the SARS-CoV-2 variants α-B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), β-B.1.351 (South Africa), γ-P.1 (Brazil), δ-B.1.617 (India) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), infected MDM without replication, the γ-Brazil variant exhibiting increased infectivity for MDM. No clear polarization profile of SARS-CoV-2 variants-infected MDM was observed. The β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced macrophage activation while B.1.1.529 (Omicron) was rather inhibitory. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 variants modulated ACE2 expression in MDM. In particular, the β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced a higher expression of ACE2, related to MDM activation. Finally, all variants were able to activate γδ2 cells among which γ-P.1 (Brazil) and β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variants were the most efficient. Conclusion Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 variants can infect MDM and modulate their activation, which was correlated with the ACE2 expression. They also affect γδ2 T cell activation. The macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 variants was stereotypical. International audience

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    Frontiers in Immunology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Ayimpam, Sylvie; Bouju, Jacky;

    International audience; Cet article examine la gouvernance de la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19 en 2020 en République démocratique du Congo en lien avec l’exposition au risque de contamination des populations pauvres, et propose d’en analyser les aspects nécropolitiques. En restreignant les libertés d’action et de circulation des citoyens dont le mode de survie au quotidien dépend de telles libertés, les mesures de prévention du risque pandémique pendant la période d’état d’urgence ont eu l’effet inverse de celui escompté, exposant des centaines de milliers d’entre eux à de nouveaux risques. Bien plus, la gouvernance au quotidien de la pandémie a été parfois défaillante et chaotique, contribuant ainsi à la généralisation du déni du risque de pandémie. Les réactions de résistance des citoyens face aux mesures de restrictions interdisant leurs activités quotidiennes de survie ont favorisé l’apparition de risques « concurrents » et engendré de nouvelles vulnérabilités, aggravant les risques « familiers » préexistants. Ce paradoxe dramatique est interprété ici comme la conséquence d’une gouvernance nécropolitique autoritaire.

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    Authors: BOUZIDI, Hawa Sophia;

    Dans le contexte actuel, où l’émergence et la réémergence de pathogènes viraux ne cessent de croître et constituent un problème majeur de santé publique, le développement de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques est indispensable. L'ingénierie des virus recombinants est un outil prééminent pour déchiffrer la biologie des agents pathogènes viraux émergents tels que les Coronavirus, les Artérivirus ou encore les Flavivirus. Cependant, la grande taille et la complexité des génomes de certains de ces virus rendent les méthodes actuelles de génétique inverse difficiles. Ici, nous décrivons une méthode simple basée sur la technologie des « amplicons sous-génomiques infectieux » (ISA) pour générer des virus infectieux recombinants, ceci sans avoir besoin de reconstruction de l'ADNc génomique complet ni de clonage. Cette technique a été appliquée avec succès aux virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (PRRSV), du coronavirus entérique félin (FeCoV), du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère 2 (SARS-CoV-2) et de l’encéphalite à tiques (TBEV).Nous avons réussi à obtenir des virus recombinants « sauvages » avec des caractéristiques biologiques similaires aux souches d'origine pour l’ensemble de ces virus. Egalement, des mutations spécifiques et des gènes rapporteurs rouges fluorescents (mCherry) ont été incorporés dans le génome du SARS-CoV-2 et du TBEV permettant leur utilisation dans différents domaines de la virologie. En effet, les souches virales générées de novo ont pu être utilisées avec des essais de séroneutralisation ainsi que pour des tests de molécules antivirales. La rapidité et la simplicité de la méthode ISA a le potentiel d’accroître la génération de virus par génétique inverse, afin d'explorer les propriétés biologiques des virus et d'accélérer le développement de composés thérapeutiques efficaces. Cette méthode polyvalente, permettrait aussi de générer des souches génétiquement modifiées et atténuées pour le développement éventuel de candidats vaccins.

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    Authors: I. Aristegui; J. Castro Avila; V. Villes; R. M. Delabre; +9 Authors

    Background: Female sex workers (FSW) have been disproportionately impacted by the Covid-19 crisis. Data show increases of police violence toward key populations (KP), likely a consequence of their role in enforcing health government measures. This study aimed to identify factors associated with police violence experienced by FSW during the Covid-19 crisis in Argentina.Methods: EPIC is a multi-country, cross-sectional, community-based research program evaluating the impact of Covid-19 among KP. In Argentina, the study was conducted in collaboration with FSW community-based organizations (CBO). Participants completed an online survey (October 2020-April 2021). Police violence was measured as having experienced episodes of violence (physical, verbal, psychological or sexual) by security forces since the start of the health crisis. Factors associated with police violence were assessed in logistic regression models.Results: Among 173 respondents, median age was 34 [IQR 27-42], 39.3% were transgender women (TW), 78.1% declared sex work as their only income and 71.7% mentioned their financial situation has deteriorated with the health crisis. Nearly half of FSW (44.5%) reported experiencing police violence within the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, and among them, 76.6% declared more frequent violence episodes since the beginning of the health crisis. After adjustment for age, being a TW (aOR [95% CI] = 2.71 [1.21;6.05]), reporting non-injection drug use (2.92 [1.02;8.36]), having a considerably deteriorated financial situation (3.67 [1.47;9.21]), having had a consultation with a CBO worker for medical care/treatments (5.56 [2.15;14.37]) and declaring fear or experiences of discrimination by physicians/other health workers (2.97 [1.21;7.29]), since the beginning of the Covid-19 health crisis, were independently associated with police violence.Conclusions: FSW in Argentina have experienced an increase in police violence since the beginning of the health crisis. Belonging to multiple KP (FSW, TW, people who use drugs) increases the likelihood of experiencing police violence, highlighting the need of an intersectional approach to develop interventions to reduce stigma and violence against FSW. CBOs have provided essential support and services during the crisis to FSWs, and other KPs, who may have avoided traditional healthcare structures due to fear or experiences of discrimination. International audience

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    Harm Reduction Journal
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Harm Reduction Journal
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL AMU; Mémoires en...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Harm Reduction Journal
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Harm Reduction Journal
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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