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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schiller, Edmund; Wiltschke-Schrotta, Karin; Häffner, Eva; Buschbom, Jutta; +8 Authors

    We present two different typologies of legal/contractual information in the context of natural history objects: the Biodiversity Permit/Contract Typology categorises permits and contracts, and the Typology of Legal/Contractual Terms for Biodiversity Specimens categorises the terms within permits and contracts. The Typologies have been developed under the EU-funded SYNTHESYS+ project with the participation of experts from outside the consortium. The document further addresses a possible technical integration of these typologies into the Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo). The implementation in the DiSSCo data model is outlined and a concrete use case is presented to show how conditions, e.g. the Typology of Legal/Contractual Terms, can be introduced into the DiSSCo Electronic Loans and Visits System (ElViS). Finally, we give an outlook on the next steps to develop the typologies into a standard that supports compliance with legal and contractual obligations within the wider community of natural science collections.

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    Authors: Landel, Salomé; Lymer, Gaël; Pasterk, Markus; Guiraud, Michel; +1 Authors

    A key consideration during the preparatory phase project DiSSCo Prepare – which laid the foundations for the future Research Infrastructure DiSSCo (Distributed System of Scientific Collections) – was the need to establish a small number of alternative viable financial contribution models and a scalable formula which could be presented to potential funders, with a view to obtaining the minimum financial contribution necessary for DiSSCo to operate, as well as considering how the RI could grow with increased national funding.This report briefly explains the ERIC funding framework – as chosen for DiSSCo – and its legal constraints, in order to explain the key role played by national member contributions in the viability of an ERIC. An essential annex of the statutes that will be signed by all members of the ERIC is the member fee calculation. A proposal for the DiSSCo member fee calculation is set out in this document and is based on three main indicators: economic power (GDP), annual spending in research and development and population size. In the context of DiSSCo – and to ensure the ERIC can function – these indicators are connected to a fixed baseline fee of €50,000, in order to guarantee a minimum significant annual contribution from each participating country and avoid contributions that will be more expensive to manage than to benefit from. This baseline is multiplied by contribution factors which propose different ways to weight the various indicators.The method is established on an ideal scenario, whereby all 27 EU members, as well as the UK, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland sign the DiSSCo statutes and agree to the proposed member contribution calculation, amounting to €4.5 million for the annual budget of the ERIC. This scenario remains highly unlikely; therefore, a scaled approach has been envisaged, meaning the initial engagement of some countries will allow DiSSCo to begin its operation and implement its business strategy, whilst the growth of the ERIC and its activities is likely to evolve proportionally to the number of national members it is able to engage.This report also looks at the ways in which funding could be distributed amongst the DiSSCo members in order to implement decentralised services.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Ideas and O...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alho, Kimmo; Hartmann, Hendrik; Ylinen, Artturi; Hannula-Sormunen, Minna M.; +8 Authors

    Associations of adolescents’ information and communication technology (ICT) skills and activities, measured with the ySKILLS questionnaire, and their brain activity, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and task performance in mathematical tasks in the presence or absence of distracting speech were studied in 189 12–14-year-old Finnish participants. The results showed no associations of ICT skills or activities with the participants’ performance in the mathematical tasks. There was only one association of ICT skills with brain activity: Participants’ higher content creation and production skills were associated with stronger fMRI responses from the parietal white matter. However, this finding is suspicious, because reliability and functional significance of fMRI findings in the white matter are not clearly established. A subgroup of Finnish participants (n = 60) also performed listening and reading tasks during fMRI. In these tasks spoken or written sentences were to be classified as semantically congruent (e.g., “This morning I ate a bowl of cereal”) or incongruent (e.g., “This morning I ate a bowl of shoes”) at the presence or absence of distractor sentences in the other modality, that is, written distractors during the listening task and spoken distractor during the reading task. Performance accuracy in these tasks increased gradually with the amount of online gaming in participants’ daily life, suggesting that gaming may be advantageous for development of linguistic or attention skills, or both, needed in the present fast-paced tasks. However, performance accuracy dropped for participants gaming excessively (“several times a day” or “almost all the time”), suggesting that detrimental effects of excessive gaming override the positive effects of gaming on cognitive skills. Moreover, participants’ communication and interaction skills, as well as their content creation and production skills, had an interaction with Task (reading vs. listening), and Distractor (present vs. absent) which might be interpreted as negative associations of these ICT skills and linguistic skills. Perhaps the participants had acquired high ICT skills at the expense of linguistic skills. There was also one unexpected significant association of ICT skills and brain activity during the linguistic tasks: Higher information, navigation, and processing skills were associated with higher activity in the anterior insula of the left hemisphere. Previous studies have suggested that this brain area is involved in linguistic processing and therefore also this finding suggests an association of participants ICT and linguistic skills. However, since there was no association of the information, navigation, and processing skills with task performance, it is not possible to interpret whether positive association of these skills and activity in the left insula reflects higher processing efficiency or higher effort during linguistic task performance. Finally, associations between adolescents’ ICT skills and activities and their attention and working memory skills measured with widely used cognitive tasks in 51 12–13-year-old Belgian participants were investigated. The results showed that participants with lower attention skills had higher amounts of online activities and were sharing more on social media. However, the causal direction is not possible to resolve from this cross-sectional data: Either adolescents with lower attention skills are prone to online and social media activities, or the amount of time spent online and in social media is detrimental to adolescents’ attention skills. Moreover, participants performing worse in the working memory task had higher self-reported communication and interaction skills, but again causal direction of this association cannot be resolved here. A subgroup of 19 participants also completed the ySKILLS performance test that measured their digital skills in practice. Performance on this test was positively correlated with participants’ working memory capacity. Participants with higher working memory capacity showed higher performance on the performance tests. This suggests that high working memory capacity is advantageous for development of ICT skills or that developing high ICT skills may be accompanied by development of working memory skills, or both. In conclusion, the present studies found some associations of ICT skills and activities with performance and brain activity during linguistic tasks, as well as with attention and working memory skills. However, given that the present data are cross-sectional, no strong causal implications can be drawn from these data.

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    Authors: Lars Klüver; Aske Palsberg; Augusta Bennedbæk; Ewa Katarzyna Ratajczak; +13 Authors

    The report provides valuable insights from a cross-disciplinary group of leading researchers and stakeholders within brain-related disorders, with a focus on five main topics: 1) Legal, Ethical, and Societal Compliance, 2) Data Acquisition, 3) FAIR Data, 4) Models Needed for Patient Assessment, and 5) Innovation and Science Needs. The report offers a detailed roadmap to achieve the vision of improving the investigation of brain-related disorders. The results are based on careful deliberation between researchers, experts, and stakeholders following the EBRAINS CoCreate framework. EBRAINS CoCreate builds upon the method of Open Research Agenda Setting (ORAS), which recognises the benefits of engaging multiple actors in defining future research. The resulting research agendas include visions and actions that a variety of actors find important, thereby strengthening and legitimising the selection of research priorities. The EBRAINS CoCreate Improved Investigation of Brain-Related Disorders process comprised five workshop sessions arranged from February 2023 to March 2023, with the first and last workshops conducted online and the three-day workshop held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The report first takes the reader through a narrative to set the scene for the envisioned future. Thereafter, the roadmap with actions required to achieve the vision for improving the investigation of brain-related disorders is visualised and then elaborated upon with detailed descriptions of the actions. Finally, the report also highlights recommendations from the participants to demonstrate how EBRAINS can be a vital player in realising the roadmap and how the vision can be realised today. The report is co-written by each participant who attended the workshop series. Their names are listed in the report.

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    Authors: Moradi, David; Tien, Steven; Ivanova, Olga; Seideman, David; +1 Authors

    Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its potential anxiolytic effects. This short article presents new data on the anxiolytic properties of tramadol. The review encompasses preclinical and clinical studies, examining the pharmacological mechanisms underlying Tramadol's anxiolytic effects, its efficacy, safety profile, tolerability, dependency potential compared with benzodiazepines, and the various formulations available. The evidence suggests that Tramadol shows promise as a potent anxiolytic agent; however, further research is warranted to establish its long-term effects, optimal dosing strategies, and safety considerations.

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    Authors: Ivanov, Dimo; De Martino, Federico; Fritz, Francisco J.; Goebel, Rainer; +11 Authors

    The 9.4T scanner in Maastricht is a whole-body magnet with head gradients and parallel RF transmit capability. At the time of the design, it was conceptualized to be one of the best fMRI scanners in the world, but it has also been used for anatomical and diffusion imaging. 9.4T offers increases in sensitivity and contrast, but the technical ultra-high field (UHF) challenges, such as field inhomogeneities and constraints set by RF power deposition, are exacerbated compared to 7T. This article reviews some of the 9.4T work done in Maastricht. Functional imaging experiments included blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and blood-volume weighted (VASO) fMRI using different readouts. BOLD benefits from shorter T2* at 9.4T while VASO from longer T1. We show examples of both ex vivo and in vivo anatomical imaging. For many applications, pTx and optimized coils are essential to harness the full potential of 9.4T. Our experience shows that, while considerable effort was required compared to our 7T scanner, we could obtain high-quality anatomical and functional data, which illustrates the potential of MR acquisitions at even higher field strengths. The practical challenges of working with a relatively unique system are also discussed.

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    Authors: Salmela-Aro, Katariina; Alho, Kimmo; Järvinen, Jussi; Salonen, Visajaani; +10 Authors

    This report presents methodologies that are developed and implemented in two studies investigating how information and communications technology (ICT) skills and use are associated with (1) adolescents’ wellbeing on momentary and daily levels, as measured with experience sampling method (ESM), and (2) cognitive skills and related brain activity, as measured with cognitive tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both studies are conducted in two countries: Finland and Belgium. In the ESM study, two waves of intensive longitudinal data are collected from both countries, first in the start of the academic year and second two months later. The participants are 13- to 17-year-old adolescents who respond to six daily surveys with a momentary assessment app on their phones during a 14-day period in each wave. The questionnaires are designed to capture adolescents’ daily ICT use (e.g., momentary ICT use and daily screen time) and aspects of their wellbeing, including emotions, self-efficacy, problematic social media use and sleep. Using ecologically valid momentary ESM assessments reduces recall bias and allows examining within-person effects and temporal processes underlying the links between ICT use and wellbeing. In the fMRI study, the participants are 12- to 14-year-olds. They perform mathematical tasks during scanning of their brain activity with fMRI. In half of the conditions, their performance is distracted with task-irrelevant speech and babble mimicking classroom voices. The aim of this fMRI study is to determine whether ICT skills and use, measured with the ySKILLS questionnaire (see Appendix 1), are associated with performance and brain activity in these attention-demanding conditions. A preceding fMRI data collection in young adult participants has already indicated that the applied experimental settings are able to reveal modulations of brain activity related to mathematical task performance, control of attention, and distraction of task performance by task-irrelevant speech. The fMRI and behavioural results from 12- to 14-year-olds will be also compared with those obtained during semantic processing of written sentences at the presence or absence of distracting speech, and during semantic processing of spoken sentences at the presence or absence of distracting written text. Previous studies in adults and adolescents have shown that also these experimental settings efficiently reveal task-, attention-, and distraction-related changes in brain activity.

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    Authors: Farias, Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha; Firmino, Natália Nogueira; Sousa, Marcos Maciel; Lira, Mateus Lavor; +5 Authors

    ABSTRACT Streptococcus constellatus is a gram-positive coccus member of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG). It can be found in the oral flora, and may cause abscess more commonly in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and heart. Brain abscesses are severe neurological infections with high mortality rates. Streptococcus species other than S. pneumoniae are rare causes of brain abscesses. This case report highlights a severe case of extra and intracranial abscesses due to S. constellatus in an immunocompetent host

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  • Authors: Sukop, Juraj; Möller, Niels;

    An improved bound for one of the founding relations of HGCD-D algorithm is presented. This allows to put a lower limit on the iteration count of the first sdiv loop, to impose a particular structure on the accumulated quotients and to bound the size of the largest matrix element. The matrix product M.M' is proved to have its upper and lower size bound differ by at most two bits.

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    Brain organoids are tissue structures created in the lab, which imitate certain functions of the brain. As a simplified model system, they enable experimental access to questions surrounding the development and function of the human brain. In the statement “Brain organoids – model systems of the human brain”, published by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, scientists examine the opportunities to be found in this research area and whether it should be more strictly regulated for ethical or legal reasons. Organoids are tissue structures derived from stem cells, which grow three-dimensionally in vitro, i.e., outside the human body, and imitate the cellular architecture and specific functional aspects of an organ. Just like the human brain, brain organoids consist of nerve cells and glial cells that form supportive and protective tissue. “Brain organoids provide new insights into early brain development and the development of neurological and psychiatric diseases. They also enable study of the effects of drugs, toxins, germs or viruses on human brain cells and on brain development,” says Hans Schöler, Director of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Medicine Münster, Member of the Leopoldina, and a spokesperson of the working group behind the statement. The paper examines how research on and with brain organoids can enable a deeper understanding of individual processes of the human brain. In addition, the researchers explain how brain organoid research will examine application-focused questions, such as the creation of developmental disorders that may lead to neurological and psychiatric diseases, the mechanism of viral infections, and new insights into neurodegenerative processes. At the same time, research on brain organoids raises various ethical and legal questions. For example, the question of whether or not to introduce an obligation to protect brain organoids has yet to be clarified. Most experts agree that any such right would only arise if brain organoids were to possess consciousness or sentience – a condition which the working group believes is not fulfilled. After all, brain organoids to date have not attained the density and complexity of human brains. In addition, the tissue structures lack “sensory impressions”. Sensitivity to pain, for example, is a complex process involving various areas of the brain. The statement rejects the proposition that highly developed brain organoids merit protective status similar to that of embryos. As brain organoids, unlike embryos, cannot develop into a whole organism or even a human being, similar protection to that provided for embryos in the German Embryo Protection Act cannot be derived from current law and is not constitutionally required. The authors conclude that, in the foreseeable future, research on and with brain organoids in vitro will not raise any ethical or legal questions requiring regulation. However, current limits to the potential development of brain organoids could possibly be overcome in the future thanks to developments in this field of research. In this case, the researchers recommend that established procedures of self-regulation within the scientific community should be used to assess and react to ethically, legally or socially relevant developments in this field at an early stage. The statement was developed by the interdisciplinary working group “Brain Organoids – Opportunities and Limitations”, and involved researchers from medicine, neuroscience, law, medical ethics, philosophy, and information science.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schiller, Edmund; Wiltschke-Schrotta, Karin; Häffner, Eva; Buschbom, Jutta; +8 Authors

    We present two different typologies of legal/contractual information in the context of natural history objects: the Biodiversity Permit/Contract Typology categorises permits and contracts, and the Typology of Legal/Contractual Terms for Biodiversity Specimens categorises the terms within permits and contracts. The Typologies have been developed under the EU-funded SYNTHESYS+ project with the participation of experts from outside the consortium. The document further addresses a possible technical integration of these typologies into the Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo). The implementation in the DiSSCo data model is outlined and a concrete use case is presented to show how conditions, e.g. the Typology of Legal/Contractual Terms, can be introduced into the DiSSCo Electronic Loans and Visits System (ElViS). Finally, we give an outlook on the next steps to develop the typologies into a standard that supports compliance with legal and contractual obligations within the wider community of natural science collections.

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    Authors: Landel, Salomé; Lymer, Gaël; Pasterk, Markus; Guiraud, Michel; +1 Authors

    A key consideration during the preparatory phase project DiSSCo Prepare – which laid the foundations for the future Research Infrastructure DiSSCo (Distributed System of Scientific Collections) – was the need to establish a small number of alternative viable financial contribution models and a scalable formula which could be presented to potential funders, with a view to obtaining the minimum financial contribution necessary for DiSSCo to operate, as well as considering how the RI could grow with increased national funding.This report briefly explains the ERIC funding framework – as chosen for DiSSCo – and its legal constraints, in order to explain the key role played by national member contributions in the viability of an ERIC. An essential annex of the statutes that will be signed by all members of the ERIC is the member fee calculation. A proposal for the DiSSCo member fee calculation is set out in this document and is based on three main indicators: economic power (GDP), annual spending in research and development and population size. In the context of DiSSCo – and to ensure the ERIC can function – these indicators are connected to a fixed baseline fee of €50,000, in order to guarantee a minimum significant annual contribution from each participating country and avoid contributions that will be more expensive to manage than to benefit from. This baseline is multiplied by contribution factors which propose different ways to weight the various indicators.The method is established on an ideal scenario, whereby all 27 EU members, as well as the UK, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland sign the DiSSCo statutes and agree to the proposed member contribution calculation, amounting to €4.5 million for the annual budget of the ERIC. This scenario remains highly unlikely; therefore, a scaled approach has been envisaged, meaning the initial engagement of some countries will allow DiSSCo to begin its operation and implement its business strategy, whilst the growth of the ERIC and its activities is likely to evolve proportionally to the number of national members it is able to engage.This report also looks at the ways in which funding could be distributed amongst the DiSSCo members in order to implement decentralised services.

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    Authors: Alho, Kimmo; Hartmann, Hendrik; Ylinen, Artturi; Hannula-Sormunen, Minna M.; +8 Authors

    Associations of adolescents’ information and communication technology (ICT) skills and activities, measured with the ySKILLS questionnaire, and their brain activity, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and task performance in mathematical tasks in the presence or absence of distracting speech were studied in 189 12–14-year-old Finnish participants. The results showed no associations of ICT skills or activities with the participants’ performance in the mathematical tasks. There was only one association of ICT skills with brain activity: Participants’ higher content creation and production skills were associated with stronger fMRI responses from the parietal white matter. However, this finding is suspicious, because reliability and functional significance of fMRI findings in the white matter are not clearly established. A subgroup of Finnish participants (n = 60) also performed listening and reading tasks during fMRI. In these tasks spoken or written sentences were to be classified as semantically congruent (e.g., “This morning I ate a bowl of cereal”) or incongruent (e.g., “This morning I ate a bowl of shoes”) at the presence or absence of distractor sentences in the other modality, that is, written distractors during the listening task and spoken distractor during the reading task. Performance accuracy in these tasks increased gradually with the amount of online gaming in participants’ daily life, suggesting that gaming may be advantageous for development of linguistic or attention skills, or both, needed in the present fast-paced tasks. However, performance accuracy dropped for participants gaming excessively (“several times a day” or “almost all the time”), suggesting that detrimental effects of excessive gaming override the positive effects of gaming on cognitive skills. Moreover, participants’ communication and interaction skills, as well as their content creation and production skills, had an interaction with Task (reading vs. listening), and Distractor (present vs. absent) which might be interpreted as negative associations of these ICT skills and linguistic skills. Perhaps the participants had acquired high ICT skills at the expense of linguistic skills. There was also one unexpected significant association of ICT skills and brain activity during the linguistic tasks: Higher information, navigation, and processing skills were associated with higher activity in the anterior insula of the left hemisphere. Previous studies have suggested that this brain area is involved in linguistic processing and therefore also this finding suggests an association of participants ICT and linguistic skills. However, since there was no association of the information, navigation, and processing skills with task performance, it is not possible to interpret whether positive association of these skills and activity in the left insula reflects higher processing efficiency or higher effort during linguistic task performance. Finally, associations between adolescents’ ICT skills and activities and their attention and working memory skills measured with widely used cognitive tasks in 51 12–13-year-old Belgian participants were investigated. The results showed that participants with lower attention skills had higher amounts of online activities and were sharing more on social media. However, the causal direction is not possible to resolve from this cross-sectional data: Either adolescents with lower attention skills are prone to online and social media activities, or the amount of time spent online and in social media is detrimental to adolescents’ attention skills. Moreover, participants performing worse in the working memory task had higher self-reported communication and interaction skills, but again causal direction of this association cannot be resolved here. A subgroup of 19 participants also completed the ySKILLS performance test that measured their digital skills in practice. Performance on this test was positively correlated with participants’ working memory capacity. Participants with higher working memory capacity showed higher performance on the performance tests. This suggests that high working memory capacity is advantageous for development of ICT skills or that developing high ICT skills may be accompanied by development of working memory skills, or both. In conclusion, the present studies found some associations of ICT skills and activities with performance and brain activity during linguistic tasks, as well as with attention and working memory skills. However, given that the present data are cross-sectional, no strong causal implications can be drawn from these data.

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    Authors: Lars Klüver; Aske Palsberg; Augusta Bennedbæk; Ewa Katarzyna Ratajczak; +13 Authors

    The report provides valuable insights from a cross-disciplinary group of leading researchers and stakeholders within brain-related disorders, with a focus on five main topics: 1) Legal, Ethical, and Societal Compliance, 2) Data Acquisition, 3) FAIR Data, 4) Models Needed for Patient Assessment, and 5) Innovation and Science Needs. The report offers a detailed roadmap to achieve the vision of improving the investigation of brain-related disorders. The results are based on careful deliberation between researchers, experts, and stakeholders following the EBRAINS CoCreate framework. EBRAINS CoCreate builds upon the method of Open Research Agenda Setting (ORAS), which recognises the benefits of engaging multiple actors in defining future research. The resulting research agendas include visions and actions that a variety of actors find important, thereby strengthening and legitimising the selection of research priorities. The EBRAINS CoCreate Improved Investigation of Brain-Related Disorders process comprised five workshop sessions arranged from February 2023 to March 2023, with the first and last workshops conducted online and the three-day workshop held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The report first takes the reader through a narrative to set the scene for the envisioned future. Thereafter, the roadmap with actions required to achieve the vision for improving the investigation of brain-related disorders is visualised and then elaborated upon with detailed descriptions of the actions. Finally, the report also highlights recommendations from the participants to demonstrate how EBRAINS can be a vital player in realising the roadmap and how the vision can be realised today. The report is co-written by each participant who attended the workshop series. Their names are listed in the report.

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    Authors: Moradi, David; Tien, Steven; Ivanova, Olga; Seideman, David; +1 Authors

    Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its potential anxiolytic effects. This short article presents new data on the anxiolytic properties of tramadol. The review encompasses preclinical and clinical studies, examining the pharmacological mechanisms underlying Tramadol's anxiolytic effects, its efficacy, safety profile, tolerability, dependency potential compared with benzodiazepines, and the various formulations available. The evidence suggests that Tramadol shows promise as a potent anxiolytic agent; however, further research is warranted to establish its long-term effects, optimal dosing strategies, and safety considerations.

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    Authors: Ivanov, Dimo; De Martino, Federico; Fritz, Francisco J.; Goebel, Rainer; +11 Authors

    The 9.4T scanner in Maastricht is a whole-body magnet with head gradients and parallel RF transmit capability. At the time of the design, it was conceptualized to be one of the best fMRI scanners in the world, but it has also been used for anatomical and diffusion imaging. 9.4T offers increases in sensitivity and contrast, but the technical ultra-high field (UHF) challenges, such as field inhomogeneities and constraints set by RF power deposition, are exacerbated compared to 7T. This article reviews some of the 9.4T work done in Maastricht. Functional imaging experiments included blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and blood-volume weighted (VASO) fMRI using different readouts. BOLD benefits from shorter T2* at 9.4T while VASO from longer T1. We show examples of both ex vivo and in vivo anatomical imaging. For many applications, pTx and optimized coils are essential to harness the full potential of 9.4T. Our experience shows that, while considerable effort was required compared to our 7T scanner, we could obtain high-quality anatomical and functional data, which illustrates the potential of MR acquisitions at even higher field strengths. The practical challenges of working with a relatively unique system are also discussed.

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    Authors: Salmela-Aro, Katariina; Alho, Kimmo; Järvinen, Jussi; Salonen, Visajaani; +10 Authors

    This report presents methodologies that are developed and implemented in two studies investigating how information and communications technology (ICT) skills and use are associated with (1) adolescents’ wellbeing on momentary and daily levels, as measured with experience sampling method (ESM), and (2) cognitive skills and related brain activity, as measured with cognitive tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both studies are conducted in two countries: Finland and Belgium. In the ESM study, two waves of intensive longitudinal data are collected from both countries, first in the start of the academic year and second two months later. The participants are 13- to 17-year-old adolescents who respond to six daily surveys with a momentary assessment app on their phones during a 14-day period in each wave. The questionnaires are designed to capture adolescents’ daily ICT use (e.g., momentary ICT use and daily screen time) and aspects of their wellbeing, including emotions, self-efficacy, problematic social media use and sleep. Using ecologically valid momentary ESM assessments reduces recall bias and allows examining within-person effects and temporal processes underlying the links between ICT use and wellbeing. In the fMRI study, the participants are 12- to 14-year-olds. They perform mathematical tasks during scanning of their brain activity with fMRI. In half of the conditions, their performance is distracted with task-irrelevant speech and babble mimicking classroom voices. The aim of this fMRI study is to determine whether ICT skills and use, measured with the ySKILLS questionnaire (see Appendix 1), are associated with performance and brain activity in these attention-demanding conditions. A preceding fMRI data collection in young adult participants has already indicated that the applied experimental settings are able to reveal modulations of brain activity related to mathematical task performance, control of attention, and distraction of task performance by task-irrelevant speech. The fMRI and behavioural results from 12- to 14-year-olds will be also compared with those obtained during semantic processing of written sentences at the presence or absence of distracting speech, and during semantic processing of spoken sentences at the presence or absence of distracting written text. Previous studies in adults and adolescents have shown that also these experimental settings efficiently reveal task-, attention-, and distraction-related changes in brain activity.

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    Authors: Farias, Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha; Firmino, Natália Nogueira; Sousa, Marcos Maciel; Lira, Mateus Lavor; +5 Authors

    ABSTRACT Streptococcus constellatus is a gram-positive coccus member of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG). It can be found in the oral flora, and may cause abscess more commonly in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and heart. Brain abscesses are severe neurological infections with high mortality rates. Streptococcus species other than S. pneumoniae are rare causes of brain abscesses. This case report highlights a severe case of extra and intracranial abscesses due to S. constellatus in an immunocompetent host

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  • Authors: Sukop, Juraj; Möller, Niels;

    An improved bound for one of the founding relations of HGCD-D algorithm is presented. This allows to put a lower limit on the iteration count of the first sdiv loop, to impose a particular structure on the accumulated quotients and to bound the size of the largest matrix element. The matrix product M.M' is proved to have its upper and lower size bound differ by at most two bits.

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  • Authors: V., Deutsche;

    Brain organoids are tissue structures created in the lab, which imitate certain functions of the brain. As a simplified model system, they enable experimental access to questions surrounding the development and function of the human brain. In the statement “Brain organoids – model systems of the human brain”, published by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, scientists examine the opportunities to be found in this research area and whether it should be more strictly regulated for ethical or legal reasons. Organoids are tissue structures derived from stem cells, which grow three-dimensionally in vitro, i.e., outside the human body, and imitate the cellular architecture and specific functional aspects of an organ. Just like the human brain, brain organoids consist of nerve cells and glial cells that form supportive and protective tissue. “Brain organoids provide new insights into early brain development and the development of neurological and psychiatric diseases. They also enable study of the effects of drugs, toxins, germs or viruses on human brain cells and on brain development,” says Hans Schöler, Director of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Medicine Münster, Member of the Leopoldina, and a spokesperson of the working group behind the statement. The paper examines how research on and with brain organoids can enable a deeper understanding of individual processes of the human brain. In addition, the researchers explain how brain organoid research will examine application-focused questions, such as the creation of developmental disorders that may lead to neurological and psychiatric diseases, the mechanism of viral infections, and new insights into neurodegenerative processes. At the same time, research on brain organoids raises various ethical and legal questions. For example, the question of whether or not to introduce an obligation to protect brain organoids has yet to be clarified. Most experts agree that any such right would only arise if brain organoids were to possess consciousness or sentience – a condition which the working group believes is not fulfilled. After all, brain organoids to date have not attained the density and complexity of human brains. In addition, the tissue structures lack “sensory impressions”. Sensitivity to pain, for example, is a complex process involving various areas of the brain. The statement rejects the proposition that highly developed brain organoids merit protective status similar to that of embryos. As brain organoids, unlike embryos, cannot develop into a whole organism or even a human being, similar protection to that provided for embryos in the German Embryo Protection Act cannot be derived from current law and is not constitutionally required. The authors conclude that, in the foreseeable future, research on and with brain organoids in vitro will not raise any ethical or legal questions requiring regulation. However, current limits to the potential development of brain organoids could possibly be overcome in the future thanks to developments in this field of research. In this case, the researchers recommend that established procedures of self-regulation within the scientific community should be used to assess and react to ethically, legally or socially relevant developments in this field at an early stage. The statement was developed by the interdisciplinary working group “Brain Organoids – Opportunities and Limitations”, and involved researchers from medicine, neuroscience, law, medical ethics, philosophy, and information science.

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