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The following results are related to Rural Digital Europe. Are you interested to view more results? Visit OpenAIRE - Explore.

  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Information on energy use and emissions from non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is scattered. Based on available information from 2010, it can be estimated that the NRMM sector represents about 2% of GHG emissions in Europe. Agriculture machinery covers around 50% and construction machinery around 25% of NRMM total CO2 emissions. The remaining 25% is covered by the various machinery in other categories. This clearly indicates that the highest potential in CO2 reduction is in agriculture and construction machinery. The remainder of the machinery covers machine types, for example mining and cargo handling, where market driven electrification has developed furthest. Currently, NRMM is the only vehicle/machinery category which is not subjected to CO2 emission standard regulations. Only regulations for air pollutant emissions are in place. Therefore, one can anticipate that there will be a growing interest to extend CO2 emission standard regulations also to the NRMM sector. For example, California Air Resources Board (CARB) has started discussions on updating NRMM emission standards and at the same time introducing CO2 standards. However, the wide variety in types of NRMM and their use patters pose challenges in setting possible CO2 emission standards to NRMM based on current engine only type-approval process. Current NRMM engines type approval process will enable only a very limited reduction potential for CO2 emissions. By estimation, a 15% efficiency improvement in engine level could be achievable in the long term. For greater CO2 reduction, new measures are needed to take into an account the unique nature of the NRMM sector. Tank-to-wheel based approach only will not provide the required toolbox for NRMM Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) to develop products that achieve emission reductions and fulfil the requirements of the end-users. The necessary approach should be holistic and technology neutral, combining multiple measures and recognizing also upstream energy carrier emissions. Speeding up RDI investments (e.g. more prominent role in EU RDI funding schemes and regulations) on energy efficient NRMMs, renewable and sustainable energy carriers and powertrains for NRMM use would contribute to market driven approach for CO2 reduction. Public procurement is another effective way for establishing market demand for low carbon NRMM solutions. Clean vehicle directive (CVD) could be used as exemplary framework for setting up a “Clean Machinery Directive”. A variety of energy carriers is needed in the NRMM sector due to complex use cases. Thus, investigation of possible methodologies how to include all renewable and sustainable energy carriers in NRMM regulation would be highly important. At the same time, alternative energy sources require new infrastructure that should be investigated. Finally, introduction of on-road HDV’s CO2 regulation-based approach for defining CO2 emissions in machine level would provide a comprehensive measure to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions in machine level.

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    Pure VTT Finland
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    Authors: Tuomola, Juha; Hannunen, Salla;

    Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, EPPO code: POPIJA), commonly known as the Japanese beetle, is a priority pest which all EU countries must survey annually. However, surveys are not required if the climate in the country is unsuitable for the pest. In previous research, it was unclear whether the climate in Finland was suitable for P. japonica.This report presents our assessment of the suitability of the present Finnish climate for the establishment of P. japonica. FI; en; pdf; juha.tuomola@foodauthority.fi

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    Authors: Salzano, Roberto; Salvatori, Rosamaria; Luks, Bartłomiej; Malnes, Eirik; +1 Authors

    This is chapter 3 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. The PASSES initiative has matured within the framework of SIOS activities, resulting in the establishment of the Svalbard network of time-lapse cameras. The primary objective of this network is to monitor the evolution of the snow cover during the melting season. A survey of available applications served as a valuable tool for identifying scientific priorities and potential opportunities. By optimizing the operation of these applications through a collaborative approach, we supported the design of the network architecture and the development of a data service, including a product prototype. The continuity of Earth Observation (EO) data obtained through terrestrial photography is invaluable for describing emerging phenomena in the changing Arctic. These observations primarily serve to bridge the gap between automated stations, groundbased data collection, and satellite remote sensing. Moreover, they enable continuous observation, facilitating the integration of data from various sources.

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    Authors: Vickers, Hannah; Malnes, Eirik; Karlsen, Stein Rune; Saloranta, Tuomo; +4 Authors

    This is chapter 4 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. Climate change is taking place at a much faster pace in the Arctic and polar regions compared to the global average. Across the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard, a warming climate is impacting where and when there is snow cover, which in turn has consequences for the physical environment, terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Remote sensing observations and snow models represent valuable tools for large scale monitoring of snow cover and provide historical data spanning several decades. These approaches provide complementary data that can contribute to filling important gaps in both datasets. However, we must first understand the how and how much the datasets differ. Only then can we use these complementary datasets to develop accurate, complete and consistent snow cover time series for Svalbard. The research in this update chapter builds on the SESS report 2020 chapter SATMODSNOW by utilising additional new years of snow cover data from remote sensing and models to examine inter-sensor and inter-model differences. Our results highlight some systematic differences in the temporal characteristics of snow cover onset and disappearance between models and remote sensing, as well as the significance of cloud cover masks and retrieval algorithms on the snow cover fraction derived from identical remote sensing datasets.

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    Authors: Malnes, Eirik; Vickers, Hannah; Salzano, Roberto; Killie, Mari Anne; +3 Authors

    This is chapter 6 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. The chapter gives joint recommendations from the two updated SESS chapters SATMODSNOW and PASSES in this SESS report and set them into a wider context on snow research in Svalbard where SIOS now develops supersites for snow parameter monitoring in several projects such as Crios, SIOS Snow Pilot and SnowInOpt. The chapter also gives a brief overview over upcoming satellite sensors allowing for measurements of snow depth and snow water equivalents, which previously have been unavailable from satellites. The chapter also reviews the snow observations provided in the SIOS Data Management System, and advises improvements. We also highlight the importance of snow models and their ability to assimilate different in situ and earth observations to accurately represent the snow cover. At the end of the chapter, we look forward to new possibilities for a holistic approach where models (from past data and future climate scenarios) and observations are merged in a digital twin based on AI techniques for pattern recognition, allowing for detailed prediction of the future snow cover.

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    Authors: Seppä-Lassila, Leena; Joutsen, Suvi; Järvelä, Terhi; Rossow, Heidi; +2 Authors

    Animal by-products are whole dead animals, parts of them and products obtained from them thatare not used for human consumption. Legislation related to the utilization and disposal of animalby-products was revised from the beginning of 2023, which limited the disposal of fish-derivedby-products by burying or delivering them to a landfill in some parts of Finland. The aim of thisrisk assessment report is to describe the practices followed in remote and non-remote areas andto assess the possible disease risk to humans and animals arising from the disposal of by-productsfrom fish and horse slaughtering as well as cutting plants. The risks related to using animal by-productsas carrion were also assessed. At environmentally licensed aquaculture facilities, the delivery of by-products to processing plantfacilities was more common (67%) than at aquaculture facilities inspected based on risk (36%).The annual amounts of by-products buried or delivered to the landfill were small in the non-remotearea, and slightly higher in the remote area. Horse-derived by-products were not produced inremote area slaughterhouses during the period under study. Fish-derived by-products from approved food establishments were widely delivered for furtherprocessing, most commonly to produce fur animal feed. Disposal of fish-derived by-products byburying and delivering to a landfill or as carrion for wild animals was not common. The dangers (pathogens) associated with the burial of fish- and horse-derived by-products foranimals or humans were not considered significant. In carrion use, the spread of pathogens ismore likely. The environmental effects of burying by-products were not part of the mandate, butthis should be studied in the future. Setting an annual upper limit for the by-product to be buried isrecommended. The specification of the remote area for fish could also be re-evaluated. Report is written in Finnish. FI; PDF; efsafocalpoint@foodauthority.fi

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    Authors: ENETwild Consortium - www.enetwild.com ( a project funded by EFSA);

    An update on the available data concerning wild boar population and ecological parameters in relation to African swine fever (ASF) epidemiology is presented. Data available on wild boar population parameters included hunting statistics collected by ENETWILD, and wild boar occurrence at high spatial resolution based on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Concerning data availability on modelling the spatial distribution and abundance of wild boar, we reviewed spatial distribution models done for wild boar in Europe, indicating their main outputs and characteristics to be considered for further use in risk assessment. We also reviewed the potential use of population and risk-mediated connectivity for epidemiological studies, and their application in epidemiological studies related to wild boar and ASF; and the availability of data on scavenger communities (incl. wild boar) in Europe. Overall, recent available data on wild boar population abundance for most ASF-affected countries can be obtained from hunting statistics, which are available at high spatial resolution for some. Hunting statistics have been used to produce and validate abundance distribution models for wild boar at European level, which have been validated in mainland Europe. Recent reliable density values are scarce, but a number of them has been provided by the European Observatory of Wildlife (EOW), which offers the possibility to calibrate distribution model predictions (abundance) into densities that can be used in further ASF risk assessment. There exists an important body of literature quantifying spatial behaviour and population dynamic parameters over Europe which can be used in similar bioregions for individual/group-based models of disease spread. Important gaps on the relative contribution to scavenging of wild species remains in eastern Europe. Mainly, facultative scavengers are found in ASF affected countries, with low presence of obligate bird scavengers, and large predators at low numbers. EU; pdf; biohaw@efsa.europa.eu

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    Authors: ENETwild Consortium - www.enetwild.com ( a project funded by EFSA);

    The report proposes a working plan and a strategy to carry out an updated systematic review to assess the effectiveness of various methods for separation of wild boar population in different settings. Additionally, the approach to identify and define wild boar population separation scenarios is outlined. The effectiveness of these methods based on scientific literature and unpublished field experiences is assessed, taking into consideration types of fences, different spatial and temporal features, and eco-epidemiological scenarios with a focus on African Swine Fever (ASF) in the EU. Firstly, a semi-automated scientific literature review is conducted, involving creating search strings, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, identifying relevant databases, and analysing results using specific software packages. To supplement findings from the literature review and collect unpublished field experiences, a questionnaire is distributed to wildlife professionals through the ENETWILD consortium. This will bring an insight into unpublished experiences and provide valuable case studies for scenarios identification, bolstering the assessment of the effectiveness of methods for controlling wild boar movement. In the context of ASF spread in Europe, our conclusions represent an additional tool to draw new and effective management strategies to control ASF spread and introduction EU; pdf; biohaw@efsa.europa.eu

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    Authors: Mali, Boštjan; Ferreira, Andreja; Kušar, Gal; Simčič, Anica; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Mali, Boštjan; Ferreira, Andreja; Kušar, Gal; Simčič, Anica; +1 Authors
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Information on energy use and emissions from non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is scattered. Based on available information from 2010, it can be estimated that the NRMM sector represents about 2% of GHG emissions in Europe. Agriculture machinery covers around 50% and construction machinery around 25% of NRMM total CO2 emissions. The remaining 25% is covered by the various machinery in other categories. This clearly indicates that the highest potential in CO2 reduction is in agriculture and construction machinery. The remainder of the machinery covers machine types, for example mining and cargo handling, where market driven electrification has developed furthest. Currently, NRMM is the only vehicle/machinery category which is not subjected to CO2 emission standard regulations. Only regulations for air pollutant emissions are in place. Therefore, one can anticipate that there will be a growing interest to extend CO2 emission standard regulations also to the NRMM sector. For example, California Air Resources Board (CARB) has started discussions on updating NRMM emission standards and at the same time introducing CO2 standards. However, the wide variety in types of NRMM and their use patters pose challenges in setting possible CO2 emission standards to NRMM based on current engine only type-approval process. Current NRMM engines type approval process will enable only a very limited reduction potential for CO2 emissions. By estimation, a 15% efficiency improvement in engine level could be achievable in the long term. For greater CO2 reduction, new measures are needed to take into an account the unique nature of the NRMM sector. Tank-to-wheel based approach only will not provide the required toolbox for NRMM Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) to develop products that achieve emission reductions and fulfil the requirements of the end-users. The necessary approach should be holistic and technology neutral, combining multiple measures and recognizing also upstream energy carrier emissions. Speeding up RDI investments (e.g. more prominent role in EU RDI funding schemes and regulations) on energy efficient NRMMs, renewable and sustainable energy carriers and powertrains for NRMM use would contribute to market driven approach for CO2 reduction. Public procurement is another effective way for establishing market demand for low carbon NRMM solutions. Clean vehicle directive (CVD) could be used as exemplary framework for setting up a “Clean Machinery Directive”. A variety of energy carriers is needed in the NRMM sector due to complex use cases. Thus, investigation of possible methodologies how to include all renewable and sustainable energy carriers in NRMM regulation would be highly important. At the same time, alternative energy sources require new infrastructure that should be investigated. Finally, introduction of on-road HDV’s CO2 regulation-based approach for defining CO2 emissions in machine level would provide a comprehensive measure to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions in machine level.

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    Authors: Tuomola, Juha; Hannunen, Salla;

    Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, EPPO code: POPIJA), commonly known as the Japanese beetle, is a priority pest which all EU countries must survey annually. However, surveys are not required if the climate in the country is unsuitable for the pest. In previous research, it was unclear whether the climate in Finland was suitable for P. japonica.This report presents our assessment of the suitability of the present Finnish climate for the establishment of P. japonica. FI; en; pdf; juha.tuomola@foodauthority.fi

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    Authors: Salzano, Roberto; Salvatori, Rosamaria; Luks, Bartłomiej; Malnes, Eirik; +1 Authors

    This is chapter 3 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. The PASSES initiative has matured within the framework of SIOS activities, resulting in the establishment of the Svalbard network of time-lapse cameras. The primary objective of this network is to monitor the evolution of the snow cover during the melting season. A survey of available applications served as a valuable tool for identifying scientific priorities and potential opportunities. By optimizing the operation of these applications through a collaborative approach, we supported the design of the network architecture and the development of a data service, including a product prototype. The continuity of Earth Observation (EO) data obtained through terrestrial photography is invaluable for describing emerging phenomena in the changing Arctic. These observations primarily serve to bridge the gap between automated stations, groundbased data collection, and satellite remote sensing. Moreover, they enable continuous observation, facilitating the integration of data from various sources.

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    Authors: Vickers, Hannah; Malnes, Eirik; Karlsen, Stein Rune; Saloranta, Tuomo; +4 Authors

    This is chapter 4 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. Climate change is taking place at a much faster pace in the Arctic and polar regions compared to the global average. Across the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard, a warming climate is impacting where and when there is snow cover, which in turn has consequences for the physical environment, terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Remote sensing observations and snow models represent valuable tools for large scale monitoring of snow cover and provide historical data spanning several decades. These approaches provide complementary data that can contribute to filling important gaps in both datasets. However, we must first understand the how and how much the datasets differ. Only then can we use these complementary datasets to develop accurate, complete and consistent snow cover time series for Svalbard. The research in this update chapter builds on the SESS report 2020 chapter SATMODSNOW by utilising additional new years of snow cover data from remote sensing and models to examine inter-sensor and inter-model differences. Our results highlight some systematic differences in the temporal characteristics of snow cover onset and disappearance between models and remote sensing, as well as the significance of cloud cover masks and retrieval algorithms on the snow cover fraction derived from identical remote sensing datasets.

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    Authors: Malnes, Eirik; Vickers, Hannah; Salzano, Roberto; Killie, Mari Anne; +3 Authors

    This is chapter 6 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. The chapter gives joint recommendations from the two updated SESS chapters SATMODSNOW and PASSES in this SESS report and set them into a wider context on snow research in Svalbard where SIOS now develops supersites for snow parameter monitoring in several projects such as Crios, SIOS Snow Pilot and SnowInOpt. The chapter also gives a brief overview over upcoming satellite sensors allowing for measurements of snow depth and snow water equivalents, which previously have been unavailable from satellites. The chapter also reviews the snow observations provided in the SIOS Data Management System, and advises improvements. We also highlight the importance of snow models and their ability to assimilate different in situ and earth observations to accurately represent the snow cover. At the end of the chapter, we look forward to new possibilities for a holistic approach where models (from past data and future climate scenarios) and observations are merged in a digital twin based on AI techniques for pattern recognition, allowing for detailed prediction of the future snow cover.

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    Authors: Seppä-Lassila, Leena; Joutsen, Suvi; Järvelä, Terhi; Rossow, Heidi; +2 Authors

    Animal by-products are whole dead animals, parts of them and products obtained from them thatare not used for human consumption. Legislation related to the utilization and disposal of animalby-products was revised from the beginning of 2023, which limited the disposal of fish-derivedby-products by burying or delivering them to a landfill in some parts of Finland. The aim of thisrisk assessment report is to describe the practices followed in remote and non-remote areas andto assess the possible disease risk to humans and animals arising from the disposal of by-productsfrom fish and horse slaughtering as well as cutting plants. The risks related to using animal by-productsas carrion were also assessed. At environmentally licensed aquaculture facilities, the delivery of by-products to processing plantfacilities was more common (67%) than at aquaculture facilities inspected based on risk (36%).The annual amounts of by-products buried or delivered to the landfill were small in the non-remotearea, and slightly higher in the remote area. Horse-derived by-products were not produced inremote area slaughterhouses during the period under study. Fish-derived by-products from approved food establishments were widely delivered for furtherprocessing, most commonly to produce fur animal feed. Disposal of fish-derived by-products byburying and delivering to a landfill or as carrion for wild animals was not common. The dangers (pathogens) associated with the burial of fish- and horse-derived by-products foranimals or humans were not considered significant. In carrion use, the spread of pathogens ismore likely. The environmental effects of burying by-products were not part of the mandate, butthis should be studied in the future. Setting an annual upper limit for the by-product to be buried isrecommended. The specification of the remote area for fish could also be re-evaluated. Report is written in Finnish. FI; PDF; efsafocalpoint@foodauthority.fi

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    Authors: ENETwild Consortium - www.enetwild.com ( a project funded by EFSA);

    An update on the available data concerning wild boar population and ecological parameters in relation to African swine fever (ASF) epidemiology is presented. Data available on wild boar population parameters included hunting statistics collected by ENETWILD, and wild boar occurrence at high spatial resolution based on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Concerning data availability on modelling the spatial distribution and abundance of wild boar, we reviewed spatial distribution models done for wild boar in Europe, indicating their main outputs and characteristics to be considered for further use in risk assessment. We also reviewed the potential use of population and risk-mediated connectivity for epidemiological studies, and their application in epidemiological studies related to wild boar and ASF; and the availability of data on scavenger communities (incl. wild boar) in Europe. Overall, recent available data on wild boar population abundance for most ASF-affected countries can be obtained from hunting statistics, which are available at high spatial resolution for some. Hunting statistics have been used to produce and validate abundance distribution models for wild boar at European level, which have been validated in mainland Europe. Recent reliable density values are scarce, but a number of them has been provided by the European Observatory of Wildlife (EOW), which offers the possibility to calibrate distribution model predictions (abundance) into densities that can be used in further ASF risk assessment. There exists an important body of literature quantifying spatial behaviour and population dynamic parameters over Europe which can be used in similar bioregions for individual/group-based models of disease spread. Important gaps on the relative contribution to scavenging of wild species remains in eastern Europe. Mainly, facultative scavengers are found in ASF affected countries, with low presence of obligate bird scavengers, and large predators at low numbers. EU; pdf; biohaw@efsa.europa.eu

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    Authors: ENETwild Consortium - www.enetwild.com ( a project funded by EFSA);

    The report proposes a working plan and a strategy to carry out an updated systematic review to assess the effectiveness of various methods for separation of wild boar population in different settings. Additionally, the approach to identify and define wild boar population separation scenarios is outlined. The effectiveness of these methods based on scientific literature and unpublished field experiences is assessed, taking into consideration types of fences, different spatial and temporal features, and eco-epidemiological scenarios with a focus on African Swine Fever (ASF) in the EU. Firstly, a semi-automated scientific literature review is conducted, involving creating search strings, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, identifying relevant databases, and analysing results using specific software packages. To supplement findings from the literature review and collect unpublished field experiences, a questionnaire is distributed to wildlife professionals through the ENETWILD consortium. This will bring an insight into unpublished experiences and provide valuable case studies for scenarios identification, bolstering the assessment of the effectiveness of methods for controlling wild boar movement. In the context of ASF spread in Europe, our conclusions represent an additional tool to draw new and effective management strategies to control ASF spread and introduction EU; pdf; biohaw@efsa.europa.eu

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    Authors: Mali, Boštjan; Ferreira, Andreja; Kušar, Gal; Simčič, Anica; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Mali, Boštjan; Ferreira, Andreja; Kušar, Gal; Simčič, Anica; +1 Authors
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