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  • Authors: Hervé-Fournereau, Nathalie; Jolivet, Simon;
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    Authors: McDonell, Professor Vincent; Villatoro, W.; Aguilar-Cerna, O.; Slope, J.;

    This project aims to build upon past research to understand better and address the emissions impact of blending H2 into Capstone microturbines. Prior research indicated that 20% blend levels could be achieved in the C-65 and C-200 models without any observed flashback. However, NOx increases were observed, and controllable up to a limitup to a limit via system settings. Beyond 20% blending has demonstrated the need for additional system modifications to control emissions. The team was able to correlate mixing performance with NOx emissions, showing why NOx levels with 100% H2 testing and H2 injectors may have been elevated compared to NG injectors. The findings suggest minor retrofits can be made on fielded engines via injector modifications to improve mixing. 

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sian, de Bell; Rachel, Hale; George, Kirkham; Jo, Garrett;

    This document is a summary of a workshop that took place in October 2023 at Heartlands, Pool, Cornwall, UK. The focus of the workshop was to lay the groundwork to develop an co-produced research plan for air quality citizen science for the Camborne, Pool and Redruth area. This workshop was funded by the Whole Systems Networking Fund from UKERC https://ukerc.ac.uk/research/wsnf/ If you would like to contribute your thoughts and feedback to this summary as we continue to develop a research plan, please email expo-engage@exeter.ac.uk More information can be found about the project at https://www.expo-engage.co.uk/

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Haaland, Stein; van Schaik, Brandon; Radlwimmer, Antonia; Schillings, Audrey; +2 Authors

    This is chapter 1 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. During the last decades, temperatures in the Arctic have risen faster than in other parts of the globe. The cause of this rapid temperature increase remains elusive, but likely several factors are in play. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect, in which certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat, is one important factor. Cyclic changes in sea currents and ice coverage also probably play an important role. Moreover, high-latitude Svalbard faces more direct exposure to electromagnetic energy from the Sun; the converging geomagnetic field in this region concentrates electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere – sometimes manifested as spectacular aurora. Comprehending the relative contributions of these factors, and the intricate interplay between space, atmosphere, sea, and land, remains a challenge. Therefore, an interdisciplinary team of scientists initiated a project to collect as much data fromthe Svalbard region as possible, to investigate and better understand these interactions. Their findings were presented in the SESS-2022 report. This chapter updates the original SATS chapter in 2023 with additional data and new methodology. In addition to incremental updates to the existing data set, we include new measurements of sea surface temperatures from several regions around Svalbard, as well as global atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements. Our recent measurements continue to show rising ground temperatures and reduced temperature differences between summer and winter. We also observe increasing seasonal asymmetry, with peak temperatures shifting towards later parts of the year. To effectively process and make sense of the growing volume of data, we also explored the use of machine learning. As a proof of concept, we created a simple machine learning model that used upper atmospheric measurements, solar activity indices, and global CO2 levels as input variables to predict ground temperatures. This modelling exercise showed that ground temperatures could be predicted quite accurately, suggesting that machine learning could be used for filling data gaps or forecasting temperatures in places where measurements are not feasible. Second, and in contrast to our SESS-2022 results, the machine learning model unveiled discernible, albeit small, correlations between ground temperatures and those in the middle layers of the atmosphere. The causal relationship remains unknown, but it is possible that ground (and sea surface) temperatures influence the upper atmosphere, rather than the other way around.

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  • The Precambrian basement map of Wyoming, by D.L. Blackstone, Jr. (1993a), has been a primary and authoritative reference for Wyoming geology since its publication. However, the utility of paper maps has abated in recent decades, and the original dataset of wells that served as the backbone to the map was never published. To provide a similarly useful map that accommodates the increasing use of digital geospatial technology, the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) revised the Precambrian basement map of Wyoming. Well logs, seismic lines, cross sections, and digital elevation models were used to refine and reinterpret the structure of the Precambrian rocks throughout the state. All reference and WSGS-generated data, as well as associated metadata, are organized and publicly available in a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) standardized geodatabase schema, available from the WSGS website and on the Interactive Oil and Gas Map of Wyoming.

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  • Mineral resources of Cheyenne and vicinity WSGS PubID: MR-27-3

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  • Buffalo Bill State Park is situated just east of the Absaroka Range in a geologically complex area of northwestern Wyoming. The park encompasses billions of years of Earth’s history and geologic features such as the Great Unconformity, a dormant volcanic field, and the world’s largest known ancient landslide. WSGS PubID: R-57

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexanderson, Helena;
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  • Oil lands in the Wind River Indian Reservation WSGS PubID: OFR-86-4

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Svensson, Nina; Gustafsson, Mats; Blomqvist, Göran;

    Intersections are often considered hotspots of air pollution due to the increased acceleration and braking and due to the increased traffic where two ore several roads cross. There are few air quality measurements in intersections because these environments are complicated and seldom representative. More knowledge on how intersections affect air pollution is needed, for example to understand the optimal design to decrease the exposure to air pollution for pedestrians or cyclists. There is also a possibility to introduce add an extra “intersection-constant” in emission or air quality models to take the possible increase into account. To improve the knowledge on particle concentrations in intersections, two measurement campaigns have been performed in the intersection between Hornsgatan and Ringvägen in Stockholm. During the first measurement campaign, particle concentration was measured in two locations: in the intersection and in a street canyon at around 90 m distance from it. The results showed that the average concentration was higher in the street canyon than in the intersection and that the main cause of the concentration differences was explained by the wind. During the second campaign, the particle concentration was measured with 12 micro-sensors placed along the street canyon to investigate how the concentration varied with distance from the intersection. However, no clear differences between sensors at different distances was observed. This could be due to a lack of sensitivity in the sensors to traffic-related particles. Nevertheless, some differences could be seen between the two sides of the street canyon, often with higher values on the south side where the vehicles were reducing their speed to enter the intersection and where there is a slight downwards slope. The increase could be due to an increased amount of brake wear emissions or due to some wind pattern Vägkorsningar har ofta visat sig vara hotspots för höga luftföroreningshalter på grund av ökad acceleration och inbromsning i samband med korsningen samt på grund av den ökade trafiken där flera vägar möts. Det finns få luftkvalitetsmätningar utförda i korsningar eftersom dessa miljöer är svårtolkade och sällan representativa. Mer kunskap behövs om korsningars påverkan på luftföroreningar exempelvis för att kunna utforma korsningar för att minska exponeringen för gående och cyklister. En möjlighet vore att införa ett korsningstillägg i emissions- eller luftkvalitetsmodeller för att kunna ta hänsyn till detta. För att öka kunskapen kring partikelhalter i korsningar har två mätkampanjer utförts i anslutning till korsningen Hornsgatan–Ringvägen i Stockholm. Under den första mätkampanjen mättes partikelhalter på två punkter: i korsningen och cirka 90 meter in på länken. Resultaten visade att det i genomsnitt var högre halter på länken än i korsningen och att halternas inbördes variation till största delen var beroende av vinden. Under den andra mätkampanjen mättes partikelhalter med 12 mikrosensorer placerade längs med Hornsgatan för att undersöka hur halterna varierade på olika avstånd från korsningen. Inga tydliga skillnader mellan halterna på olika avstånd från korsningen kunde dock ses, vilket kan tyda på att mikrosensorerna inte kunde registrera de trafikinducerade partiklarna med önskvärd noggrannhet. Högre halter kunde dock ibland registreras på den södra sidan av vägen, där fordonen bromsar inför korsningen och det är svagt nedåtlut, vilket kan tyda på att halterna påverkas av en ökad mängd bromspartiklar eller på grund av något vindmönster.  Korsningar och deras påverkan på partikelemissioner/Traffic intersections and their effect on particle emissions

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  • Authors: Hervé-Fournereau, Nathalie; Jolivet, Simon;
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    Authors: McDonell, Professor Vincent; Villatoro, W.; Aguilar-Cerna, O.; Slope, J.;

    This project aims to build upon past research to understand better and address the emissions impact of blending H2 into Capstone microturbines. Prior research indicated that 20% blend levels could be achieved in the C-65 and C-200 models without any observed flashback. However, NOx increases were observed, and controllable up to a limitup to a limit via system settings. Beyond 20% blending has demonstrated the need for additional system modifications to control emissions. The team was able to correlate mixing performance with NOx emissions, showing why NOx levels with 100% H2 testing and H2 injectors may have been elevated compared to NG injectors. The findings suggest minor retrofits can be made on fielded engines via injector modifications to improve mixing. 

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sian, de Bell; Rachel, Hale; George, Kirkham; Jo, Garrett;

    This document is a summary of a workshop that took place in October 2023 at Heartlands, Pool, Cornwall, UK. The focus of the workshop was to lay the groundwork to develop an co-produced research plan for air quality citizen science for the Camborne, Pool and Redruth area. This workshop was funded by the Whole Systems Networking Fund from UKERC https://ukerc.ac.uk/research/wsnf/ If you would like to contribute your thoughts and feedback to this summary as we continue to develop a research plan, please email expo-engage@exeter.ac.uk More information can be found about the project at https://www.expo-engage.co.uk/

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    Authors: Haaland, Stein; van Schaik, Brandon; Radlwimmer, Antonia; Schillings, Audrey; +2 Authors

    This is chapter 1 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2023. During the last decades, temperatures in the Arctic have risen faster than in other parts of the globe. The cause of this rapid temperature increase remains elusive, but likely several factors are in play. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect, in which certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat, is one important factor. Cyclic changes in sea currents and ice coverage also probably play an important role. Moreover, high-latitude Svalbard faces more direct exposure to electromagnetic energy from the Sun; the converging geomagnetic field in this region concentrates electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere – sometimes manifested as spectacular aurora. Comprehending the relative contributions of these factors, and the intricate interplay between space, atmosphere, sea, and land, remains a challenge. Therefore, an interdisciplinary team of scientists initiated a project to collect as much data fromthe Svalbard region as possible, to investigate and better understand these interactions. Their findings were presented in the SESS-2022 report. This chapter updates the original SATS chapter in 2023 with additional data and new methodology. In addition to incremental updates to the existing data set, we include new measurements of sea surface temperatures from several regions around Svalbard, as well as global atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements. Our recent measurements continue to show rising ground temperatures and reduced temperature differences between summer and winter. We also observe increasing seasonal asymmetry, with peak temperatures shifting towards later parts of the year. To effectively process and make sense of the growing volume of data, we also explored the use of machine learning. As a proof of concept, we created a simple machine learning model that used upper atmospheric measurements, solar activity indices, and global CO2 levels as input variables to predict ground temperatures. This modelling exercise showed that ground temperatures could be predicted quite accurately, suggesting that machine learning could be used for filling data gaps or forecasting temperatures in places where measurements are not feasible. Second, and in contrast to our SESS-2022 results, the machine learning model unveiled discernible, albeit small, correlations between ground temperatures and those in the middle layers of the atmosphere. The causal relationship remains unknown, but it is possible that ground (and sea surface) temperatures influence the upper atmosphere, rather than the other way around.

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  • The Precambrian basement map of Wyoming, by D.L. Blackstone, Jr. (1993a), has been a primary and authoritative reference for Wyoming geology since its publication. However, the utility of paper maps has abated in recent decades, and the original dataset of wells that served as the backbone to the map was never published. To provide a similarly useful map that accommodates the increasing use of digital geospatial technology, the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) revised the Precambrian basement map of Wyoming. Well logs, seismic lines, cross sections, and digital elevation models were used to refine and reinterpret the structure of the Precambrian rocks throughout the state. All reference and WSGS-generated data, as well as associated metadata, are organized and publicly available in a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) standardized geodatabase schema, available from the WSGS website and on the Interactive Oil and Gas Map of Wyoming.

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  • Mineral resources of Cheyenne and vicinity WSGS PubID: MR-27-3

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  • Buffalo Bill State Park is situated just east of the Absaroka Range in a geologically complex area of northwestern Wyoming. The park encompasses billions of years of Earth’s history and geologic features such as the Great Unconformity, a dormant volcanic field, and the world’s largest known ancient landslide. WSGS PubID: R-57

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    Authors: Alexanderson, Helena;
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  • Oil lands in the Wind River Indian Reservation WSGS PubID: OFR-86-4

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    Authors: Svensson, Nina; Gustafsson, Mats; Blomqvist, Göran;

    Intersections are often considered hotspots of air pollution due to the increased acceleration and braking and due to the increased traffic where two ore several roads cross. There are few air quality measurements in intersections because these environments are complicated and seldom representative. More knowledge on how intersections affect air pollution is needed, for example to understand the optimal design to decrease the exposure to air pollution for pedestrians or cyclists. There is also a possibility to introduce add an extra “intersection-constant” in emission or air quality models to take the possible increase into account. To improve the knowledge on particle concentrations in intersections, two measurement campaigns have been performed in the intersection between Hornsgatan and Ringvägen in Stockholm. During the first measurement campaign, particle concentration was measured in two locations: in the intersection and in a street canyon at around 90 m distance from it. The results showed that the average concentration was higher in the street canyon than in the intersection and that the main cause of the concentration differences was explained by the wind. During the second campaign, the particle concentration was measured with 12 micro-sensors placed along the street canyon to investigate how the concentration varied with distance from the intersection. However, no clear differences between sensors at different distances was observed. This could be due to a lack of sensitivity in the sensors to traffic-related particles. Nevertheless, some differences could be seen between the two sides of the street canyon, often with higher values on the south side where the vehicles were reducing their speed to enter the intersection and where there is a slight downwards slope. The increase could be due to an increased amount of brake wear emissions or due to some wind pattern Vägkorsningar har ofta visat sig vara hotspots för höga luftföroreningshalter på grund av ökad acceleration och inbromsning i samband med korsningen samt på grund av den ökade trafiken där flera vägar möts. Det finns få luftkvalitetsmätningar utförda i korsningar eftersom dessa miljöer är svårtolkade och sällan representativa. Mer kunskap behövs om korsningars påverkan på luftföroreningar exempelvis för att kunna utforma korsningar för att minska exponeringen för gående och cyklister. En möjlighet vore att införa ett korsningstillägg i emissions- eller luftkvalitetsmodeller för att kunna ta hänsyn till detta. För att öka kunskapen kring partikelhalter i korsningar har två mätkampanjer utförts i anslutning till korsningen Hornsgatan–Ringvägen i Stockholm. Under den första mätkampanjen mättes partikelhalter på två punkter: i korsningen och cirka 90 meter in på länken. Resultaten visade att det i genomsnitt var högre halter på länken än i korsningen och att halternas inbördes variation till största delen var beroende av vinden. Under den andra mätkampanjen mättes partikelhalter med 12 mikrosensorer placerade längs med Hornsgatan för att undersöka hur halterna varierade på olika avstånd från korsningen. Inga tydliga skillnader mellan halterna på olika avstånd från korsningen kunde dock ses, vilket kan tyda på att mikrosensorerna inte kunde registrera de trafikinducerade partiklarna med önskvärd noggrannhet. Högre halter kunde dock ibland registreras på den södra sidan av vägen, där fordonen bromsar inför korsningen och det är svagt nedåtlut, vilket kan tyda på att halterna påverkas av en ökad mängd bromspartiklar eller på grund av något vindmönster.  Korsningar och deras påverkan på partikelemissioner/Traffic intersections and their effect on particle emissions

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