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    Authors: Bova, Samantha; Rosenthal, Yair; Childress, Laurel; Aiello, Ivano; +29 Authors

    Expedition 379T of the D/V JOIDES Resolution was the first in the new NSF funded JR100 program, intended to provide the US paleoceanographic community a new way for recovering long sediment records (up to 100 meters below seafloor) outside of the IODP program. As such, it bridges between the conventional coring capability on UNOLS ships and the deep sea drilling program. The primary objective of the expedition was to investigate links between oceanographic changes at the northern margin of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and climate variability on the South American continent over the past few glacial-interglacial cycles, with a special emphasis on obtaining high-resolution records of the Eemian interval and the last two glacial terminations. Given very high sedimentation rates along the Chilean margins, the new cores will enable reconstruction of surface and intermediate water variability at centennial-to-millennial resolution, which will extend available records from previous coring expeditions (ODP Expedition 202), thus permitting comparison of Southern Hemisphere records of the Holocene and last interglacial (LIG- Eemian), terminations I and II, and the MIS 5e-5d glacial inception. Eight sites were cored during Expedition 379T, recovering a total of 2232 m of sediment cores in 670–3055 m water depth with an average recovery of 101.8% during 14.62 days of on-site operations (Table T1). Despite delayed departure at Punta Arenas and several bad weather days that prevented us from coring some of the planned sites, we have achieved almost all the expedition objectives. The eight sites extend over a wide latitudinal distance (46-36°S) covering the modern transition from the Antarctic subpolar to the subtropical zones (Figure F1) as well as spanning water depths intersecting the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Pacific Deep Water (PDW) and Circumpolar deep water (CPDW) water masses (Figure F2). Six of the sites are located on the Chilean margins at intermediate water depths (670-1534 mbsl) and the other two sites are situated in deep water off the shelf (2032 and 3055 mbsl). Three holes were APC cored in all but one site (J1003 has only two holes) allowing for compositing complete splices for paleoceanographic reconstructions (Figure F3). Shipboard analyses of the sediment cores included determining properties including magnetic susceptibility (MS), gamma ray attenuation (GRA), natural gamma radiation (NGR), visual description and imaging, paleomagnetic measurements, and micropaleontology (foraminifers, nannofossil and diatoms). Low-resolution (1 per core) interstitial water samples were collected for shipboard elemental analysis at each site. In addition, high-resolution interstitial water samples (1 per section) were collected at each site for further shore-based isotopic and elemental investigations totaling 472 IW samples. Of the 30 science-party members we had 15 graduate students and 7 postdocs, assisted by 6 senior scientists. All members of the science-party were trained in and carried out the shipboard analyses, and contributed to the interpretations and report writing. We adopted the report format used on IODP expeditions to ensure future users of the cores have all the necessary information to interpret the wealth of data collected onboard; we recommend that this be done on future JR100 expeditions. Finally, two undergraduate students were trained by the technical staff, and two Chilean observers both fully participated in the shipboard analyses. It is our opinion that the educational component is another important strength of the JR100 program.

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    Report . 2023
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    Report . 2023
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    Authors: S. T. Wilson; H. W. Bange; D. L. Arévalo-Martínez; J. Barnes; +30 Authors

    Large-scale climatic forcing is impacting oceanic biogeochemical cycles and is expected to influence the water-column distribution of trace gases, including methane and nitrous oxide. Our ability as a scientific community to evaluate changes in the water-column inventories of methane and nitrous oxide depends largely on our capacity to obtain robust and accurate concentration measurements that can be validated across different laboratory groups. This study represents the first formal international intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements whereby participating laboratories received batches of seawater samples from the subtropical Pacific Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Additionally, compressed gas standards from the same calibration scale were distributed to the majority of participating laboratories to improve the analytical accuracy of the gas measurements. The computations used by each laboratory to derive the dissolved gas concentrations were also evaluated for inconsistencies (e.g., pressure and temperature corrections, solubility constants). The results from the intercomparison and intercalibration provided invaluable insights into methane and nitrous oxide measurements. It was observed that analyses of seawater samples with the lowest concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide had the lowest precisions. In comparison, while the analytical precision for samples with the highest concentrations of trace gases was better, the variability between the different laboratories was higher: 36% for methane and 27% for nitrous oxide. In addition, the comparison of different batches of seawater samples with methane and nitrous oxide concentrations that ranged over an order of magnitude revealed the ramifications of different calibration procedures for each trace gas. Finally, this study builds upon the intercomparison results to develop recommendations for improving oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements, with the aim of precluding future analytical discrepancies between laboratories Funding for the gas standards was provided by the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE; EF0424599 to David M. Karl), SCOR, the EU FP7 funded Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observation System (InGOS) (grant agreement no. 284274), and NOAA’s Climate Program Office, Climate Observations Division. Additional support was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation no. 3794 (David M. Karl), the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE; no. 329108 to David M. Karl), and the Global Research Laboratory Program (no. 2013K1A1A2A02078278 to David M. Karl) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). Alberto V. Borges is a senior research associate at the FRS-FNRS. Alyson E. Santoro would like to acknowledge NSF OCE-1437310. Mercedes de la Paz would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2015-74510-JIN). Laura Farías received financial support from FONDAP 1511009 and FONDECYT no. 1161138 17 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables.-- Samuel T. Wilson ... et al.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Peer reviewed

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    Biogeosciences
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    Other literature type . 2019
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-201...
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    Article . 2018
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      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-201...
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    Authors: Barile, Juan; Escudero, Manuel; Carreño, Eriko;

    This study aims to evaluate the effect of temperature and salinity on Galaxias maculatus embryo survival. Embryos were incubated at 5, 10 and 15°C and 0, 10 and 30 psu. At 5°C all salinities induced 100% mortality. Furthermore, salinity of 30, regardless temperature, caused 100% mortality. In freshwater, embryos reached 74.7 and 69.3% survival at 10°C and 15°C, respectively. While, at 10 psu, the larvae survivals were higher, 88.7 and 80.0% with 10 and 15°C respectively. These findings suggest that there is not a temperature-salinity interaction effect on embryonic development of G. maculatus. In conclusion the embryonic development of this fish is only possible at fresh and brackish waters and it is not viable at salt water.

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    Authors: Moscoso, Eduardo; Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo;

    Most of the recent published geodetic models of the 2010 Maule, Chile mega-thrust earthquake (Mw=8.8) show a pronounced slip maximum of 15-20 m offshore Iloca (~35°S), indicating that co-seismic slip was largest north of the epicenter of the earthquake rupture area. A secondary slip maximum 8-10 m appears south of the epicenter west of the Arauco Peninsula. During the first weeks following the main shock and seaward of the main slip maximum, an outer rise seismic cluster of >450 events, mainly extensional, with magnitudes Mw=4-6 was formed. In contrast, the outer rise located seaward of the secondary slip maximum presents little seismicity. This observation suggests that outer rise seismicity following the Maule earthquake is strongly correlated with the heterogeneous coseismic slip distribution of the main megathrust event. In particular, the formation of the outer-rise seismic cluster in the north, which spatially correlates with the main maximum slip, is likely linked to strong extensional stresses transfered from the large slip of the subducting oceanic plate. In addition, high resolution bathymetric data reveals that bending-related faulting is more intense seaward of the main maximum slip, where well developed extensional faults strike parallel to the trench axis. Also published seismic constraints reveal reduced P-wave velocities in the uppermost mantle at the trench-outer rise region (7.5-7.8 km/s), which suggest serpentinization of the uppermost mantle. Seawater percolation up to mantle depths is likely driven by bending related-faulting at the outer rise. Water percolation into the upper mantle is expected to be more efficient during the co-seismic and early post-seismic periods of large megathrust earthquakes when intense extensional faulting of the oceanic lithosphere facilitates water infiltration seaward of the trench. La mayoría de los modelos geodésicos del terremoto de 2010 en la Región del Maule, Chile (Mw=8.8) muestran un pronunciado deslizamiento máximo de 15-20 m frente a las costas de Iloca (~35°S), indicando que el mayor deslizamiento cosísmico fue en la parte norte del área de ruptura. Un deslizamiento secundario, con un máximo de 8-10 m aparece al sur del epicentro, localizado al sur de la península de Arauco. Durante las semanas siguientes al evento principal y frente al área de máximo deslizamiento, se formó un enjambre sísmico de más de 450 eventos, con mecanismo de foco mayoritariamente extensional y de magnitudes Mw, oscilando entre los 4 y 6 grados. En contraste con ello, el área del 'outer rise', ubicada frente a la zona sur de deslizamiento máximo, presenta baja sismicidad. Esta observación sugiere que la sismicidad 'outer rise' posterior al evento principal del terremoto del Maule está fuertemente correlacionada con la distribución heterogénea de deslizamiento cosísmico. En particular, la formación del enjambre de sismicidad 'outer rise' en el norte, que se correlaciona espacialmente con el máximo deslizamiento, probablemente está relacionado con fuertes esfuerzos extensionales transmitidos debido al gran deslizamiento de la placa oceánica subductante. Adicionalmnete, datos batimétricos de alta resolución revelan que el fallamiento producto de la curvatura de la placa es más intenso frente al máximo deslizamiento principal, donde se encuentran fallas extensionales bien desarrolladas en dirección paralela a la fosa. Modelos sísmicos publicados revelan una reducción de la velocidad de onda P en la parte superior del manto oceánico en la región del 'outer rise' (7.5-7.8 km/s), que sugiere serpentinización del manto superior. Percolación de agua de mar hasta profundidades mantélicas es probablemente conducida debido al fallamiento relativo a la torsión de la placa en el outer rise. Es esperable que la percolación de agua hasta el manto superior sea más eficiente durante los períodos cosísmico y el postsísmico temprano de grandes terremotos de contacto, cuando un intenso fallamiento extensional de la litosfera oceánica facilite la infiltración de agua en la zona ubicada en la dirección hacia el océano desde fosa.

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    Authors: Bova, Samantha; Rosenthal, Yair; Childress, Laurel; Aiello, Ivano; +29 Authors

    Expedition 379T of the D/V JOIDES Resolution was the first in the new NSF funded JR100 program, intended to provide the US paleoceanographic community a new way for recovering long sediment records (up to 100 meters below seafloor) outside of the IODP program. As such, it bridges between the conventional coring capability on UNOLS ships and the deep sea drilling program. The primary objective of the expedition was to investigate links between oceanographic changes at the northern margin of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and climate variability on the South American continent over the past few glacial-interglacial cycles, with a special emphasis on obtaining high-resolution records of the Eemian interval and the last two glacial terminations. Given very high sedimentation rates along the Chilean margins, the new cores will enable reconstruction of surface and intermediate water variability at centennial-to-millennial resolution, which will extend available records from previous coring expeditions (ODP Expedition 202), thus permitting comparison of Southern Hemisphere records of the Holocene and last interglacial (LIG- Eemian), terminations I and II, and the MIS 5e-5d glacial inception. Eight sites were cored during Expedition 379T, recovering a total of 2232 m of sediment cores in 670–3055 m water depth with an average recovery of 101.8% during 14.62 days of on-site operations (Table T1). Despite delayed departure at Punta Arenas and several bad weather days that prevented us from coring some of the planned sites, we have achieved almost all the expedition objectives. The eight sites extend over a wide latitudinal distance (46-36°S) covering the modern transition from the Antarctic subpolar to the subtropical zones (Figure F1) as well as spanning water depths intersecting the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Pacific Deep Water (PDW) and Circumpolar deep water (CPDW) water masses (Figure F2). Six of the sites are located on the Chilean margins at intermediate water depths (670-1534 mbsl) and the other two sites are situated in deep water off the shelf (2032 and 3055 mbsl). Three holes were APC cored in all but one site (J1003 has only two holes) allowing for compositing complete splices for paleoceanographic reconstructions (Figure F3). Shipboard analyses of the sediment cores included determining properties including magnetic susceptibility (MS), gamma ray attenuation (GRA), natural gamma radiation (NGR), visual description and imaging, paleomagnetic measurements, and micropaleontology (foraminifers, nannofossil and diatoms). Low-resolution (1 per core) interstitial water samples were collected for shipboard elemental analysis at each site. In addition, high-resolution interstitial water samples (1 per section) were collected at each site for further shore-based isotopic and elemental investigations totaling 472 IW samples. Of the 30 science-party members we had 15 graduate students and 7 postdocs, assisted by 6 senior scientists. All members of the science-party were trained in and carried out the shipboard analyses, and contributed to the interpretations and report writing. We adopted the report format used on IODP expeditions to ensure future users of the cores have all the necessary information to interpret the wealth of data collected onboard; we recommend that this be done on future JR100 expeditions. Finally, two undergraduate students were trained by the technical staff, and two Chilean observers both fully participated in the shipboard analyses. It is our opinion that the educational component is another important strength of the JR100 program.

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    Authors: S. T. Wilson; H. W. Bange; D. L. Arévalo-Martínez; J. Barnes; +30 Authors

    Large-scale climatic forcing is impacting oceanic biogeochemical cycles and is expected to influence the water-column distribution of trace gases, including methane and nitrous oxide. Our ability as a scientific community to evaluate changes in the water-column inventories of methane and nitrous oxide depends largely on our capacity to obtain robust and accurate concentration measurements that can be validated across different laboratory groups. This study represents the first formal international intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements whereby participating laboratories received batches of seawater samples from the subtropical Pacific Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Additionally, compressed gas standards from the same calibration scale were distributed to the majority of participating laboratories to improve the analytical accuracy of the gas measurements. The computations used by each laboratory to derive the dissolved gas concentrations were also evaluated for inconsistencies (e.g., pressure and temperature corrections, solubility constants). The results from the intercomparison and intercalibration provided invaluable insights into methane and nitrous oxide measurements. It was observed that analyses of seawater samples with the lowest concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide had the lowest precisions. In comparison, while the analytical precision for samples with the highest concentrations of trace gases was better, the variability between the different laboratories was higher: 36% for methane and 27% for nitrous oxide. In addition, the comparison of different batches of seawater samples with methane and nitrous oxide concentrations that ranged over an order of magnitude revealed the ramifications of different calibration procedures for each trace gas. Finally, this study builds upon the intercomparison results to develop recommendations for improving oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements, with the aim of precluding future analytical discrepancies between laboratories Funding for the gas standards was provided by the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE; EF0424599 to David M. Karl), SCOR, the EU FP7 funded Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observation System (InGOS) (grant agreement no. 284274), and NOAA’s Climate Program Office, Climate Observations Division. Additional support was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation no. 3794 (David M. Karl), the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE; no. 329108 to David M. Karl), and the Global Research Laboratory Program (no. 2013K1A1A2A02078278 to David M. Karl) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). Alberto V. Borges is a senior research associate at the FRS-FNRS. Alyson E. Santoro would like to acknowledge NSF OCE-1437310. Mercedes de la Paz would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2015-74510-JIN). Laura Farías received financial support from FONDAP 1511009 and FONDECYT no. 1161138 17 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables.-- Samuel T. Wilson ... et al.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Peer reviewed

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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-201...
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    Authors: Barile, Juan; Escudero, Manuel; Carreño, Eriko;

    This study aims to evaluate the effect of temperature and salinity on Galaxias maculatus embryo survival. Embryos were incubated at 5, 10 and 15°C and 0, 10 and 30 psu. At 5°C all salinities induced 100% mortality. Furthermore, salinity of 30, regardless temperature, caused 100% mortality. In freshwater, embryos reached 74.7 and 69.3% survival at 10°C and 15°C, respectively. While, at 10 psu, the larvae survivals were higher, 88.7 and 80.0% with 10 and 15°C respectively. These findings suggest that there is not a temperature-salinity interaction effect on embryonic development of G. maculatus. In conclusion the embryonic development of this fish is only possible at fresh and brackish waters and it is not viable at salt water.

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    Authors: Moscoso, Eduardo; Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo;

    Most of the recent published geodetic models of the 2010 Maule, Chile mega-thrust earthquake (Mw=8.8) show a pronounced slip maximum of 15-20 m offshore Iloca (~35°S), indicating that co-seismic slip was largest north of the epicenter of the earthquake rupture area. A secondary slip maximum 8-10 m appears south of the epicenter west of the Arauco Peninsula. During the first weeks following the main shock and seaward of the main slip maximum, an outer rise seismic cluster of >450 events, mainly extensional, with magnitudes Mw=4-6 was formed. In contrast, the outer rise located seaward of the secondary slip maximum presents little seismicity. This observation suggests that outer rise seismicity following the Maule earthquake is strongly correlated with the heterogeneous coseismic slip distribution of the main megathrust event. In particular, the formation of the outer-rise seismic cluster in the north, which spatially correlates with the main maximum slip, is likely linked to strong extensional stresses transfered from the large slip of the subducting oceanic plate. In addition, high resolution bathymetric data reveals that bending-related faulting is more intense seaward of the main maximum slip, where well developed extensional faults strike parallel to the trench axis. Also published seismic constraints reveal reduced P-wave velocities in the uppermost mantle at the trench-outer rise region (7.5-7.8 km/s), which suggest serpentinization of the uppermost mantle. Seawater percolation up to mantle depths is likely driven by bending related-faulting at the outer rise. Water percolation into the upper mantle is expected to be more efficient during the co-seismic and early post-seismic periods of large megathrust earthquakes when intense extensional faulting of the oceanic lithosphere facilitates water infiltration seaward of the trench. La mayoría de los modelos geodésicos del terremoto de 2010 en la Región del Maule, Chile (Mw=8.8) muestran un pronunciado deslizamiento máximo de 15-20 m frente a las costas de Iloca (~35°S), indicando que el mayor deslizamiento cosísmico fue en la parte norte del área de ruptura. Un deslizamiento secundario, con un máximo de 8-10 m aparece al sur del epicentro, localizado al sur de la península de Arauco. Durante las semanas siguientes al evento principal y frente al área de máximo deslizamiento, se formó un enjambre sísmico de más de 450 eventos, con mecanismo de foco mayoritariamente extensional y de magnitudes Mw, oscilando entre los 4 y 6 grados. En contraste con ello, el área del 'outer rise', ubicada frente a la zona sur de deslizamiento máximo, presenta baja sismicidad. Esta observación sugiere que la sismicidad 'outer rise' posterior al evento principal del terremoto del Maule está fuertemente correlacionada con la distribución heterogénea de deslizamiento cosísmico. En particular, la formación del enjambre de sismicidad 'outer rise' en el norte, que se correlaciona espacialmente con el máximo deslizamiento, probablemente está relacionado con fuertes esfuerzos extensionales transmitidos debido al gran deslizamiento de la placa oceánica subductante. Adicionalmnete, datos batimétricos de alta resolución revelan que el fallamiento producto de la curvatura de la placa es más intenso frente al máximo deslizamiento principal, donde se encuentran fallas extensionales bien desarrolladas en dirección paralela a la fosa. Modelos sísmicos publicados revelan una reducción de la velocidad de onda P en la parte superior del manto oceánico en la región del 'outer rise' (7.5-7.8 km/s), que sugiere serpentinización del manto superior. Percolación de agua de mar hasta profundidades mantélicas es probablemente conducida debido al fallamiento relativo a la torsión de la placa en el outer rise. Es esperable que la percolación de agua hasta el manto superior sea más eficiente durante los períodos cosísmico y el postsísmico temprano de grandes terremotos de contacto, cuando un intenso fallamiento extensional de la litosfera oceánica facilite la infiltración de agua en la zona ubicada en la dirección hacia el océano desde fosa.

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