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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Robert John Kolesar; Guido Erreygers; Wim Van Damme; Vanara Chea; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background Financial risk protection is a core dimension of universal health coverage. Hardship financing, defined as borrowing and selling land or assets to pay for healthcare, is a measure of last recourse. Increasing indebtedness and high interest rates, particularly among unregulated money lenders, can lead to a vicious cycle of poverty and exacerbate inequity. Methods To inform efforts to improve Cambodia’s social health protection system we analyze 2019–2020 Cambodia Socio-economic Survey data to assess hardship financing, illness and injury related productivity loss, and estimate related economic impacts. We apply two-stage Instrumental Variable multiple regression to address endogeneity relating to net income. In addition, we calculate a direct economic measure to facilitate the regular monitoring and reporting on the devastating burden of excessive out-of-pocket expenditure for policy makers. Results More than 98,500 households or 2.7% of the total population resorted to hardship financing over the past year. Factors significantly increasing risk are higher out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures, illness or injury related productivity loss, and spending of savings. The economic burden from annual lost productivity from illness or injury amounts to US$ 459.9 million or 1.7% of GDP. The estimated household economic cost related to hardship financing is US$ 250.8 million or 0.9% of GDP. Conclusions Such losses can be mitigated with policy measures such as linking a catastrophic health coverage mechanism to the Health Equity Funds, capping interest rates on health-related loans, and using loan guarantees to incentivize microfinance institutions and banks to refinance health-related, high-interest loans from money lenders. These measures could strengthen social health protection by enhancing financial risk protection, mitigating vulnerability to the devastating economic effects of health shocks, and reducing inequities.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2021
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    International Journal for Equity in Health
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Amunts, Katrin; Axer, Markus; Cools, Roshan; Changeux, Jean-Pierre; +95 Authors

    Brain research has in recent years indisputably entered a new epoch, driven by substantial methodological advances and digitally enabled data integration and modeling at multiple scales – from molecules to the whole system. Major advances are emerging at the intersection of neuroscience with technology and computing. This new science of the brain integrates high-quality basic research, systematic data integration across multiple scales, a new culture of large-scale collaboration and translation into applications. A systematic approach, as pioneered in Europe’s Human Brain Project (HBP), will be essential in meeting the pressing medical and technological challenges of the coming decade. The aims of this paper are To develop a concept for the coming decade of digital brain research To discuss it with the research community at large, with the aim of identifying points of convergence and common goals To provide a scientific framework for current and future development of EBRAINS To inform and engage stakeholders, funding organizations and research institutions regarding future digital brain research To identify and address key ethical and societal issues While we do not claim that there is a ‘one size fits all’ approach to addressing these aspects, we are convinced that discussions around the theme of digital brain research will help drive progress in the broader field of neuroscience. You can submit your comments here and be considered for co-authorship Or become a supporter by clicking here More information below Comments on this manuscript are welcome This manuscript is a living document that is being further developed in a participatory process. The work has been initiated by the Science and Infrastructure Board of the Human Brain Project (HBP). Now, the entire research community is invited to contribute to shaping the vision by submitting comments. Comments can be submitted via an online commentary form here. All submitted comments will be considered and discussed. The final decision on whether edits or additions will be made to the next version of the manuscript based on an individual comment will be made by the Science and Infrastructure Board (SIB) of the Human Brain Project (HBP) at regular intervals. The final version of the manuscript will be prepared and published in the next months. Comments may be submitted until the end of May, 2023. Every researcher is welcome to provide comment or indicate support for the contents of this paper and jointly shape the future of brain research. Supporters of the paper: Pietro Avanzini, Marc Beyer, Maria Del Vecchio, Jitka Annen, Maurizio Mattia, Steven Laureys, Rosanne Edelenbosch, Rafael Yuste, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Linda Richards, Hye Weon Jessica Kim, Chrysoula Samara, Luis Miguel González de la Garza, Nikoleta Petalidou, Vasudha Kulkarni, Cesar David Rincon, Isabella O'Shea, Munira Tamim Electricwala, Nicola Palomero-Gallagher, Bernd Carsten Stahl, Bahar Hazal Yalcinkaya, Meysam Hashemi, Carola Sales Carbonell, Marcel Carrère, Anthony Randal McIntosh, Hiba Sheheitli, Abolfazl Ziaeemehr, Martin Breyton, Giovanna Ramos Queda, Anirudh NIhalani Vattikonda, Gyorgy Buzsaki George Ogoh, William Knight Torbjørn V Ness, MIchiel van der Vlag, Mu-ming Poo.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.48350/18177...
    Research . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.48350/18177...
      Research . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hassan, Alzubair; Landuyt, Dimitri, Van; Pasquale, Liliana; Cheminod, Manuel; +4 Authors

    The research results presented in this document represent the deliverable D3.21: “Framework to design and implement adaptive security systems” and are the continuation of the deliverable D3.4: “Analysis of key research challenges for adaptive security”. In this deliverable we aim to validate the challenges elicited in D3.4 with practitioners from industry. We also aim to understand how the assets developed by each partner in task T3.5 could be used to engineer an adaptive security system. In this deliverable, we present the results of a survey conducted with security practitioners from industry. The objective of the survey is to acquire the practitioners’ perspective on the application of adaptive security technologies and identify the research challenges that practitioners perceive to be the most critical in adaptive security. We use a reference architecture of an adaptive security system to identify the contributions of the assets provided by each partner. We showcase how the joint contributions of each asset can support some of the maritime transport use case scenarios elicited in task T5.5 Maritime Transport.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nelson, Glyn; Boehm, Ulrike; Bagley, Steve; Bajcsy, Peter; +97 Authors

    A modern day light microscope has evolved from a tool devoted to making primarily empirical observations to what is now a sophisticated , quantitative device that is an integral part of both physical and life science research. Nowadays, microscopes are found in nearly every experimental laboratory. However, despite their prevalent use in capturing and quantifying scientific phenomena, neither a thorough understanding of the principles underlying quantitative imaging techniques nor appropriate knowledge of how to calibrate, operate and maintain microscopes can be taken for granted. This is clearly demonstrated by the well-documented and widespread difficulties that are routinely encountered in evaluating acquired data and reproducing scientific experiments. Indeed, studies have shown that more than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to repeat another scientist's experiments, while more than half have even failed to reproduce their own experiments. One factor behind the reproducibility crisis of experiments published in scientific journals is the frequent underreporting of imaging methods caused by a lack of awareness and/or a lack of knowledge of the applied technique. Whereas quality control procedures for some methods used in biomedical research, such as genomics (e.g. DNA sequencing, RNA-seq) or cytometry, have been introduced (e.g. ENCODE), this issue has not been tackled for optical microscopy instrumentation and images. Although many calibration standards and protocols have been published, there is a lack of awareness and agreement on common standards and guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility. In April 2020, the QUality Assessment and REProducibility for instruments and images in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi) initiative was formed. This initiative comprises imaging scientists from academia and industry who share a common interest in achieving a better understanding of the performance and limitations of microscopes and improved quality control (QC) in light microscopy. The ultimate goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to establish a set of common QC standards, guidelines, metadata models and tools, including detailed protocols, with the ultimate aim of improving reproducible advances in scientific research. This White Paper (1) summarizes the major obstacles identified in the field that motivated the launch of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative; (2) identifies the urgent need to address these obstacles in a grassroots manner, through a community of stakeholders including, researchers, imaging scientists, bioimage analysts, bioimage informatics developers, corporate partners, funding agencies, standards organizations, scientific publishers and observers of such; (3) outlines the current actions of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative and (4) proposes future steps that can be taken to improve the dissemination and acceptance of the proposed guidelines to manage QC. To summarize, the principal goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to improve the overall quality and reproducibility of light microscope image data by introducing broadly accepted standard practices and accurately captured image data metrics. Contains fulltext : 237693.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCISarrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Microscopy
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Radboud Repository
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Radboud Repository
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    Report . 2021
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    Lirias
    Article . 2021
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    Journal of Microscopy
    Article
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    DZNE Pub
    Article . 2021
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    Report . 2021
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    edoc
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.25418/crick...
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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    Hal-Diderot
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
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      Journal of Microscopy
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: VIRTA
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      Radboud Repository
      Article . 2021
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    AbstractLe projet international ITER est un point focal du programme de recherche sur la fusion par confinement magnétique. L’objectif est la construction puis l’opération d’un dispositif magnétique appelé tokamak. La taille de ce dernier permettra d’évaluer la performance des tokamaks dans des régimes pertinents pour la production d’énergie. Les études et les expériences en préparation d’ITER ont montré que les flux d’énergie à la périphérie du dispositif seraient nettement supérieurs aux limites imposées par la technologie de refroidissement des matériaux. La solution mise en œuvre dans ITER est de dédier un volume spécifique à l’interaction plasma-paroi appelé divertor, volet technologique, associé à la maitrise d’un point de fonctionnement optimum du divertor, volet physique. Le régime qui doit être atteint dans le divertor est celui dit de plasma détaché obtenu après une transition vers un état du plasma froid et dense dans la région du divertor en contact avec la paroi. Dans le cas de parois métalliques, et donc pour ITER, une possibilité pour atteindre le régime de détachement est l’injecter d‘impuretés extrinsèques, permettant de rayonner une fraction de l’énergie du plasma par l’excitation de lignes spectrales des atomes partiellement ionisés. En vue d’ITER, deux types d’impuretés extrinsèques gazeuses, l’Azote et le Néon, font l’objet d’études tant expérimentales que par la modélisation.Dans les expériences sur les tokamaks en opération, l’injection d’azote ou de néon conduit à des régimes différents. Par exemple, les expériences récentes sur le tokamak ASDEX-Upgrade sont caractérisées par l’obtention d’un régime de détachement stable pour une injection d’Azote alors que les expériences conduites avec une injection de Néon n’ont pas permis jusqu’à lors d’obtenir un régime de détachement stable.Le principal mécanisme physique associé à l’injection d’impureté est la dissipation de l’énergie du plasma par le rayonnement de raies des impuretés. Ce mécanisme est favorisé lorsqu’une forme de piégeage retient les impuretés dans le volume du divertor. En revanche, quand les impuretés s’échappent du divertor pour atteindre le volume de plasma confiné, on observe à la fois une baisse du rayonnement dans le divertor et une perturbation du plasma confiné qui peut aller jusqu’à une disruption, c’est-à-dire à la terminaison du plasma suite à une instabilité magnéto-hydro-dynamique du plasma. L’équilibre pour les impuretés entre piégeage dans le divertor et fuite vers le plasma confiné résulte de phénomènes non-linéaires qui dépendent des paramètres du plasma et de l’impact des impuretés sur ce dernier. La modélisation est utilisée pour comprendre les mécanismes dominants dans les expériences actuelles et par cette compréhension réaliser des projections pour ITER.Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont :•analyser les mécanismes déterminant l’équilibre rétention / fuite pour l’Azote et le Néon dans le régime de plasma détaché du divertor ;•comparer l’efficacité du piégeage relatif aux fuites pour l’Azote et le Néon ainsi que pour les divertors des tokamaks ASDEX-Upgrade et ITER. A cette fin, le code de modélisation appelé SOLPS-ITER a été modifié et utilisé comme outil d’étude. Dans une version antérieure, le code SOLPS-ITER a été utilisé pour étudier et optimiser le point de fonctionnement du divertor lors du design d’ITER. Il décrit le plasma, densité, vitesse moyenne, énergie thermique, champ électrostatique dans la région périphérique du plasma qui comprend la partie externe du plasma confiné, une région de couche limite appelée SOL (Scrape-Off Layer) et la région du divertor. La première étape de modification du code a été d’améliorer les équations de bilan de quantité de mouvement dans la direction parallèle au champ magnétique, notamment pour les impuretés. Le rôle des collisions dans équilibre des forces est un point important pour évaluer le transport des impuretés. Dans cet esprit, des expressions analytiques plus précises des forces de friction inter-espèces et des forces thermiques ont été établies puis utilisées dans le code. Ce travail a été présenté à la conférence « Plasma Edge Theory » en 2017 et a donné lieu à une publication dans une revue avec comité de lecture.La modélisation des scénarios d’opération d’ASDEX-Upgrade et d’ITER avec injection d’Azote ou de Néon a ensuite été abordée. La comparaison des régimes obtenus dans les quatre cas a été faite pour une fraction puissance rayonnée sur puissance injectée donnée. La modélisation avec Néon, aussi bien pour ASDEX-Upgrade que pour ITER a été réalisée en collaboration avec l’équipe de l’Université Polytechnique de Pierre le Grand à Saint Pétersbourg. Le choix des paramètres de simulation et les résultats obtenus sont présentés et discutés dans cette thèse.Les principales conclusions de ce travail de modélisation sont :•Le transport des impuretés le long des lignes de champ, de la région du divertor vers la région amont, à proximité du volume de confinement, est différent pour l’Azote et le Néon aussi bien dans ASDEX-U que dans ITER. On observe que la rétention de l’Azote dans le volume divertor est supérieure à celle du Néon dans les simulations pour les deux tokamaks. Le principal mécanisme conduisant à cet effet est la différence de potentiel d’ionisation entre ces deux espèces conduisant à une première ionisation de l’Azote à une distance moindre de la paroi que celle de l’ion majoritaire. La force de pression des ions majoritaires tend alors à favoriser le piégeage de l’Azote. Inversement, la première ionisation du Néon se produit au-delà de celle de l’espèce d’ions majoritaires conduisant à un effet opposé des forces de gradient, et en conséquence favorise la migration des impuretés vers l’extérieur du divertor.•Si les mécanismes de rétention et de migration des impuretés dans le divertor donnent des résultats comparables pour ASDEX-Upgrade et pour ITER, la situation est assez différente du point de vue de la distribution spatiale du rayonnement. Cette différence permet de penser que le Néon sera efficace dans les scénarios pour ITER.• Les résultats de simulation pour ASDEX-Upgrade indiquent une localisation du rayonnement du Néon en dehors du divertor ce qui expliquerait les difficultés rapportées dans les expériences.•Dans le cas de la modélisation pour ITER, la distribution spatiale du rayonnement est pour l’essentiel localisée dans le volume du divertor. Le rayonnement consécutif à la migration du néon vers le plasma confiné reste négligeable. Ce résultat suggère que le Néon, gaz noble chimiquement neutre, pourrait être avantageusement utilisé dans ITER, permettant d’éviter l’utilisation de l’Azote et les problèmes à long terme posé par la réactivité chimique avec l’hydrogène.La différence des résultats de modélisation rapportée dans la thèse entre ASDEX-Upgrade et ITER est due à la différence de régime du plasma. En particulier, une différence notable dans la distribution spatiale de l’énergie thermique des électrons joue un rôle important. L’origine de cette différence semble consécutive pour l’essentiel à une différence de géométrie entre les deux dispositifs. Un sujet d’analyse important à mener pour confirmer et expliquer cette propriété anticipée par ce travail de modélisation. L’ensemble des résultats de simulation et leurs interprétations a été présenté à la conférence internationale Plasma Surface Interaction en 2018. Il a également été présenté et publié dans un journal avec comité de lecture en 2019. The ITER project is one of the main focuses of the nuclear fusion research field and aims to build and operate a very large tokamak totest the the viability of the tokamak concept for energy production. Modeling studies of the ITER tokamak operation indicatethat to allow for steady state operation, the heat fluxes in the ITER divertor would have to be mitigated, otherwise these heat fluxes wouldexceed material limits.Currently heat fluxes in tokamak divertors are mostly mitigated by operating with detachment divertors in which layers of cold and denseplasma are created near the divertor targets. This regime in tokamaks with metal targets and walls is achieved by the introducing radiatingimpurities. For the ITER reactor, two possible impurity radiators are planned: nitrogen and neon.In present tokamak experiments nitrogen and neon behave differently with respect to detachment formation. Recent experiments on the ASDEXUpgrade tokamak (AUG) has shown that detachment can be routinely achieved with nitrogen. With neon, on the other hand, a stabledetachment regime for AUG has not been achieved despite multiple attempts.The main mechanisms of the detachment formation with impurity seeding is the power loss in the divertor volume due to impurity lineradiation. This condition is fulfilled when impurity ions stay in the divertor (so called retention) and is hindered when impurity ionsescape the divertor (leakage). In the case of impurity leakage impurity ions can penetrate the area of the main confined plasma,decrease the machine performance and even lead to plasma disruptions. Retention and leakage of impurity ions depend nonlinearlyon the plasma parameters and numerical modeling is used to understand the mechanisms in the current experimental results and to predictimpurity behaviour for ITER plasma parameters.The main goals of the present thesis are to:* investigate the differences between retention and leakage mechanisms of nitrogen and neon impurities in the context of the detachmentformation;* compare the retention and leakage mechanisms of the nitrogen and neon impurities for the ASDEX Upgrade and ITER.To do this, the SOLPS-ITER code modeling package was further developed and then used. This package, used for the ITER tokamk design, provides information about the plasma particles density, temperature and velocity as well as the plasma potential distribution in the tokamakedge region (scrape-off layer and edge of the confined plasma region). As a first step, the accuracy of the impurity modeling in SOLPS-ITER was increased by modifying the parallel momentum balance equation in the code. As a part of this modification more precise analytical formulations of the friction and the thermal force terms of this equation were derived and implemented in the code. This work was presented at the Plasma Edge Theory (PET) Workshop in 2017 and published in a peer-reviewed journal paper.In the next step, modeling of ITER and ASDEX Upgrade scenarios with Ne and N impurity seeding was performed. The same ratio of radiated toinput power ratio was maintained for all four modeling cases to make further comparisons possible. Modeling of the ASDEX Upgrade runs andITER run with Ne seeding were done in collaboration with the Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University team, while the ITER N run was performed separately. The input parameters and modeling results are discussed in the present thesis.On the basis of the modeling, the following conclusions are made:* impurity transport from the divertor region upstream is found to be different for the neon and nitrogen impurities in both ITER andASDEX Upgrade. Nitrogen is found to be better retained in the divertor volume than neon for both devices. The main factor whichcauses better retention of the nitrogen in the tokamak divertor is that it ionizes closer to the divertor targets than the mainions. This causes the pressure gradient from the main ions ionization to keep the nitrogen ions in the divertor. This situation isopposite for the neon ions: they are ionized further away from the target than the main ions and the main ions pressure gradientleads to the increased leakage of neon;* even though the retention and leakage of nitrogen and neon has the same mechanism in ITER and ASDEX Upgrade (nitrogen is betterretained), in terms of the radiation distribution point of view, the two machines behave differently. This difference suggests that neonimpurity seeding seems to be an appropriate radiator for the ITER, even though for ASDEX Upgrade it results in an unacceptable radiationpattern;* for the ASDEX Upgrade-like case, a larger percentage of the impurity radiation is present outside the divertor for the neonseeded case in comparison to the nitrogen case. For the neon case a significant amount of impurity radiation is also present in the coreplasma, which in the real experiment leads to a confinement loss; * for the ITER case, the impurity radiation mostly stayed within the divertor volume for both nitrogen and neon seeded cases, even thoughmore Ne ions escaped the divertor volume. Core impurity radiation was negligible for both seeded impurities. This suggests what neon mightbe used as a radiative impurity for the ITER power exhaust. These differences between the nitrogen and neon behavior in ASDEX Upgrade and ITER modeling results are caused by very different plasmabackgrounds. The electron temperature distribution was found to be the most influential parameter, and even for the same radiated fractions ofthe input power, very different profiles of the temperature and the radiative power were obtained for ITER and ASDEX Upgrade. These differences come from the geometrical effects and should be a subject for future investigations. All the findings of the differences in the nitrogen and neon behavior in the ASDEX Upgrade and the ITER modeling as well as the discussion of the possible causes of the plasma background differences and the detailed analysis of the radiated power distributions were presented on the Plasma Surface Interactions conference in 2018. It was also published in a peer-reviewed journal paper in 2019.

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    Authors: Raciti, Marco; Chambers, Sally;

    The DESIR Final Event took place in Zagreb on 6-7 November 2019, alongside the DARIAH General Assembly. The DESIR Final Event brought together the whole consortium and involved several Bodies of the ERIC to maximise the impact of the event. The aim of the meeting was two-fold. First, it was to opportunity to summarise the activities conducted throughout the project and showcase results towards the DARIAH community. Secondly, it proposed a wider discussion over sustainability and funding models with National Representatives prior to the General Assembly.Overall, 57 participants attended the event. The schedule has been structured to present the outcomes of each Work Package. As the project DESIR was divided into an evolving 6-dimensional process, main results can be summarised as follows:Dissemination and Innovation: the aim of this Work Package was to ensure a continuous dissemination of DARIAH service improvements, activities and research results within the relevant communities, academic stakeholders and other interested parties. Furthermore, the Work Package was in charge of organising main dissemination activities during the project and the DARIAH Beyond Europe workshop series (Stanford University, Library of Congress, National Library of Australia).Growth: this Work Package was concerned with the enlargement of the DARIAH membership targeting six countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Israel, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom). Membership could only be achieved in Czech Republic, the application was submitted and ratified by the General Assembly in November 2019. Nevertheless, in other countries, collaboration with DARIAH has been greatly strengthened and significant progress regarding DARIAH membership has been achieved.Technology: the Work Package delivered three demonstrators focused on bibliographical metadata. The demonstrators show the usage of tools for bibliographical metadata in various stages of the research process, e.g. extraction of entities, the collection and sorting of citations, visualisation of selected aspects of the data. These demonstrators were built with the involvement of the community of researchers through two Code Sprints organised in Berlin.Robustness: the aim of this Work Package was to strengthen the organisational structure of DARIAH. The activities undertaken had a multifaceted nature: the relationship with the user community was improved through the implementation of a centralised helpdesk; preliminary work towards the Marketplace was conducted; the EURISE Network (European Research Infrastructure Software Engineers' Network) was established with CLARIN and CESSDA; finally a renewed business plan building on existing strategic documents was developed.Trust: this Work Package contributed to DARIAH’s long-term sustainability by measuring acceptance and impact of DARIAH in new cross-disciplinary communities and core groups through a survey, in-depth qualitative interviews and strategic meetings. The analysedinformation collected from each source led to a recommendations and community engagement tool developed to share and translate the recommendations dataset for a broader audience.Teaching: the work carried out during the course of the project led to the implementation of a discovery framework and hosting platform for DARIAH learning resources, DARIAH-Campus. The platform was officially launched during the event. The goal of DARIAH-Campus is to widen access to open, inclusive, high-quality learning materials that aim to enhance creativity, skills, technology and knowledge in the digitally-enabled arts and humanities.

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    Authors: Carosin, Émilie; Demeuse, Marc;
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    Authors: Gérardin-Laverge, Mona;

    Comment penser la construction et la déconstruction du genre dans le langage ? Je montre que la philosophie du langage ordinaire — et notamment la théorie austinienne des actes de parole — peut soutenir une approche constructiviste et éclairer le rôle du langage dans la construction sociale du genre. La naturalisation du genre repose à la fois sur une représentation du langage — comme simple reflet du réel et comme « capacité » inégalement partagée — et sur des pratiques linguistiques ordinaires et scientifiques. Penser cela implique de dépasser la stricte dichotomie de l’idéologique et du matériel, pour analyser ensemble la construction et la représentation du genre dans des pratiques discursives et non-discursives. La théorie butlerienne de la « performativité du genre » permet de penser à la fois la construction du genre et sa contingence, sa possible déconstruction. Mais quel est notre pouvoir transformateur ? Si montrer qu’un phénomène n’est pas naturel ne suffit pas à le détruire, analyser sa force ne nous réduit-il pas à l’impuissance ? Pour répondre à ces questions, j’étudie des pratiques discursives de lutte. Je montre le pouvoir transformateur de pratiques de subversions et d’actes de parole insurrectionnels, qui font usage de la performativité du langage pour transformer les conditions sociales encadrant l’efficacité des discours. Je montre que ces pratiques déconstruisent le genre et produisent des collectifs de lutte, pour insister sur ce qu’une approche radicalement constructiviste du genre ouvre comme possibles pour le féminisme et l’action collective. How is gender constructed and deconstructed in ordinary practices of language? First of all, I demonstrate that ordinary language philosophy – and more specifically the austinian theory of speech acts – can lay the ground for a constructivist approach and help to understand the role of language in the social construction of gender. I show that gender is naturalized both by our representation of language itself – as a mere reflect of reality and as an unequally shared “capacity” – and by ordinary and scientific practices of language. Understanding this idea involves going beyond the dichotomy of ideological and material, in order to analyze construction and representation of gender together in both discursive and non-discursive practices. Butler’s theory of gender performativity makes it possible to understand both construction and deconstruction, or the contingency of gender. But does not highlighting the strength of this construction lead to deny our power and agency? To answer this question, I study feminist discursive practices. I highlight transformative power of subversions and insurrectional speech acts. I analyze discursive practices of denaturalization that challenge both social and discursive orders, and practices that use language performativity to change the social conditions that give power to speech acts. These practices deconstruct gender and produce political and collective subjects: a radical constructivist approach to gender thus opens rich perspectives for feminism and collective activism.

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    Authors: Aston, John; Autin, Florent; Claeskens, Gerda; Freyermuth, Jean-Marc; +1 Authors

    © 2017 The Author(s). We present a novel method for detecting some structural characteristics of multidimensional functions. We consider the multidimensional Gaussian white noise model with an anisotropic estimand. Using the relation between the Sobol decomposition and the geometry of multidimensional wavelet basis we can build test statistics for any of the Sobol functional components. We assess the asymptotical minimax optimality of these test statistics and show that they are optimal in presence of anisotropy with respect to the newly determined minimax rates of separation. An appropriate combination of these test statistics allows to test some general structural characteristics such as the atomic dimension or the presence of some variables. Numerical experiments show the potential of our method for studying spatio-temporal processes. ispartof: Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis vol:46 issue:2 pages:288-311 status: published

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    Apollo
    Article . 2017
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    Authors: Massart, Sebastien; Candresse, Thierry; Gil, José; Lacomme, Christophe; +11 Authors

    Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have generated huge new opportunities for discovering and diagnosing plant viruses and viroids. Plant virology has undoubtedly benefited from these new methodologies, but at the same time, faces now substantial bottlenecks, namely the biological characterization of the newly discovered viruses and the analysis of their impact at the biosecurity, commercial, regulatory, and scientific levels. This paper proposes a scaled and progressive scientific framework for efficient biological characterization and risk assessment when a previously known or a new plant virus is detected by next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Four case studies are also presented to illustrate the need for such a framework, and to discuss the scenarios. Peer reviewed

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    Article . 2017
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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2017
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    Frontiers in Microbiology
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    Authors: Robert John Kolesar; Guido Erreygers; Wim Van Damme; Vanara Chea; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background Financial risk protection is a core dimension of universal health coverage. Hardship financing, defined as borrowing and selling land or assets to pay for healthcare, is a measure of last recourse. Increasing indebtedness and high interest rates, particularly among unregulated money lenders, can lead to a vicious cycle of poverty and exacerbate inequity. Methods To inform efforts to improve Cambodia’s social health protection system we analyze 2019–2020 Cambodia Socio-economic Survey data to assess hardship financing, illness and injury related productivity loss, and estimate related economic impacts. We apply two-stage Instrumental Variable multiple regression to address endogeneity relating to net income. In addition, we calculate a direct economic measure to facilitate the regular monitoring and reporting on the devastating burden of excessive out-of-pocket expenditure for policy makers. Results More than 98,500 households or 2.7% of the total population resorted to hardship financing over the past year. Factors significantly increasing risk are higher out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures, illness or injury related productivity loss, and spending of savings. The economic burden from annual lost productivity from illness or injury amounts to US$ 459.9 million or 1.7% of GDP. The estimated household economic cost related to hardship financing is US$ 250.8 million or 0.9% of GDP. Conclusions Such losses can be mitigated with policy measures such as linking a catastrophic health coverage mechanism to the Health Equity Funds, capping interest rates on health-related loans, and using loan guarantees to incentivize microfinance institutions and banks to refinance health-related, high-interest loans from money lenders. These measures could strengthen social health protection by enhancing financial risk protection, mitigating vulnerability to the devastating economic effects of health shocks, and reducing inequities.

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    Other literature type . 2021
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    International Journal for Equity in Health
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Amunts, Katrin; Axer, Markus; Cools, Roshan; Changeux, Jean-Pierre; +95 Authors

    Brain research has in recent years indisputably entered a new epoch, driven by substantial methodological advances and digitally enabled data integration and modeling at multiple scales – from molecules to the whole system. Major advances are emerging at the intersection of neuroscience with technology and computing. This new science of the brain integrates high-quality basic research, systematic data integration across multiple scales, a new culture of large-scale collaboration and translation into applications. A systematic approach, as pioneered in Europe’s Human Brain Project (HBP), will be essential in meeting the pressing medical and technological challenges of the coming decade. The aims of this paper are To develop a concept for the coming decade of digital brain research To discuss it with the research community at large, with the aim of identifying points of convergence and common goals To provide a scientific framework for current and future development of EBRAINS To inform and engage stakeholders, funding organizations and research institutions regarding future digital brain research To identify and address key ethical and societal issues While we do not claim that there is a ‘one size fits all’ approach to addressing these aspects, we are convinced that discussions around the theme of digital brain research will help drive progress in the broader field of neuroscience. You can submit your comments here and be considered for co-authorship Or become a supporter by clicking here More information below Comments on this manuscript are welcome This manuscript is a living document that is being further developed in a participatory process. The work has been initiated by the Science and Infrastructure Board of the Human Brain Project (HBP). Now, the entire research community is invited to contribute to shaping the vision by submitting comments. Comments can be submitted via an online commentary form here. All submitted comments will be considered and discussed. The final decision on whether edits or additions will be made to the next version of the manuscript based on an individual comment will be made by the Science and Infrastructure Board (SIB) of the Human Brain Project (HBP) at regular intervals. The final version of the manuscript will be prepared and published in the next months. Comments may be submitted until the end of May, 2023. Every researcher is welcome to provide comment or indicate support for the contents of this paper and jointly shape the future of brain research. Supporters of the paper: Pietro Avanzini, Marc Beyer, Maria Del Vecchio, Jitka Annen, Maurizio Mattia, Steven Laureys, Rosanne Edelenbosch, Rafael Yuste, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Linda Richards, Hye Weon Jessica Kim, Chrysoula Samara, Luis Miguel González de la Garza, Nikoleta Petalidou, Vasudha Kulkarni, Cesar David Rincon, Isabella O'Shea, Munira Tamim Electricwala, Nicola Palomero-Gallagher, Bernd Carsten Stahl, Bahar Hazal Yalcinkaya, Meysam Hashemi, Carola Sales Carbonell, Marcel Carrère, Anthony Randal McIntosh, Hiba Sheheitli, Abolfazl Ziaeemehr, Martin Breyton, Giovanna Ramos Queda, Anirudh NIhalani Vattikonda, Gyorgy Buzsaki George Ogoh, William Knight Torbjørn V Ness, MIchiel van der Vlag, Mu-ming Poo.

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    https://doi.org/10.48350/18177...
    Research . 2023
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    Authors: Hassan, Alzubair; Landuyt, Dimitri, Van; Pasquale, Liliana; Cheminod, Manuel; +4 Authors

    The research results presented in this document represent the deliverable D3.21: “Framework to design and implement adaptive security systems” and are the continuation of the deliverable D3.4: “Analysis of key research challenges for adaptive security”. In this deliverable we aim to validate the challenges elicited in D3.4 with practitioners from industry. We also aim to understand how the assets developed by each partner in task T3.5 could be used to engineer an adaptive security system. In this deliverable, we present the results of a survey conducted with security practitioners from industry. The objective of the survey is to acquire the practitioners’ perspective on the application of adaptive security technologies and identify the research challenges that practitioners perceive to be the most critical in adaptive security. We use a reference architecture of an adaptive security system to identify the contributions of the assets provided by each partner. We showcase how the joint contributions of each asset can support some of the maritime transport use case scenarios elicited in task T5.5 Maritime Transport.

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    Authors: Nelson, Glyn; Boehm, Ulrike; Bagley, Steve; Bajcsy, Peter; +97 Authors

    A modern day light microscope has evolved from a tool devoted to making primarily empirical observations to what is now a sophisticated , quantitative device that is an integral part of both physical and life science research. Nowadays, microscopes are found in nearly every experimental laboratory. However, despite their prevalent use in capturing and quantifying scientific phenomena, neither a thorough understanding of the principles underlying quantitative imaging techniques nor appropriate knowledge of how to calibrate, operate and maintain microscopes can be taken for granted. This is clearly demonstrated by the well-documented and widespread difficulties that are routinely encountered in evaluating acquired data and reproducing scientific experiments. Indeed, studies have shown that more than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to repeat another scientist's experiments, while more than half have even failed to reproduce their own experiments. One factor behind the reproducibility crisis of experiments published in scientific journals is the frequent underreporting of imaging methods caused by a lack of awareness and/or a lack of knowledge of the applied technique. Whereas quality control procedures for some methods used in biomedical research, such as genomics (e.g. DNA sequencing, RNA-seq) or cytometry, have been introduced (e.g. ENCODE), this issue has not been tackled for optical microscopy instrumentation and images. Although many calibration standards and protocols have been published, there is a lack of awareness and agreement on common standards and guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility. In April 2020, the QUality Assessment and REProducibility for instruments and images in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi) initiative was formed. This initiative comprises imaging scientists from academia and industry who share a common interest in achieving a better understanding of the performance and limitations of microscopes and improved quality control (QC) in light microscopy. The ultimate goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to establish a set of common QC standards, guidelines, metadata models and tools, including detailed protocols, with the ultimate aim of improving reproducible advances in scientific research. This White Paper (1) summarizes the major obstacles identified in the field that motivated the launch of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative; (2) identifies the urgent need to address these obstacles in a grassroots manner, through a community of stakeholders including, researchers, imaging scientists, bioimage analysts, bioimage informatics developers, corporate partners, funding agencies, standards organizations, scientific publishers and observers of such; (3) outlines the current actions of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative and (4) proposes future steps that can be taken to improve the dissemination and acceptance of the proposed guidelines to manage QC. To summarize, the principal goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to improve the overall quality and reproducibility of light microscope image data by introducing broadly accepted standard practices and accurately captured image data metrics. Contains fulltext : 237693.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

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    AbstractLe projet international ITER est un point focal du programme de recherche sur la fusion par confinement magnétique. L’objectif est la construction puis l’opération d’un dispositif magnétique appelé tokamak. La taille de ce dernier permettra d’évaluer la performance des tokamaks dans des régimes pertinents pour la production d’énergie. Les études et les expériences en préparation d’ITER ont montré que les flux d’énergie à la périphérie du dispositif seraient nettement supérieurs aux limites imposées par la technologie de refroidissement des matériaux. La solution mise en œuvre dans ITER est de dédier un volume spécifique à l’interaction plasma-paroi appelé divertor, volet technologique, associé à la maitrise d’un point de fonctionnement optimum du divertor, volet physique. Le régime qui doit être atteint dans le divertor est celui dit de plasma détaché obtenu après une transition vers un état du plasma froid et dense dans la région du divertor en contact avec la paroi. Dans le cas de parois métalliques, et donc pour ITER, une possibilité pour atteindre le régime de détachement est l’injecter d‘impuretés extrinsèques, permettant de rayonner une fraction de l’énergie du plasma par l’excitation de lignes spectrales des atomes partiellement ionisés. En vue d’ITER, deux types d’impuretés extrinsèques gazeuses, l’Azote et le Néon, font l’objet d’études tant expérimentales que par la modélisation.Dans les expériences sur les tokamaks en opération, l’injection d’azote ou de néon conduit à des régimes différents. Par exemple, les expériences récentes sur le tokamak ASDEX-Upgrade sont caractérisées par l’obtention d’un régime de détachement stable pour une injection d’Azote alors que les expériences conduites avec une injection de Néon n’ont pas permis jusqu’à lors d’obtenir un régime de détachement stable.Le principal mécanisme physique associé à l’injection d’impureté est la dissipation de l’énergie du plasma par le rayonnement de raies des impuretés. Ce mécanisme est favorisé lorsqu’une forme de piégeage retient les impuretés dans le volume du divertor. En revanche, quand les impuretés s’échappent du divertor pour atteindre le volume de plasma confiné, on observe à la fois une baisse du rayonnement dans le divertor et une perturbation du plasma confiné qui peut aller jusqu’à une disruption, c’est-à-dire à la terminaison du plasma suite à une instabilité magnéto-hydro-dynamique du plasma. L’équilibre pour les impuretés entre piégeage dans le divertor et fuite vers le plasma confiné résulte de phénomènes non-linéaires qui dépendent des paramètres du plasma et de l’impact des impuretés sur ce dernier. La modélisation est utilisée pour comprendre les mécanismes dominants dans les expériences actuelles et par cette compréhension réaliser des projections pour ITER.Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont :•analyser les mécanismes déterminant l’équilibre rétention / fuite pour l’Azote et le Néon dans le régime de plasma détaché du divertor ;•comparer l’efficacité du piégeage relatif aux fuites pour l’Azote et le Néon ainsi que pour les divertors des tokamaks ASDEX-Upgrade et ITER. A cette fin, le code de modélisation appelé SOLPS-ITER a été modifié et utilisé comme outil d’étude. Dans une version antérieure, le code SOLPS-ITER a été utilisé pour étudier et optimiser le point de fonctionnement du divertor lors du design d’ITER. Il décrit le plasma, densité, vitesse moyenne, énergie thermique, champ électrostatique dans la région périphérique du plasma qui comprend la partie externe du plasma confiné, une région de couche limite appelée SOL (Scrape-Off Layer) et la région du divertor. La première étape de modification du code a été d’améliorer les équations de bilan de quantité de mouvement dans la direction parallèle au champ magnétique, notamment pour les impuretés. Le rôle des collisions dans équilibre des forces est un point important pour évaluer le transport des impuretés. Dans cet esprit, des expressions analytiques plus précises des forces de friction inter-espèces et des forces thermiques ont été établies puis utilisées dans le code. Ce travail a été présenté à la conférence « Plasma Edge Theory » en 2017 et a donné lieu à une publication dans une revue avec comité de lecture.La modélisation des scénarios d’opération d’ASDEX-Upgrade et d’ITER avec injection d’Azote ou de Néon a ensuite été abordée. La comparaison des régimes obtenus dans les quatre cas a été faite pour une fraction puissance rayonnée sur puissance injectée donnée. La modélisation avec Néon, aussi bien pour ASDEX-Upgrade que pour ITER a été réalisée en collaboration avec l’équipe de l’Université Polytechnique de Pierre le Grand à Saint Pétersbourg. Le choix des paramètres de simulation et les résultats obtenus sont présentés et discutés dans cette thèse.Les principales conclusions de ce travail de modélisation sont :•Le transport des impuretés le long des lignes de champ, de la région du divertor vers la région amont, à proximité du volume de confinement, est différent pour l’Azote et le Néon aussi bien dans ASDEX-U que dans ITER. On observe que la rétention de l’Azote dans le volume divertor est supérieure à celle du Néon dans les simulations pour les deux tokamaks. Le principal mécanisme conduisant à cet effet est la différence de potentiel d’ionisation entre ces deux espèces conduisant à une première ionisation de l’Azote à une distance moindre de la paroi que celle de l’ion majoritaire. La force de pression des ions majoritaires tend alors à favoriser le piégeage de l’Azote. Inversement, la première ionisation du Néon se produit au-delà de celle de l’espèce d’ions majoritaires conduisant à un effet opposé des forces de gradient, et en conséquence favorise la migration des impuretés vers l’extérieur du divertor.•Si les mécanismes de rétention et de migration des impuretés dans le divertor donnent des résultats comparables pour ASDEX-Upgrade et pour ITER, la situation est assez différente du point de vue de la distribution spatiale du rayonnement. Cette différence permet de penser que le Néon sera efficace dans les scénarios pour ITER.• Les résultats de simulation pour ASDEX-Upgrade indiquent une localisation du rayonnement du Néon en dehors du divertor ce qui expliquerait les difficultés rapportées dans les expériences.•Dans le cas de la modélisation pour ITER, la distribution spatiale du rayonnement est pour l’essentiel localisée dans le volume du divertor. Le rayonnement consécutif à la migration du néon vers le plasma confiné reste négligeable. Ce résultat suggère que le Néon, gaz noble chimiquement neutre, pourrait être avantageusement utilisé dans ITER, permettant d’éviter l’utilisation de l’Azote et les problèmes à long terme posé par la réactivité chimique avec l’hydrogène.La différence des résultats de modélisation rapportée dans la thèse entre ASDEX-Upgrade et ITER est due à la différence de régime du plasma. En particulier, une différence notable dans la distribution spatiale de l’énergie thermique des électrons joue un rôle important. L’origine de cette différence semble consécutive pour l’essentiel à une différence de géométrie entre les deux dispositifs. Un sujet d’analyse important à mener pour confirmer et expliquer cette propriété anticipée par ce travail de modélisation. L’ensemble des résultats de simulation et leurs interprétations a été présenté à la conférence internationale Plasma Surface Interaction en 2018. Il a également été présenté et publié dans un journal avec comité de lecture en 2019. The ITER project is one of the main focuses of the nuclear fusion research field and aims to build and operate a very large tokamak totest the the viability of the tokamak concept for energy production. Modeling studies of the ITER tokamak operation indicatethat to allow for steady state operation, the heat fluxes in the ITER divertor would have to be mitigated, otherwise these heat fluxes wouldexceed material limits.Currently heat fluxes in tokamak divertors are mostly mitigated by operating with detachment divertors in which layers of cold and denseplasma are created near the divertor targets. This regime in tokamaks with metal targets and walls is achieved by the introducing radiatingimpurities. For the ITER reactor, two possible impurity radiators are planned: nitrogen and neon.In present tokamak experiments nitrogen and neon behave differently with respect to detachment formation. Recent experiments on the ASDEXUpgrade tokamak (AUG) has shown that detachment can be routinely achieved with nitrogen. With neon, on the other hand, a stabledetachment regime for AUG has not been achieved despite multiple attempts.The main mechanisms of the detachment formation with impurity seeding is the power loss in the divertor volume due to impurity lineradiation. This condition is fulfilled when impurity ions stay in the divertor (so called retention) and is hindered when impurity ionsescape the divertor (leakage). In the case of impurity leakage impurity ions can penetrate the area of the main confined plasma,decrease the machine performance and even lead to plasma disruptions. Retention and leakage of impurity ions depend nonlinearlyon the plasma parameters and numerical modeling is used to understand the mechanisms in the current experimental results and to predictimpurity behaviour for ITER plasma parameters.The main goals of the present thesis are to:* investigate the differences between retention and leakage mechanisms of nitrogen and neon impurities in the context of the detachmentformation;* compare the retention and leakage mechanisms of the nitrogen and neon impurities for the ASDEX Upgrade and ITER.To do this, the SOLPS-ITER code modeling package was further developed and then used. This package, used for the ITER tokamk design, provides information about the plasma particles density, temperature and velocity as well as the plasma potential distribution in the tokamakedge region (scrape-off layer and edge of the confined plasma region). As a first step, the accuracy of the impurity modeling in SOLPS-ITER was increased by modifying the parallel momentum balance equation in the code. As a part of this modification more precise analytical formulations of the friction and the thermal force terms of this equation were derived and implemented in the code. This work was presented at the Plasma Edge Theory (PET) Workshop in 2017 and published in a peer-reviewed journal paper.In the next step, modeling of ITER and ASDEX Upgrade scenarios with Ne and N impurity seeding was performed. The same ratio of radiated toinput power ratio was maintained for all four modeling cases to make further comparisons possible. Modeling of the ASDEX Upgrade runs andITER run with Ne seeding were done in collaboration with the Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University team, while the ITER N run was performed separately. The input parameters and modeling results are discussed in the present thesis.On the basis of the modeling, the following conclusions are made:* impurity transport from the divertor region upstream is found to be different for the neon and nitrogen impurities in both ITER andASDEX Upgrade. Nitrogen is found to be better retained in the divertor volume than neon for both devices. The main factor whichcauses better retention of the nitrogen in the tokamak divertor is that it ionizes closer to the divertor targets than the mainions. This causes the pressure gradient from the main ions ionization to keep the nitrogen ions in the divertor. This situation isopposite for the neon ions: they are ionized further away from the target than the main ions and the main ions pressure gradientleads to the increased leakage of neon;* even though the retention and leakage of nitrogen and neon has the same mechanism in ITER and ASDEX Upgrade (nitrogen is betterretained), in terms of the radiation distribution point of view, the two machines behave differently. This difference suggests that neonimpurity seeding seems to be an appropriate radiator for the ITER, even though for ASDEX Upgrade it results in an unacceptable radiationpattern;* for the ASDEX Upgrade-like case, a larger percentage of the impurity radiation is present outside the divertor for the neonseeded case in comparison to the nitrogen case. For the neon case a significant amount of impurity radiation is also present in the coreplasma, which in the real experiment leads to a confinement loss; * for the ITER case, the impurity radiation mostly stayed within the divertor volume for both nitrogen and neon seeded cases, even thoughmore Ne ions escaped the divertor volume. Core impurity radiation was negligible for both seeded impurities. This suggests what neon mightbe used as a radiative impurity for the ITER power exhaust. These differences between the nitrogen and neon behavior in ASDEX Upgrade and ITER modeling results are caused by very different plasmabackgrounds. The electron temperature distribution was found to be the most influential parameter, and even for the same radiated fractions ofthe input power, very different profiles of the temperature and the radiative power were obtained for ITER and ASDEX Upgrade. These differences come from the geometrical effects and should be a subject for future investigations. All the findings of the differences in the nitrogen and neon behavior in the ASDEX Upgrade and the ITER modeling as well as the discussion of the possible causes of the plasma background differences and the detailed analysis of the radiated power distributions were presented on the Plasma Surface Interactions conference in 2018. It was also published in a peer-reviewed journal paper in 2019.

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    Authors: Raciti, Marco; Chambers, Sally;

    The DESIR Final Event took place in Zagreb on 6-7 November 2019, alongside the DARIAH General Assembly. The DESIR Final Event brought together the whole consortium and involved several Bodies of the ERIC to maximise the impact of the event. The aim of the meeting was two-fold. First, it was to opportunity to summarise the activities conducted throughout the project and showcase results towards the DARIAH community. Secondly, it proposed a wider discussion over sustainability and funding models with National Representatives prior to the General Assembly.Overall, 57 participants attended the event. The schedule has been structured to present the outcomes of each Work Package. As the project DESIR was divided into an evolving 6-dimensional process, main results can be summarised as follows:Dissemination and Innovation: the aim of this Work Package was to ensure a continuous dissemination of DARIAH service improvements, activities and research results within the relevant communities, academic stakeholders and other interested parties. Furthermore, the Work Package was in charge of organising main dissemination activities during the project and the DARIAH Beyond Europe workshop series (Stanford University, Library of Congress, National Library of Australia).Growth: this Work Package was concerned with the enlargement of the DARIAH membership targeting six countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Israel, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom). Membership could only be achieved in Czech Republic, the application was submitted and ratified by the General Assembly in November 2019. Nevertheless, in other countries, collaboration with DARIAH has been greatly strengthened and significant progress regarding DARIAH membership has been achieved.Technology: the Work Package delivered three demonstrators focused on bibliographical metadata. The demonstrators show the usage of tools for bibliographical metadata in various stages of the research process, e.g. extraction of entities, the collection and sorting of citations, visualisation of selected aspects of the data. These demonstrators were built with the involvement of the community of researchers through two Code Sprints organised in Berlin.Robustness: the aim of this Work Package was to strengthen the organisational structure of DARIAH. The activities undertaken had a multifaceted nature: the relationship with the user community was improved through the implementation of a centralised helpdesk; preliminary work towards the Marketplace was conducted; the EURISE Network (European Research Infrastructure Software Engineers' Network) was established with CLARIN and CESSDA; finally a renewed business plan building on existing strategic documents was developed.Trust: this Work Package contributed to DARIAH’s long-term sustainability by measuring acceptance and impact of DARIAH in new cross-disciplinary communities and core groups through a survey, in-depth qualitative interviews and strategic meetings. The analysedinformation collected from each source led to a recommendations and community engagement tool developed to share and translate the recommendations dataset for a broader audience.Teaching: the work carried out during the course of the project led to the implementation of a discovery framework and hosting platform for DARIAH learning resources, DARIAH-Campus. The platform was officially launched during the event. The goal of DARIAH-Campus is to widen access to open, inclusive, high-quality learning materials that aim to enhance creativity, skills, technology and knowledge in the digitally-enabled arts and humanities.

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    Authors: Carosin, Émilie; Demeuse, Marc;
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    Authors: Gérardin-Laverge, Mona;

    Comment penser la construction et la déconstruction du genre dans le langage ? Je montre que la philosophie du langage ordinaire — et notamment la théorie austinienne des actes de parole — peut soutenir une approche constructiviste et éclairer le rôle du langage dans la construction sociale du genre. La naturalisation du genre repose à la fois sur une représentation du langage — comme simple reflet du réel et comme « capacité » inégalement partagée — et sur des pratiques linguistiques ordinaires et scientifiques. Penser cela implique de dépasser la stricte dichotomie de l’idéologique et du matériel, pour analyser ensemble la construction et la représentation du genre dans des pratiques discursives et non-discursives. La théorie butlerienne de la « performativité du genre » permet de penser à la fois la construction du genre et sa contingence, sa possible déconstruction. Mais quel est notre pouvoir transformateur ? Si montrer qu’un phénomène n’est pas naturel ne suffit pas à le détruire, analyser sa force ne nous réduit-il pas à l’impuissance ? Pour répondre à ces questions, j’étudie des pratiques discursives de lutte. Je montre le pouvoir transformateur de pratiques de subversions et d’actes de parole insurrectionnels, qui font usage de la performativité du langage pour transformer les conditions sociales encadrant l’efficacité des discours. Je montre que ces pratiques déconstruisent le genre et produisent des collectifs de lutte, pour insister sur ce qu’une approche radicalement constructiviste du genre ouvre comme possibles pour le féminisme et l’action collective. How is gender constructed and deconstructed in ordinary practices of language? First of all, I demonstrate that ordinary language philosophy – and more specifically the austinian theory of speech acts – can lay the ground for a constructivist approach and help to understand the role of language in the social construction of gender. I show that gender is naturalized both by our representation of language itself – as a mere reflect of reality and as an unequally shared “capacity” – and by ordinary and scientific practices of language. Understanding this idea involves going beyond the dichotomy of ideological and material, in order to analyze construction and representation of gender together in both discursive and non-discursive practices. Butler’s theory of gender performativity makes it possible to understand both construction and deconstruction, or the contingency of gender. But does not highlighting the strength of this construction lead to deny our power and agency? To answer this question, I study feminist discursive practices. I highlight transformative power of subversions and insurrectional speech acts. I analyze discursive practices of denaturalization that challenge both social and discursive orders, and practices that use language performativity to change the social conditions that give power to speech acts. These practices deconstruct gender and produce political and collective subjects: a radical constructivist approach to gender thus opens rich perspectives for feminism and collective activism.

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    Authors: Aston, John; Autin, Florent; Claeskens, Gerda; Freyermuth, Jean-Marc; +1 Authors

    © 2017 The Author(s). We present a novel method for detecting some structural characteristics of multidimensional functions. We consider the multidimensional Gaussian white noise model with an anisotropic estimand. Using the relation between the Sobol decomposition and the geometry of multidimensional wavelet basis we can build test statistics for any of the Sobol functional components. We assess the asymptotical minimax optimality of these test statistics and show that they are optimal in presence of anisotropy with respect to the newly determined minimax rates of separation. An appropriate combination of these test statistics allows to test some general structural characteristics such as the atomic dimension or the presence of some variables. Numerical experiments show the potential of our method for studying spatio-temporal processes. ispartof: Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis vol:46 issue:2 pages:288-311 status: published

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      Lirias
      Article . 2019
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      Apollo
      Article . 2017
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      Apollo
      Other literature type . 2019
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      Other literature type . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Massart, Sebastien; Candresse, Thierry; Gil, José; Lacomme, Christophe; +11 Authors

    Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have generated huge new opportunities for discovering and diagnosing plant viruses and viroids. Plant virology has undoubtedly benefited from these new methodologies, but at the same time, faces now substantial bottlenecks, namely the biological characterization of the newly discovered viruses and the analysis of their impact at the biosecurity, commercial, regulatory, and scientific levels. This paper proposes a scaled and progressive scientific framework for efficient biological characterization and risk assessment when a previously known or a new plant virus is detected by next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Four case studies are also presented to illustrate the need for such a framework, and to discuss the scenarios. Peer reviewed

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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2017
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    ProdInra
    Article . 2017
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2017
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    Frontiers in Microbiology
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