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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joanna, Kedra; Philippe, Dieudé; Caroline, Giboin; Hubert, Marotte; +32 Authors

    ObjectiveWe assess the clinical and structural impact at two years of progressively spacing tocilizumab (TCZ) or abatacept (ABA) injections versus maintenance at full dose in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in sustained remission.MethodsThis multicenter open‐label noninferiority (NI) randomized clinical trial included patients with established rheumatoid arthritis in sustained remission receiving ABA or TCZ at a stable dose. Patients were randomized to treatment maintenance (M) at full dose (M‐arm) or progressive injection spacing (S) driven by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints every 3 months up to biologics discontinuation (S‐arm). The primary end point was the evolution of disease activity according to the Disease Activity Score in 44 joints during the 2‐year follow‐up analyzed per protocol with a linear mixed‐effects model, evaluated by an NI test based on the one‐sided 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the slope difference (NI margin 0.25). Other end points were flare incidence and structural damage progression.ResultsOverall, 202 of the 233 patients included were considered for per protocol analysis (90 in S‐arm and 112 in M‐arm). At the end of follow‐up, 16.2% of the patients in the S‐arm could discontinue their biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug, 46.9% tapered the dose and 36.9% returned to a full dose. NI was not demonstrated for the primary outcome, with a slope difference of 0.10 (95% CI 0.10–0.31) between the two arms. NI was not demonstrated for flare incidence (difference 42.6%, 95% CI 30.0–55.1) or rate of structural damage progression at two years (difference 13.9%, 95% CI −6.7 to 34.4).ConclusionThe Towards the Lowest Efficacious Dose trial failed to demonstrate NI for the proposed ABA or TCZ tapering strategy.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Arthritis & Rheumatology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    HAL-Inserm
    Conference object . 2019
    Data sources: HAL-Inserm
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Leyhausen, Johanna; Schäfer, Tim; Gurr, Caroline; Berg, Lisa M.; +82 Authors

    International audience; BackgroundAutism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition accompanied by differences in brain connectivity. Structural connectivity in autism has mainly been investigated within the white matter. However, many genetic variants associated with autism highlight genes related to synaptogenesis and axonal guidance, thus also implicating differences in intrinsic (i.e., gray matter) connections in autism. Intrinsic connections may be assessed in vivo via so-called intrinsic global and local wiring costs.MethodsHere, we examined intrinsic global and local wiring costs in the brain of 359 individuals with autism and 279 healthy control participants ages 6 to 30 years from the EU-AIMS LEAP (Longitudinal European Autism Project). FreeSurfer was used to derive surface mesh representations to compute the estimated length of connections required to wire the brain within the gray matter. Vertexwise between-group differences were assessed using a general linear model. A gene expression decoding analysis based on the Allen Human Brain Atlas was performed to link neuroanatomical differences to putative underpinnings.ResultsGroup differences in global and local wiring costs were predominantly observed in medial and lateral prefrontal brain regions, in inferior temporal regions, and at the left temporoparietal junction. The resulting neuroanatomical patterns were enriched for genes that had been previously implicated in the etiology of autism at genetic and transcriptomic levels.ConclusionsBased on intrinsic gray matter connectivity, the current study investigated the complex neuroanatomy of autism and linked between-group differences to putative genomic and/or molecular mechanisms to parse the heterogeneity of autism and provide targets for future subgrouping approaches.

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    Radboud Repository
    Article . 2024
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      Radboud Repository
      Article . 2024
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Ciocan-Fontanine, Ionut; Favero, David; Guéré, Jérémy; Kim, Bumsig; +1 Authors

    We define enumerative invariants associated to a hybrid Gauged Linear Sigma Model. We prove that in the relevant special cases, these invariants recover both the Gromov-Witten type invariants defined by Chang-Li and Fan-Jarvis-Ruan using cosection localization as well as the FJRW type invariants constructed by Polishchuk-Vaintrob. The invariants are defined by constructing a "fundamental factorization" supported on the moduli space of Landau-Ginzburg maps to a convex hybrid model. This gives the kernel of a Fourier-Mukai transform; the associated map on Hochschild homology defines our theory. Final version. To appear in Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2018
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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  • Authors: Gillet, Valérie;

    in Connecting Cultures: Ramayana Retellings in South and Southeast Asia, Proceedings of an international conference held in Bangalore, September 14-15, 2017, edited by S. Settar and Parul Pandya Dhar. Mangalore: Manipal Universal Press

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Philippe Meyer;

    From an octonion algebra $\mathbb{O}$ over a field $k$ of characteristic not two or three, we show that the fundamental representation ${\rm Im}(\mathbb{O})$ of the derivation algebra ${\rm Der}(\mathbb{O})$ and the spinor representation $\mathbb{O}$ of $\mathfrak{so}({\rm Im}(\mathbb{O}))$ are special orthogonal representations. They have particular geometric properties coming from their similarities with binary cubics and we show that the covariants of these representations and their Mathews identities are related to the Fano plane and the affine space $(\mathbb{Z}_2)^3$. This also permits to give constructions of exceptional Lie superalgebras. Comment: 16 pages

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    Other literature type . 2020
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2020
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    Reviews in Mathematical Physics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dennis J.N.J. Soemers; Éric Piette; Matthew Stephenson; Cameron Browne;

    In many board games and other abstract games, patterns have been used as features that can guide automated game-playing agents. Such patterns or features often represent particular configurations of pieces, empty positions, etc., which may be relevant for a game's strategies. Their use has been particularly prevalent in the game of Go, but also many other games used as benchmarks for AI research. In this paper, we formulate a design and efficient implementation of spatial state-action features for general games. These are patterns that can be trained to incentivise or disincentivise actions based on whether or not they match variables of the state in a local area around action variables. We provide extensive details on several design and implementation choices, with a primary focus on achieving a high degree of generality to support a wide variety of different games using different board geometries or other graphs. Secondly, we propose an efficient approach for evaluating active features for any given set of features. In this approach, we take inspiration from heuristics used in problems such as SAT to optimise the order in which parts of patterns are matched and prune unnecessary evaluations. This approach is defined for a highly general and abstract description of the problem -- phrased as optimising the order in which propositions of formulas in disjunctive normal form are evaluated -- and may therefore also be of interest to other types of problems than board games. An empirical evaluation on 33 distinct games in the Ludii general game system demonstrates the efficiency of this approach in comparison to a naive baseline, as well as a baseline based on prefix trees, and demonstrates that the additional efficiency significantly improves the playing strength of agents using the features to guide search. Accepted for publication in the journal of Artificial Intelligence (AIJ)

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    Article . 2023
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    Other literature type . 2022
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Other literature type . Article . 2022
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      Other literature type . 2022
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    Authors: Vints, Wouter A. J.; Kušleikienė, Simona; Sheoran, Samrat; Valatkevičienė, Kristina; +7 Authors

    Obesity and sarcopenia are associated with cognitive impairments at older age. Current research suggests that blood biomarkers may mediate this body-brain crosstalk, altering neurometabolism and brain structure eventually resulting in cognitive performance changes. Seventy-four older adults (60-85 years old) underwent bio-impedance body composition analysis, handgrip strength measurements, 8-Foot Up-and-Go (8UG) test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), blood analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), kynurenine, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-MRS), estimating neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Normal fat% or overweight was associated with larger total gray matter volume compared to underweight or obesity in older adults and obesity was associated with higher N-acetylaspartate/Creatine levels in the sensorimotor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Muscle strength, not muscle mass/physical performance, corresponded to lower kynurenine and higher N-acetylaspartate/Creatine levels in the dorsal posterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The inflammatory and neurotrophic blood biomarkers did not significantly mediate these body-brain associations. This study used a multimodal approach to comprehensively assess the proposed mechanism of body-brain crosstalk. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license

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      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Thomas Rolland; Freddy Cliquet; Richard J. L. Anney; Clara Moreau; +21 Authors

    AbstractWhile over 100 genes have been associated with autism, little is known about the prevalence of variants affecting them in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. Nor do we fully appreciate the phenotypic diversity beyond the formal autism diagnosis. Based on data from more than 13,000 individuals with autism and 210,000 undiagnosed individuals, we estimated the odds ratios for autism associated to rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in 185 genes associated with autism, alongside 2,492 genes displaying intolerance to LoF variants. In contrast to autism-centric approaches, we investigated the correlates of these variants in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. We show that these variants are associated with a small but significant decrease in fluid intelligence, qualification level and income and an increase in metrics related to material deprivation. These effects were larger for autism-associated genes than in other LoF-intolerant genes. Using brain imaging data from 21,040 individuals from the UK Biobank, we could not detect significant differences in the overall brain anatomy between LoF carriers and non-carriers. Our results highlight the importance of studying the effect of the genetic variants beyond categorical diagnosis and the need for more research to understand the association between these variants and sociodemographic factors, to best support individuals carrying these variants.

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    Nature Medicine
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Medicine
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexandra A. de Sousa; Amélie Beaudet; Tanya Calvey; Ameline Bardo; +17 Authors

    AbstractFossil endocasts record features of brains from the past: size, shape, vasculature, and gyrification. These data, alongside experimental and comparative evidence, are needed to resolve questions about brain energetics, cognitive specializations, and developmental plasticity. Through the application of interdisciplinary techniques to the fossil record, paleoneurology has been leading major innovations. Neuroimaging is shedding light on fossil brain organization and behaviors. Inferences about the development and physiology of the brains of extinct species can be experimentally investigated through brain organoids and transgenic models based on ancient DNA. Phylogenetic comparative methods integrate data across species and associate genotypes to phenotypes, and brains to behaviors. Meanwhile, fossil and archeological discoveries continuously contribute new knowledge. Through cooperation, the scientific community can accelerate knowledge acquisition. Sharing digitized museum collections improves the availability of rare fossils and artifacts. Comparative neuroanatomical data are available through online databases, along with tools for their measurement and analysis. In the context of these advances, the paleoneurological record provides ample opportunity for future research. Biomedical and ecological sciences can benefit from paleoneurology’s approach to understanding the mind as well as its novel research pipelines that establish connections between neuroanatomy, genes and behavior.

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    Communications Biology
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      Communications Biology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Uithol, S.; Görgen, K.; Pischedda, D.; Toni, I.; +2 Authors

    Many studies have identified networks in parietal and prefrontal cortex that are involved in intentional action. Yet, our understanding of the way these networks are involved in intentions is still very limited. In this study, we investigate two characteristics of these processes: context- and reason-dependence of the neural states associated with intentions. We ask whether these states depend on the context a person is in and the reasons they have for choosing an action. We used a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate decoding to directly assess the context- and reason-dependency of the neural states underlying intentions. We show that action intentions can be decoded from fMRI data based on a classifier trained in the same context and with the same reason, in line with previous decoding studies. Furthermore, we found that intentions can be decoded across different reasons for choosing an action. However, decoding across different contexts was not successful. We found anecdotal to moderate evidence against context-invariant information in all regions of interest and for all conditions but one. These results suggest that the neural states associated with intentions are modulated by the context of the action. Contains fulltext : 293891.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 10 p.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joanna, Kedra; Philippe, Dieudé; Caroline, Giboin; Hubert, Marotte; +32 Authors

    ObjectiveWe assess the clinical and structural impact at two years of progressively spacing tocilizumab (TCZ) or abatacept (ABA) injections versus maintenance at full dose in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in sustained remission.MethodsThis multicenter open‐label noninferiority (NI) randomized clinical trial included patients with established rheumatoid arthritis in sustained remission receiving ABA or TCZ at a stable dose. Patients were randomized to treatment maintenance (M) at full dose (M‐arm) or progressive injection spacing (S) driven by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints every 3 months up to biologics discontinuation (S‐arm). The primary end point was the evolution of disease activity according to the Disease Activity Score in 44 joints during the 2‐year follow‐up analyzed per protocol with a linear mixed‐effects model, evaluated by an NI test based on the one‐sided 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the slope difference (NI margin 0.25). Other end points were flare incidence and structural damage progression.ResultsOverall, 202 of the 233 patients included were considered for per protocol analysis (90 in S‐arm and 112 in M‐arm). At the end of follow‐up, 16.2% of the patients in the S‐arm could discontinue their biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug, 46.9% tapered the dose and 36.9% returned to a full dose. NI was not demonstrated for the primary outcome, with a slope difference of 0.10 (95% CI 0.10–0.31) between the two arms. NI was not demonstrated for flare incidence (difference 42.6%, 95% CI 30.0–55.1) or rate of structural damage progression at two years (difference 13.9%, 95% CI −6.7 to 34.4).ConclusionThe Towards the Lowest Efficacious Dose trial failed to demonstrate NI for the proposed ABA or TCZ tapering strategy.

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    Arthritis & Rheumatology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Leyhausen, Johanna; Schäfer, Tim; Gurr, Caroline; Berg, Lisa M.; +82 Authors

    International audience; BackgroundAutism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition accompanied by differences in brain connectivity. Structural connectivity in autism has mainly been investigated within the white matter. However, many genetic variants associated with autism highlight genes related to synaptogenesis and axonal guidance, thus also implicating differences in intrinsic (i.e., gray matter) connections in autism. Intrinsic connections may be assessed in vivo via so-called intrinsic global and local wiring costs.MethodsHere, we examined intrinsic global and local wiring costs in the brain of 359 individuals with autism and 279 healthy control participants ages 6 to 30 years from the EU-AIMS LEAP (Longitudinal European Autism Project). FreeSurfer was used to derive surface mesh representations to compute the estimated length of connections required to wire the brain within the gray matter. Vertexwise between-group differences were assessed using a general linear model. A gene expression decoding analysis based on the Allen Human Brain Atlas was performed to link neuroanatomical differences to putative underpinnings.ResultsGroup differences in global and local wiring costs were predominantly observed in medial and lateral prefrontal brain regions, in inferior temporal regions, and at the left temporoparietal junction. The resulting neuroanatomical patterns were enriched for genes that had been previously implicated in the etiology of autism at genetic and transcriptomic levels.ConclusionsBased on intrinsic gray matter connectivity, the current study investigated the complex neuroanatomy of autism and linked between-group differences to putative genomic and/or molecular mechanisms to parse the heterogeneity of autism and provide targets for future subgrouping approaches.

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    Authors: Ciocan-Fontanine, Ionut; Favero, David; Guéré, Jérémy; Kim, Bumsig; +1 Authors

    We define enumerative invariants associated to a hybrid Gauged Linear Sigma Model. We prove that in the relevant special cases, these invariants recover both the Gromov-Witten type invariants defined by Chang-Li and Fan-Jarvis-Ruan using cosection localization as well as the FJRW type invariants constructed by Polishchuk-Vaintrob. The invariants are defined by constructing a "fundamental factorization" supported on the moduli space of Landau-Ginzburg maps to a convex hybrid model. This gives the kernel of a Fourier-Mukai transform; the associated map on Hochschild homology defines our theory. Final version. To appear in Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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  • Authors: Gillet, Valérie;

    in Connecting Cultures: Ramayana Retellings in South and Southeast Asia, Proceedings of an international conference held in Bangalore, September 14-15, 2017, edited by S. Settar and Parul Pandya Dhar. Mangalore: Manipal Universal Press

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    Authors: Philippe Meyer;

    From an octonion algebra $\mathbb{O}$ over a field $k$ of characteristic not two or three, we show that the fundamental representation ${\rm Im}(\mathbb{O})$ of the derivation algebra ${\rm Der}(\mathbb{O})$ and the spinor representation $\mathbb{O}$ of $\mathfrak{so}({\rm Im}(\mathbb{O}))$ are special orthogonal representations. They have particular geometric properties coming from their similarities with binary cubics and we show that the covariants of these representations and their Mathews identities are related to the Fano plane and the affine space $(\mathbb{Z}_2)^3$. This also permits to give constructions of exceptional Lie superalgebras. Comment: 16 pages

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Reviews in Mathematical Physics
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    Authors: Dennis J.N.J. Soemers; Éric Piette; Matthew Stephenson; Cameron Browne;

    In many board games and other abstract games, patterns have been used as features that can guide automated game-playing agents. Such patterns or features often represent particular configurations of pieces, empty positions, etc., which may be relevant for a game's strategies. Their use has been particularly prevalent in the game of Go, but also many other games used as benchmarks for AI research. In this paper, we formulate a design and efficient implementation of spatial state-action features for general games. These are patterns that can be trained to incentivise or disincentivise actions based on whether or not they match variables of the state in a local area around action variables. We provide extensive details on several design and implementation choices, with a primary focus on achieving a high degree of generality to support a wide variety of different games using different board geometries or other graphs. Secondly, we propose an efficient approach for evaluating active features for any given set of features. In this approach, we take inspiration from heuristics used in problems such as SAT to optimise the order in which parts of patterns are matched and prune unnecessary evaluations. This approach is defined for a highly general and abstract description of the problem -- phrased as optimising the order in which propositions of formulas in disjunctive normal form are evaluated -- and may therefore also be of interest to other types of problems than board games. An empirical evaluation on 33 distinct games in the Ludii general game system demonstrates the efficiency of this approach in comparison to a naive baseline, as well as a baseline based on prefix trees, and demonstrates that the additional efficiency significantly improves the playing strength of agents using the features to guide search. Accepted for publication in the journal of Artificial Intelligence (AIJ)

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Vints, Wouter A. J.; Kušleikienė, Simona; Sheoran, Samrat; Valatkevičienė, Kristina; +7 Authors

    Obesity and sarcopenia are associated with cognitive impairments at older age. Current research suggests that blood biomarkers may mediate this body-brain crosstalk, altering neurometabolism and brain structure eventually resulting in cognitive performance changes. Seventy-four older adults (60-85 years old) underwent bio-impedance body composition analysis, handgrip strength measurements, 8-Foot Up-and-Go (8UG) test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), blood analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), kynurenine, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-MRS), estimating neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Normal fat% or overweight was associated with larger total gray matter volume compared to underweight or obesity in older adults and obesity was associated with higher N-acetylaspartate/Creatine levels in the sensorimotor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Muscle strength, not muscle mass/physical performance, corresponded to lower kynurenine and higher N-acetylaspartate/Creatine levels in the dorsal posterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The inflammatory and neurotrophic blood biomarkers did not significantly mediate these body-brain associations. This study used a multimodal approach to comprehensively assess the proposed mechanism of body-brain crosstalk. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license

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    Authors: Thomas Rolland; Freddy Cliquet; Richard J. L. Anney; Clara Moreau; +21 Authors

    AbstractWhile over 100 genes have been associated with autism, little is known about the prevalence of variants affecting them in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. Nor do we fully appreciate the phenotypic diversity beyond the formal autism diagnosis. Based on data from more than 13,000 individuals with autism and 210,000 undiagnosed individuals, we estimated the odds ratios for autism associated to rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in 185 genes associated with autism, alongside 2,492 genes displaying intolerance to LoF variants. In contrast to autism-centric approaches, we investigated the correlates of these variants in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. We show that these variants are associated with a small but significant decrease in fluid intelligence, qualification level and income and an increase in metrics related to material deprivation. These effects were larger for autism-associated genes than in other LoF-intolerant genes. Using brain imaging data from 21,040 individuals from the UK Biobank, we could not detect significant differences in the overall brain anatomy between LoF carriers and non-carriers. Our results highlight the importance of studying the effect of the genetic variants beyond categorical diagnosis and the need for more research to understand the association between these variants and sociodemographic factors, to best support individuals carrying these variants.

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    Nature Medicine
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Medicine
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    Authors: Alexandra A. de Sousa; Amélie Beaudet; Tanya Calvey; Ameline Bardo; +17 Authors

    AbstractFossil endocasts record features of brains from the past: size, shape, vasculature, and gyrification. These data, alongside experimental and comparative evidence, are needed to resolve questions about brain energetics, cognitive specializations, and developmental plasticity. Through the application of interdisciplinary techniques to the fossil record, paleoneurology has been leading major innovations. Neuroimaging is shedding light on fossil brain organization and behaviors. Inferences about the development and physiology of the brains of extinct species can be experimentally investigated through brain organoids and transgenic models based on ancient DNA. Phylogenetic comparative methods integrate data across species and associate genotypes to phenotypes, and brains to behaviors. Meanwhile, fossil and archeological discoveries continuously contribute new knowledge. Through cooperation, the scientific community can accelerate knowledge acquisition. Sharing digitized museum collections improves the availability of rare fossils and artifacts. Comparative neuroanatomical data are available through online databases, along with tools for their measurement and analysis. In the context of these advances, the paleoneurological record provides ample opportunity for future research. Biomedical and ecological sciences can benefit from paleoneurology’s approach to understanding the mind as well as its novel research pipelines that establish connections between neuroanatomy, genes and behavior.

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    Communications Biology
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      Communications Biology
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    Authors: Uithol, S.; Görgen, K.; Pischedda, D.; Toni, I.; +2 Authors

    Many studies have identified networks in parietal and prefrontal cortex that are involved in intentional action. Yet, our understanding of the way these networks are involved in intentions is still very limited. In this study, we investigate two characteristics of these processes: context- and reason-dependence of the neural states associated with intentions. We ask whether these states depend on the context a person is in and the reasons they have for choosing an action. We used a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate decoding to directly assess the context- and reason-dependency of the neural states underlying intentions. We show that action intentions can be decoded from fMRI data based on a classifier trained in the same context and with the same reason, in line with previous decoding studies. Furthermore, we found that intentions can be decoded across different reasons for choosing an action. However, decoding across different contexts was not successful. We found anecdotal to moderate evidence against context-invariant information in all regions of interest and for all conditions but one. These results suggest that the neural states associated with intentions are modulated by the context of the action. Contains fulltext : 293891.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 10 p.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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