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Afrontar cristianamente la realidad crítica que impone el fenómeno de la pandemia de la Covid, exige encontrar las claves de interpretación para intervenir en esa realidad de manera eficaz. La pandemia, como toda crisis, puede ser una gran oportunidad. El autor propone cuatro principios que sirven como claves de lectura y ejes de acción para que esta crisis, como cualquierotra situación crítica, sea aprovechada para avanzar hacia un futuro nuevo y mejor. La encarnación, la responsabilidad, la esperanza y la profecía, elevados a la categoría de principios, ofrecen la posibilidad de abordar cristianamente la crisis generada por la pandemia con la finalidad de rediseñar el mundo post-Covid de modo más digno y humano.

Los síntomas emocionales son altamente prevalentes en El Salvador y se requieren escalas apropiadas para su medición. En este artículo se exponen las propiedades psicométricas de la escala abreviada de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21) a partir de una muestra de adultos salvadoreños. Participaron 339 residentes salvadoreños mayores de 18 años, 62% mujeres y 38% hombres, edad promedio de 34.1 años (DE = 11.8). Los datos fueron recabados durante la cuarentena domiciliar debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. Los participantes respondieron de forma voluntaria y anónima un cuestionario en línea con tres partes: datos sociodemográficos, percepciones relacionadas con la pandemia y la escala de síntomas emocionales DASS-21. La escala y sus dimensiones presentan una alta consistencia interna (α ≥ .88). Se presupone su validez de contenido; correlaciones teóricamente congruentes confirman su validez concurrente de criterio y un análisis factorial confirmatorio ratifica la estructura esperada de tres factores (validez de constructo; 63% de varianza explicada). Se concluye que la escala DASS-21 es válida y confiable para ser aplicada en el contexto salvadoreño, cuestión que abre posibilidades de investigación y diagnóstico para estudiantes y profesionales interesados en el estudio de la salud mental.

Phenomena such as death, grief and mortuary behaviors have historically been the subject of various reflections, especially in the context of the pandemic (COVID-19). This article aims to analyze death and grief from the social sciences during the year 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article reflects on both phenomena from a Deleuzian ontology, especially in the assembly and rhizome proposal. It is developed through a non-systematic bibliographic research, the main findings were a) alterations and changes in mortuary behavior; b) an experiential assessment of individuals —now immersed in a pandemic—, conducive to experiencing not only the mourning of significant people around them, but also a series of duels related to the social context and the current situation; c) alterations to rituals linked to death and their possible effects, especially in the processes of construction from society; and, d) an interdisciplinary analysis from a poststructuralist reading that provides a greater understanding of the phenomenon and its possible impact during and after the pandemic. Fenómenos como la muerte, el duelo y los comportamientos mortuorios han sido históricamente objeto de diversas reflexiones, sobre todo en el contexto de pandemia (COVID-19). Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar desde las ciencias sociales la muerte y el duelo durante en el año 2020, primer año de pandemia por COVID-19. Reflexiona en ambos fenómenos desde una ontología deleuziana, sobretodo en la propuesta de ensamblaje y rizoma. Se desarrolla a través de una investigación bibliográfica no sistemática, en la cual los principales hallazgos fueron: a) alteraciones en torno a los comportamientos mortuorios; b) una valoración experiencial de los individuos –ahora inmersos en una pandemia–, propicios a vivir no solo el duelo de personas significativas a su alrededor, sino también una serie de duelos relacionados con el contexto social y la coyuntura actual; c) alteraciones a los rituales vinculados a la muerte y sus posibles efectos, especialmente en los procesos de construcción desde la sociedad; y, d) un análisis interdisciplinario desde una lectura post-estructuralista que aporta una mayor comprensión del fenómeno y su posible impacto durante y posterior a la pandemia. Fenômenos como morte, luto e comportamentos mortuários têm sido historicamente objeto de várias reflexões, especialmente no contexto da pandemia (COVID-19). Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a morte e o luto nas ciências sociais durante o ano de 2020, o primeiro ano da pandemia COVID-19. Ele reflete sobre os dois fenômenos a partir de uma ontologia deleuziana, especialmente na proposta de montagem e rizoma. É desenvolvido através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica não sistemática, tendo como principais resultados a) alterações no comportamento mortuário; b) uma avaliação experiencial de indivíduos —agora imersos em uma pandemia—, propícia a vivenciar não só o luto de pessoas significativas ao seu redor, mas também uma série de duelos relacionados ao contexto social e à situação atual; c) alterações nos rituais ligados à morte e seus possíveis efeitos, principalmente nos processos de construção da sociedade; e, d) uma análise interdisciplinar a partir de uma leitura pós-estruturalista que permite uma maior compreensão do fenômeno e suas possíveis repercussões durante e após a pandemia.

With the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), most countries rushed to take early measures to control this disease.This paper describes and evaluates the Saudi Arabian strategic preparedness and response plan on COVID-19 up to 31 December 2020.Saudi Arabia adopted the World Health Organization's guidelines on response to COVID-19, which are based on nine pillars of public health preparedness and response. The measures Saudi Arabia took are assessed against these pillars.In response to COVID-19, Saudi Arabia prepared public and private institutions to deal with the pandemic. Saudi authorities established a governance system comprised of responsible committees to continuously monitor national and international updates, trace contacts, screen the population, raise awareness and take proper actions to contain the spread of this disease. After the announcement of the first case in Saudi Arabia, all schools, social events, sports activities, domestic travel and international flights were suspended. Restrictions on social movement, social and religious gatherings, travel and businesses were imposed ahead of the first 100 confirmed COVID-19 cases. The Hajj pilgrimage for 2020 was scaled down to limit participants and no cases of COVID-19 were detected among pilgrims. The country maintained all basic health services and immunization programmes and supported all proposals for COVID-19 drugs and vaccines. The country is working to develop its capacity to produce these products and achieve self-sufficiency.Saudi Arabia took extreme measures to respond to COVID-19 which contributed to limiting the spread and effect of the disease.كوفيد-19 في المملكة العربية السعودية: الاستجابة الصحية الوطنية.أنس خان، يوسف السفيان ، أحمد الأحمري، جلال العويس، عبد الله القويزاني، حليمة السريحي، عبد الله عسيري، هاني جوخدار.مع انتشار مرض فيروس كورونا 2019 (كوفيد-19)، سارع معظم البلدان إلى اتخاذ تدابير مبكرة لمكافحة هذا المرض.هدفت هذه الدراسة الى وصفً وتقييمً خطة التأهب والاستجابة الاستراتيجية للمملكة العربية السعودية بشأن كوفيد-19 حتى 31 ديسمبر / كانون الأول 2020.اعتمدت المملكة العربية السعودية المبادئ التوجيهية الصادرة عن منظمة الصحة العالمية بشأن الاستجابة لكوفيد-19، والتي تستند إلى تسع ركائز للتأهب والاستجابة في مجال الصحة العامة. ويجري تقييم التدابير التي اتخذتها المملكة العربية السعودية في ضوء تلك الركائز.استجابة لكوفيد-19، جهّزت المملكة العربية السعودية مؤسسات عامة وخاصة للتعامل مع الجائحة. حيث أنشأت السلطات السعودية نظامًا للحوكمة يتألف من لجان مسؤولة عن الرصد المستمر للتحديثات الوطنية والدولية، وتتبُّع المخالطين، وفحص السكان، ورفع مستوى الوعي، واتخاذ الإجراءات المناسبة لاحتواء انتشار هذا المرض. وبعد الإعلان عن الحالة الأولى في السعودية، أُوقفت جميع المدارس، والمناسبات الاجتماعية، والأنشطة الرياضية، والسفر الداخلي، والطيران الدولي. وفُرضَت قيود على التنقُّل الاجتماعي، والتجمعات الاجتماعية والدينية، والسفر والأعمال التجارية قبل ظهور أول 100 حالة مؤكدة من حالات كوفيد-19. وخُفِّض عدد حجاج بيت الله الحرام لعام 2020 من أجل الحد من المشاركين فيه، ولم يُكشف عن وجود أية حالات إصابة بكوفيد-19 في صفوف الحجاج. وواصل البلد تقديم جميع الخدمات الصحية الأساسية وبرامج التحصين ووفر الدعم لجميع المقترحات المتعلقة بعقاقير كوفيد-19 ولقاحاته. كما يعمل البلد على تطوير قدرته على إنتاج تلك المنتجات وتحقيق الاكتفاء الذاتي منها.اتخذت المملكة العربية السعودية تدابير مُشدَّدة للتصدي لمرض كوفيد-19 ما ساهم في الحد من انتشار المرض وتأثيره.La COVID-19 en Arabie saoudite : plan national de riposte du secteur de la santé.Face à la propagation de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), la plupart des pays se sont hâtés de prendre des mesures précoces en matière de riposte.Le présent article décrit et évalue le plan stratégique saoudien de préparation et de riposte à la COVID-19 jusqu’au 31 décembre 2020.L'Arabie saoudite a adopté les lignes directrices de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé sur la riposte à la COVID-19, qui s'appuient sur les neuf piliers du plan stratégique de préparation et de riposte en santé publique. L'évaluation des mesures prises par l'Arabie saoudite est basée sur ces piliers.En réponse à la COVID-19, l'Arabie saoudite a préparé les institutions publiques et privées à faire face à la pandémie. Les autorités saoudiennes ont mis en place un système de gouvernance composé de comités chargés de la surveillance continue de l'évolution de la situation au plan national et international, du suivi des contacts, du dépistage et de la sensibilisation de la population, et de l'adoption de mesures appropriées pour endiguer la propagation de cette maladie. Après l'annonce du premier cas en Arabie saoudite, l’ensemble des écoles ont été fermées, et les événements sociaux, les activités sportives, les voyages intérieurs et les vols internationaux ont tous été suspendus. Des restrictions sur les mouvements sociaux, les rassemblements publics et religieux, les déplacements et les entreprises ont été imposées avant la survenue des 100 premiers cas confirmés de COVID-19. La participation au pèlerinage du Hadj de 2020 a aussi été soumise à des restrictions, si bien qu'aucun cas de COVID-19 n'a été détecté parmi les pèlerins. Le pays a maintenu tous les services de santé et les programmes de vaccination de base et a soutenu toutes les propositions de médicaments et de vaccins contre la COVID-19. L'Arabie saoudite travaille au renforcement de sa capacité à fabriquer ces produits et à son objectif d'autosuffisance.L'Arabie saoudite a pris des mesures extrêmes pour lutter contre la COVID-19, ce qui a contribué à y limiter la propagation et les effets de la maladie.

OBJECTIVES: A multicentre survey was designed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on dental practice worldwide, estimate the COVID-19 related symptoms/signs, work attitudes and behaviour and the routine use of protective measures and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). METHODS: A global survey using a standardized questionnaire with research groups from 36 countries was designed. The questionnaire was developed and pretested during April 2020 and contained three domains: 1) Personal data; 2) COVID-19 positive rate and symptoms/signs presumably related to the coronavirus; 3) Working conditions and PPE adopted after the outbreak. Countries' data were grouped by the Country Positive Rate (CPR) during the survey period and by Gross-National-Income per capita. An ordinal multinomial logistic regression model was carried out with COVID-19 self-reported rate referred by dental professionals as dependent variable to assess the association with questionnaire items. RESULTS: A total of 52,491 questionnaires were returned with a male/female ratio of 0.63. Out of the total respondents, 7,859 dental professionals (15%) reported symptoms/signs compatible with COVID-19. More than half of the sample (n = 27,818; 53%) stated to use FFP2/N95 masks, while 21,558 (41.07%) used eye protection. In the bivariate analysis, CPR and N95/FFP2 were significantly associated (OR = 1.80 95%CI = 1.60/2.82 and OR = 5.20 95%CI = 1.44/18.80, respectively), while Gross-National-Income was not statistically associated with CPR (OR = 1.09 95%CI = 0.97/1.60). The same significant associations were observed in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Oral health service provision has not been significantly affected by COVID-19, although access to routine dental care was reduced due to country-specific temporary lockdown periods. While the dental profession has been identified at high-risk, the reported rates of COVID-19 for dental professionals were not significantly different to those reported for the general population in each country. These findings may help to better plan oral health care for future pandemic events. ispartof: JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY vol:114 ispartof: location:England status: published

O presente artigo analisa a pandemia do Coronavírus (Covid–19) no Brasil, tendo como referência o conceito de governamentalidade e biopolítica de Michel Foucault e necropolítica de Achille Mbembe. Procura-se entender com a emergência da Covid-19 no Brasil, como o desenho de uma política (ou a sua ausência) para o enfrentamento da doença pode ditar quem merece viver e quem deve morrer, ou seja, a falta de ações efetivas de combate, somada ao negacionismo científico durante a pandemia, e que resultaram no extermínio das pessoas mais frágeis e vulneráveis. Institui-se uma política que favorece a morte. Mbembe nomeia esse tipo de política de necropolítica, Pretende-se no presente trabalho entender entrevistas e pronunciamentos do presidente Jair Bolsonaro criaram as condições para o estabelecimento da necropolítica em um contexto de pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Trata-se de uma reflexão teórica. Que os esforços feitos, auxiliem o esclarecimento dos desafios e dos limites democráticos para reverter este modo de pensar a realidade brasileira frente à eugenia da Covid-19.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to capture key epidemiological data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in Nicaraguan children (≤18 years) seeking medical care, between 6 October and 16 November 2020.DesignIn this cross-sectional study, 418 children were recruited: 319 with symptoms characteristic of COVID-19 and 99 with no symptoms of illness. Children were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. A questionnaire was employed to identify symptoms, risk factors, comorbidities and COVID-19 prevention measures.SettingResearch was carried out in four hospitals and two clinics in Managua, Nicaragua, where schools and businesses remained open throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.ParticipantsChildren were enrolled into a possible COVID-19 group if presenting with clinical symptoms. A comparison group included children lacking any COVID-19 symptoms attending routine check-ups or seeking care for issues unrelated to COVID-19.ResultsA high prevalence (43%) of SARS-CoV-2 infection was found, which was relatively equivalent in symptomatic and non-symptomatic children. Age distribution was similar between symptomatic and non-symptomatic children testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Symptomatic children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were 2.7 times more likely to have diarrhoea (26.7% in positive vs 12.0% in negative; OR=2.7 (95% CI 1.5 to 4.8), p=0.001) and were 2.0 times more likely to have myalgia (17.8% in positive vs 9.8% in negative; OR=2.0 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.8), p=0.04). Children with COVID-19 symptoms, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, were more likely to be under age 5 years and to have a pre-existing comorbid condition than children who tested positive but did not have symptoms.ConclusionsThis is the first paediatric study to provide laboratory-confirmed data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in Nicaragua, crucial for paediatric health services planning and a successful COVID-19 response. The high prevalence of the virus suggests widespread and sustained community transmission, underscoring the urgent need for robust data on the true extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout Nicaragua.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo establecer las condiciones de educabilidad (es decir, acceso tecnológico, determinantes personales y determinantes sociales) y la presencia de sintomatología de depresión, ansiedad, estrés e insomnio en los universitarios salvadoreños durante la pandemia por Covid-19. El estudio cuantitativo transversal de alcance correlacional contó con una muestra de 1,550 universitarios salvadoreños de 25 instituciones, quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea. La mayoría percibió condiciones poco favorables de educabilidad, excepto en la subescala de acceso tecnológico; el 88.5% está en riesgo clínicamente significativo de experimentar al menos uno de los estados emocionales estudiados y el 45.4% de los cuatro estados combinados. También, los modelos predictivos evidencian que mejores condiciones de educabilidad pronostican menores síntomas emocionales. Además, los grupos más vulnerables a estos efectos adversos son las mujeres, los estudiantes de la universidad nacional, los jóvenes y quienes reportan casos de contagio por Covid-19 en su familia.

A pandemia da Covid-19 é uma consequência material da relação estabelecida entre a humanidade e a natureza. Levando em consideração que o entendimento das Ciências da Natureza pela população em geral ainda é alicerçado, principalmente, por ideias imediatistas, essa compreensão é feita de forma superficial e fragilizada. O utilitarismo não oportuniza aos sujeitos a apreensão da realidade em suas contradições e determinantes essenciais, que ficam subjugadas ao pragmatismo da vida cotidiana, escondendo estruturas sociais baseadas na exploração e opressão, que fundamentam as contradições entre o desenvolvimento econômico e o bem estar social. Neste sentido, o artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a importância do Ensino de Ciências em tempos de pandemia a partir dos fundamentos da pedagogia histórico-crítica. Para tanto, são discutidas concepções utilitaristas, pragmáticas e cotidianas acerca do conhecimento científico presentes em documentos curriculares e pesquisas no Ensino de Ciências, a fim de superar a visão imediatista. A discussão se torna importante para refletir sobre as finalidades do Ensino de Ciências dentro das crises enfrentadas na atualidade, que não apresentam resolução individual e instantânea.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) was developed in Japan in the 1960s. It is a clear solution containing silver and fluoride ions. Because of its anti-bacterial and remineralizing effect, silver diamine fluoride has been used in managing dental caries for decades worldwide. This paper aims to summarize and discuss the global policies, guidelines, and relevant information on utilizing SDF for caries management. SDF can be used for treating dental caries in most countries. However, it is not permitted to be used in mainland China. Several manufacturers, mainly in Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, and the United States, produce SDF at different concentrations that are commercially available around the world. The prices differ between contents and brands. Different government organizations and dental associations have developed guidelines for clinical use of SDF. Dental professionals can refer to the specific guidelines in their own countries or territories. Training for using SDF is part of undergraduate and/or postgraduate curriculums in almost all countries. However, real utilization of SDF of dentists, especially in the private sector, remains unclear in most places because little research has been conducted. There are at least two ongoing regional-wide large-scale oral health programs, using SDF as one of the components to manage dental caries in young children (one in Hong Kong and one in Mongolia). Because SDF treatment does not require caries removal, and it is simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive, SDF is a valuable strategy for caries management in young children, elderly people, and patients with special needs. In addition, to reduce the risk of bacteria or virus transmission in dental settings, using SDF as a non-aerosol producing procedure should be emphasized under the COVID-19 outbreak.