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Face à la pandémie du COVID-19, la science de l’information se trouve confrontée à un certain nombre de nouvelles problématiques, liées aux crises d’information, auxquelles elle n’était pas préparée. Qui dit crise mondiale, crise économique, crise énergétique, changement climatique, etc... dit crise d’information, crise caractérisée par une augmentation drastique de la quantité d’informations, par une épidémie d’information i.e. une infodémie et par de nouvelles et nombreuses mauvaises conduites des pratiques informationnelles. La crise sanitaire liée à la pandémie du COVID-19 n’échappe pas à la règle: infodémie de bonnes informations médicales et sanitaires mais aussi infodémie de mauvaises informations, bonnes pratiques informationnelles mais aussi nombreuses inconduites. Habituée au registre de la vérité scientifique, la science de l’information doit affronter le registre de la post-vérité et du complotisme qui semble caractériser nos sociétés actuelles. Information-soupçon, information-dénonciation, information- mensonge, c’est, pour la science de l’information, un nouvel horizon guère réjouissant qu’elle devrait pouvoir maîtriser sans problème en mobilisant son arsenal de concepts, de méthodes, de lois, de modèles et de théories bien établis en conservant et en développant l’horizon réjouissant de l’information-vérité. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, information science is facing a number of new challenges related to information crises for which it was not prepared. Who says global crisis, economic crisis, energy crisis, climate change, etc ... says information crisis, crisis characterized by a drastic increase in the amount of information, by an information epidemic ie an infodemic and by news and numerous misconduct of information practices. The health crisis linked to the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception to the rule: infodemic of good medical and health information but also infodemic of bad information, good informational practices but also numerous misconduct. Accustomed to the register of scientific truth, information science must confront the register of post-truth and conspiracy that seems to characterize our current societies. Information-suspicion, information-denunciation, information-lies, it is, for the science of information, a hardly encouraging new horizon that it should be able to master without problem by mobilizing its arsenal of concepts, methods, laws, of well- established models and theories by preserving and developing the joyous horizon of information-truth.

By using panel data of 15 Chinese manufacturing industries over the 2005-2014 period from OECD TiVA and WIOD databases, the impact of China's GVCs participation on labor productivity is estimated. We find that while the productivity elasticity of the share of sector's foreign value added relative to sector's exports known as sector backward linkages is negative, that relative to China's gross exports named structure backward linkage is positive. As the annual average growth rates of both backward linkages are negative, China's backward linkages have contributed to productivity growth of 6.41% per year on average. We find that the positive productivity elasticity of the share of domestic intermediate goods embodied in exports of third countries relative to sector's exports, named sector forward linages together with a positive annual average growth rate, and that relative to China's exports named structure forward linkages together with a negative annual average growth rate, have increased productivity of 1.97% per year on average. We find finally that GVCs position is improved from 0.3 in 2005 to 0.7 in 2014. China's GVCs participation exerted positive productivity effects via optimizing resource allocation inside sectors towards more efficiency ones, via moving up from low productivity backward linkages to higher productivity forward linkages and via improving its position. This diminished the risk to be entrenched in low-profitability low productivity growth GVCs activities in China. However, the productivity contribution of backward linkages 3 times higher than that of forward linkage suggests that the future positive productivity impact of GVCs moving up may be much more difficult in a less favorable context (trade war between China and USA, reindustrialization and trade protection related to Covid-19 for example).

International audience

Le domaine de l'infectiologie constitue un champ de recherche transversal. Afin de l'identifier précisément, l'article construit un corpus global des publications en infectiologie en combinant les moyens offerts par le langage contrôlé du thésaurus MeSH de Medline et par la catégorisation des revues scientifiques du Web of Science. Ce corpus mondial permet de caractériser les publications des 20 premiers pays publiant dans le domaine et de retracer les évolutions entre 2000 à 2020. La construction de cartes thématiques permet d'identifier les thèmes de recherche au sein de l'infectiologie dans le monde et en France. L'explosion des publications sur le Covid-19 en 2020 a un impact très visible sur la carte mondiale des thématiques en infectiologie et modifie le positionnement de certains pays dans ce domaine de recherche. La conclusion identifie des pistes d'approfondissement de l'analyse du domaine qui pourraient être suivies à mesure que des données plus complètes seront disponibles sur la période de la pandémie de Covid-19. Research on infectious diseases constitutes a transversal scientific field. A specific corpus is designed by combining a controlled language (Medline MeSH thesaurus) and the categorization of journals (Web of Science). From this global corpus, the article characterizes the publications from the top 20 countries publishing in the field and evolutions between 2000 and 2020. Topic maps show the research themes within the field of infectious diseases both in the world and in France. The explosion of publications on Covid-19 in 2020 has a quite visible impact on the topic map in infectious diseases and changes the position of some countries in this field of research. The conclusion points to issues for further research as more complete data will become available on the Covid-19 period.

International audience; The symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 provoked by this virus are poorly described in children. Here we analyse a case of orchiepididymitis associated with COVID-19 in a 14-year-old boy. We discuss the possibility of SARS-CoV-2-associated testicular inflammation. This report strengthens the necessity for more in-depth study of the clinical presentation of paediatric COVID-19 and the potential association with non-respiratory symptoms.

International audience; The development of safe and effective vaccines in a record time after the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a remarkable achievement, partly based on the experience gained from multiple viral outbreaks in the past decades. However, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis also revealed weaknesses in the global pandemic response and large gaps that remain in our knowledge of the biology of coronaviruses (CoVs) and influenza viruses, the 2 major respiratory viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we review current knowns and unknowns of influenza viruses and CoVs, and we highlight common research challenges they pose in 3 areas: the mechanisms of viral emergence and adaptation to humans, the physiological and molecular determinants of disease severity, and the development of control strategies. We outline multidisciplinary approaches and technological innovations that need to be harnessed in order to improve preparedeness to the next pandemic.

International audience; Cette contribution a pour objet les pouvoirs publics en action dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19 en Afrique. Les mesures de lutte contre la propagation de la pandémie ont provoqué un choc économique majeur partout dans le monde, avec une crise dont les effets risquent de se faire sentir encore pendant très longtemps. Il s’agit concrètement d’interroger la manière dont différents acteurs étatiques (ou non étatiques) se sont emparés des problèmes liés à la crise sanitaire et à ses conséquences économiques, les ont définis comme publics et la manière dont ils ont agi pour y répondre. En s’inscrivant dans la perspective des travaux sur l’action publique en Afrique, qui envisagent les rapports entre les différents acteurs dans la définition et la mise en place de réponses à des problèmes publics ou collectifs, l’objectif est de mettre en lumière les formes spécifiques d’actions publiques menées dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire au Congo qui, comme dans les autres contextes africains, sont généralement porteuses de dynamiques sociales et politiques originales. Les réponses formulées par les pouvoirs publics aux conséquences économiques et sociales de la crise sanitaire seront analysées, pendant la période de l’état d’urgence sanitaire décrété lors de la première vague de la pandémie de COVID-19, du mois de mars au mois de juillet 2020. Un regard particulier sera également porté sur les réponses apportées à l’économie informelle, dont les travailleurs sont généralement caractérisés par une précarité et une vulnérabilité socioéconomiques très marquées.

International audience; Hunger is a constructed phenomenon, inherent to human societies, whatever the level of available resources, political regimes or governance. The relationship between hunger and politics is close: hunger crystallizes relationships of force and power, giving rise to multiple battles, both material and symbolic. In this issue, the texts highlight the lived experiences, practices and norms of individual, collective and institutional actors, and their multiple conflicts and interests at stake. The double political and empirical prism used here generally appears to be a blind spot, or even an unthought, for any institutions (state apparatus, aid and development actors, etc.), which define the fight against hunger in terms of standardized objectives, according to a process often presented as consensual. However, the nature of powers and antagonistic visions of hunger contradicts technocratic readings: battles are born and crystallize because of relationships of domination, logics and opposing interests. The dossier thus addresses the controversies surrounding the definition and delimitation of hunger; hunger as a source of demand for rights and resources, or as a tool for protest and collective action; and the use of hunger for the purposes of social and political control of populations. In doing so, we hope to provide knowledge and insights that will contribute to making hunger a public issue and food a common good.; Peu de phénomènes ont influé aussi intensément sur le comportement politique des peuples que le phénomène alimentaire et la tragique nécessité de manger » (de Castro, 1952, p. 21). La faim, problématique ancestrale des sociétés humaines en prise avec différents ordres (matériels et symboliques), est pourtant relativement peu étudiée par les sciences humaines et sociales, du moins en France. Partant de ce constat, nous consacrons ce numéro aux diverses formes de conflits, tensions et expériences de la faim, passées ou actuelles, allant de la sphère de l'intime aux arènes politiques. Ces dimensions sont d'autant plus prégnantes que la crise actuelle, liée à la pandémie de covid-19, tend à les visibiliser de manière accrue. Depuis 2020, la faim est revenue dans des territoires et des milieux où elle était globalement contenue, à l'instar de ce que l'on a pu observer lors de la crise dite des subprimes, en 2007-2008. Elle a été rendue également plus visible parce qu'elle a touché plus intensément des catégories modestes, déjà fragilisées, mais jusque-là plutôt discrètes, dans les sociétés industrialisées que l'on croyait à l'abri (travailleurs mobiles et précaires, étudiants, actifs saisonniers…).

ABSTRACT Mounting evidence suggests that the gut-to-lung axis is critical during respiratory viral infections. We herein hypothesized that disruption of gut homeostasis during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may associate with early disease outcomes. To address this question, we took advantage of the Syrian hamster model. Our data confirmed that this model recapitulates some hallmark features of the human disease in the lungs. We further showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with mild intestinal inflammation, relative alteration in intestinal barrier property and liver inflammation and altered lipid metabolism. These changes occurred concomitantly with an alteration of the gut microbiota composition over the course of infection, notably characterized by a higher relative abundance of deleterious bacterial taxa such as Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae. Conversely, several members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, including bacteria known to produce the fermentative products short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), had a reduced relative proportion compared to non-infected controls. Accordingly, infection led to a transient decrease in systemic SCFA amounts. SCFA supplementation during infection had no effect on clinical and inflammatory parameters. Lastly, a strong correlation between some gut microbiota taxa and clinical and inflammation indices of SARS-CoV-2 infection severity was evidenced. Collectively, alteration of the gut microbiota correlates with disease severity in hamsters making this experimental model valuable for the design of interventional, gut microbiota-targeted, approaches for the control of COVID-19. Abbreviations: SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; dpi, day post-infection; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; IL, interleukin. ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2.

International audience; The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and universalised a series of problems related to the construction of knowledge about political societies that were previously only felt by researchers conducting ‘difficult’ fieldwork. The range of fields designated as ‘difficult’ has spread, so as the number of social scientists that are required to comply with specific protocols regarding how to ‘protect’ themselves, ‘prevent risks’, and ‘avoid danger’. The division of the world’s areas into red, orange, yellow, and green zones has become familiar to social scientists since societal instability, war, terrorism and natural disasters that the Global North had previously associated with distant and exotic countries — the alleged ‘risk countries’ — has become a global norm.