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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zhao, Cheng;
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Doctoral thesis . 2024
    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Doctoral thesis . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Research Collection
      Doctoral thesis . 2024
      ETH Zürich Research Collection
      Doctoral thesis . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wertli, Nico;

    In Switzerland, the demand for public transport has not only recovered but also surpassed pre- COVID-19 levels. The Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) aims to meet this progressive demand without exceeding an annual energy consumption of 2’500 GWh. To achieve this, it is essential to enhance the energy efficiency of the railway network and trains. The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, account for a considerable fraction of the net power consumption of a typical modern train. This study aims to investigate the advantages and potential energy savings of applying a model predictive controller (MPC) for regulating the HVAC system on an SBB Regio-Dosto train. To achieve this objective, an existing model was adapted to simulate the control performance of MPC. The simulation incorporates disturbance signals sourced from sensors of operational trains, thereby testing the controller against scenarios and conditions, trains are exposed to in everyday operation. The predictive model active in the MPC is of ARX-type structure, with parameters estimated using training data derived from the pre-existing simulation model. The results of the study, based on simulations across more than 960 hours of genuine operation conditions, indicate that the implementation of a predictive controller could result in about 5- 10% energy savings compared to the baseline controller currently in use. In addition to this, the developed predictive controller exhibits improved robustness against disturbances, primarily due to its capability to anticipate and take proactive control. The findings gained from this study may serve as a basis for SBB’s decision-making process, regarding the investment of more resources in the development of predictive controllers for HVAC systems.

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    Research Collection
    Other ORP type . 2023
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      Other ORP type . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yildirim, Aydin B.;

    While the shock of Covid-19 has generated draconian containment policies in virtually all countries to limit the spread of the pandemic, it also brought a plethora of trade and investment policy responses that were broadly aimed at limiting cross-border commercial ties. This essay shed lights on the drivers of trade policy responses of European Free Trade Area (EFTA) members in the wake of Covid-19. I propose that while EFTA Members’ behavior by and large followed that of the European Union and its member states, Switzerland instead resorted to trade liberalizing policies. Switzerland’s reliance on imports led to supply difficulties, which was unusually affected by tourism shopping. The mobility limitations that restricted Swiss residents’ ability to buy products across the border translated into a disproportionately higher demand in the face of relatively low supply. In turn, Swiss producers requested trade barriers to be lowered and the government responded to their request. This episode highlights the importance of linkages between mobility and trade policy – showcasing how restrictions along borders can have unintended effects that ultimately shape trade policy. ISSN:1758-5899 ISSN:1758-5880

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    Research Collection
    Other ORP type . 2023
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      Other ORP type . 2023
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    Authors: Bolli, Thomas; id_orcid0000-0002-7317-6862; Caves, Katherine Marie; id_orcid0000-0002-3450-5942; Dändliker, Lena; id_orcid0000-0001-6926-7297; Morlet, Guillaume Maxence Augusti; id_orcid0000-0001-6679-8156; +3 Authors

    The Chair of Education Systems at the ETH Zurich, in collaboration with the apprenticeship platform Yousty, has surveyed Swiss training firms since the start of the COVID 19 pandemic in April 2020. The latest survey in March 2023 was the last of 29 survey waves for the time being. Results show that filling apprenticeship positions for this summer’s recruitment season is has become more difficult than last year. The situation has worsened once again for occupational fields that already struggled to fill vacant apprenticeship positions last year. It has also become even more difficult to recruit suitable apprentices this year. Training firms state that the attractiveness of apprenticeships has also declined somewhat since the beginning of the pandemic. Furthermore, a significant proportion of training firms are still reducing the number of apprenticeships they offer for the start of the apprenticeship programme in 2023. However, this applies in particular to small firms who do not recruit apprentices each year.

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    Research Collection
    Other ORP type . 2023
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      Other ORP type . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kronenberg, Philipp; id_orcid0000-0002-7009-9048; Mikosch, Heiner; id_orcid0000-0003-0793-9646; Neuwirth, Stefan; id_orcid0000-0002-7446-7207; Bannert, Matthias; +1 Authors

    The Nowcasting Lab is an automated code-database-website environment for GDP forecasting. It generates nowcasts and one-quarter ahead forecasts for quarterly GDP growth of the United States, the euro area, and currently 14 other economies using several forecasting models and a large amount of data. The predictons are updated daily and released on a website together with detailed additional information. Forecasting practitioners can use the website to support their own work. Researchers can use the lab to monitor and test the performance of forecasting models in a live out-of-sample environment. All predictions and input data are stored in a daily vintage database which can be used for real-time forecasting studies. As an application, we analyze the live out-of-sample now- and forecast performance of four mixed-frequency forecasting models during the COVID-19 crisis. The models failed to predict the large fluctuations in GDP growth in the year 2020. For the year 2021, there are large differences in prediction accuracy depending on the considered economy and model used.

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    Research Collection
    Research . 2023
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      Research . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zwick, Felix; Fraedrich, Eva; Axhausen, Kay W.; id_orcid0000-0003-3331-1318;

    The mobility provider MOIA operates Europe's largest contiguous electric ride-pooling service in Hamburg, representing a testbed of how shared and digitized transport can help foster the transformation of urban mobility. The on-demand service has been in operation since 2019 and was thus affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This study shows real-world insights into travel behavior before and during the pandemic, contributing to the empirical evidence on recent mobility behavior. After the application of descriptive statistical analyses, several (spatial) regression models are estimated to understand the relationship between spatial variables and demand. MOIA trip data from three different time periods are used: (a) before the COVID-19 pandemic in summer and autumn 2019, (b) during the time of the first lockdown in Germany in spring 2020, and (c) after the first lockdown in summer and autumn 2020. A significant positive effect on ride-pooling demand is observed for number of inhabitants, workplaces, gastronomic facilities, and at the airport in all time periods. In the course of the pandemic, the main travel patterns remained stable. However, the positive influences of gastronomy and the airport on ride-pooling demand diminished in 2020. In contrast, the impact of hospitals on ride-pooling demand increased in the course of the pandemic. In areas with high car ownership, ride-pooling demand declined compared to pre-pandemic times. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 17 (6) ISSN:1751-9578 ISSN:1751-956X

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    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    IET Intelligent Transport Systems
    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Caves, Katherine Marie; id_orcid0000-0002-3450-5942; McDonald, Patrick; id_orcid0000-0003-4870-7956;

    Economic shocks provide both risks and opportunities for workplace training programs—the risk of program cancellation or interruption to skills development, and the opportunity to be at the vanguard of economic recovery. This paper analyzes the impact of Covid-19 and the resulting economic shock on training programs in the US using a survey amongst employers participating in training support networks, run from April-June 2021. We anticipate that programs expressly motivated by returns to investment and those that are higher quality and leading to stronger credentials will be most likely to survive the shock and have minimal disruption to skills acquisition. Results suggest that expressed motivations to train are generally not linked to training disruption or skills loss, while there is some evidence of paid programs and those offering better credentials being more likely to survive. Internships and programs that are more demographically diverse show a greater likelihood of disruption and skills loss. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 15 ISSN:1877-6337 ISSN:1877-6345

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    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Gao, Beichen;
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    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Chatain, Julia; id_orcid0000-0003-1626-4601;

    Mathematics is a useful skill to learn, even for students who do not wish to become mathematicians. One of the goals of mathematics is to gain understanding of the patterns of the world, in order to model and predict future outcomes. Recent years shed light on the importance of mathematics, for example to understand and take action during the COVID-19 pandemic or the general climate crisis. However, most students find mathematics useless and disconnected from the real world, and several countries are witnessing a worrisome decline in mathematics ability. This means, we argue, that we should challenge our assumptions about how to teach mathematics, specifically as the way we teach mathematics currently does not enable students to understand it well enough to transfer their skills to other classes, nor outside of the classroom setting. Researchers and educators tackling this issue have argued that, although mathematics is often considered as a Platonic ideal that cannot directly be sensed or manipulated, mathematics rather is a social and malleable process that arises from our sensorimotor experiences of the world. For example, arithmetic can be seen as manipulation of object collections. Similarly, the concept of infinity can be related to our way of expressing something too large for our senses to perceive, while continuity may arise from sequences of elements too small for us to sense. Simply put, mathematics is embodied, and, although not all experts agree on the implications of this theory, there is undeniable evidence that our bodies play an important role in learning mathematics. As a consequence, when designing learning activities, we need to facilitate gesture production, and support sense-making of bodily actions. Meanwhile, Virtual Reality (VR), a technology heavily focused on bodily movement and manipulations, became more affordable and widespread. Using a wireless Head-Mounted Display (HMD), VR can immerse learners' sensory channels into another world, digitally manufactured. Using hand-tracking technologies, VR seems particularly suitable to support embodied learning activities. With VR, we could create the MathLand imagined by Papert, a world of mathematics where learners can explore and manipulate mathematical objects. But is VR truly the solution to support the transition towards embodied learning of mathematics? Although the idea of using VR to implement embodied learning activities seems promising, VR interaction research does not leverage actual theories of embodied learning. Specifically, we identified three main challenges in this field. First, there is a lack of empirical studies evaluating the effect of VR embodied learning activities. Second, only a handful of studies address higher education specifically. Third, there are no design guidelines for embodied learning activities in VR focusing specifically on interaction. Considering these challenges, our work addresses the following research question: How to design embodied interaction to support embodied sense-making of mathematics? We ground our work in three meanings of embodiment: Embodied cognition relates to the role of learners' bodies in cognition, embodied interaction relates to the role of users' bodies in interaction, and avatar embodiment relates to the perception of a digital body as one's own. Within this framework, we address the challenges with four contributions. Specifically, we address three levels of focus: (1) the avatar level, (2) the interaction level, and (3) the context level. Our last contribution focuses on (4) learners and the bodily actions they perform in sense-making activities. (1) Looking at embodied interaction at the level of the avatar, we propose "Digital Gloves", a novel input mechanism that supports embodied interaction and reduces split-attention effect by co-locating input and display on the users' hands. Through two user studies, we demonstrate the potential of our mechanism for more intuitive, enjoyable, and effective gaming and learning experiences. We offer recommendations to best design activities using our mechanism as well as suggestions for future applications. (2) Focusing on the interaction level, we offer an empirical evaluation of the impact of the degree and type of embodiment on usability and learning outcomes. To do so, we designed an embodied activity to learn about derivatives. Our results reveal that although the degree of embodiment only impacts the duration of the activity, the type of embodiment impacts manipulations and learning outcomes. We offer an explanation of these results in terms of mathematical meanings highlighted by different types of embodiment, and conclude with design recommendations for VR embodied learning activities. (3) In our third project, we focus on the context of the interaction. We conceptualize embodiment as a form of concreteness, and demonstrate the grounding affordances of embodied concreteness. To do so, we designed an embodied activity in VR to teach graph theory to bachelor students. Our activity builds on embodied metaphors by representing graphs as water flow systems. Our results show that students using our activity feel that the activity highlights the relevance of the topic best, and also feel better prepared for the subsequent lecture. Moreover, unlike an activity focusing on manipulation only, our activity does not impair transfer abilities. (4) In our last project, we focus on the learner and explore the design space of embodied interaction for sense-making. We explore two contexts. First, we look into an intuition-building activity where learners are directed towards specific bodily actions. Second, we look into an intuition-probing activity where learners spontaneously perform bodily actions. Specifically, we look at the role of individual differences and we aggregate the results from both studies to offer general design recommendations as well as directions for future research on sense-making embodied interaction in VR. Our work shows that, although VR is a powerful tool to ground abstract mathematics, our interaction design decisions impact how people manipulate the virtual elements and the resulting learning outcomes. Moreover, our work opens a novel avenue of research by highlighting the importance of considering in-VR embodied learning assessments.

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    Authors: Lichtin, Florian Maurus; id_orcid0000-0002-6447-6556; Smith, E. Keith; Axhausen, Kay W.; id_orcid0000-0003-3331-1318; Bernauer, Thomas; id_orcid0000-0002-3775-6245;

    The COVID-19 pandemic has instigated substantial changes to daily routines and behaviors. Specifically, one lasting impact of the pandemic has been more flexible work arrangements. Such increased time and commuting flexibility can fundamentally impact future public transport use. Accordingly, the pricing and business models of public transit providers are being increasingly questioned. Yet, the post-pandemic future of public transportation usage remains unclear. Here public opinion plays a crucial role – particularly regarding which types of service delivery modes people think the government should support. Should the government support increased number of connections throughout the day and to peripheral regions, or rather incentivize shifting towards more demand-based services? How much public funding should be provided for these services? And lastly, how do these preferences vary by individual characteristics? We explore citizen preferences for the case of public transportation in Switzerland via a full factorial survey experiment within a nationally representative survey (Winter 2022). We find that generally, people are in favor of higher government contributions. While we find that increased ticket prices are only accepted if both number of connections and connections to peripheral regions are improved, people seem to be accepting more demand-driven forms of service when ticket prices are lowered.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zhao, Cheng;
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    Doctoral thesis . 2024
    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Doctoral thesis . 2024
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      Doctoral thesis . 2024
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    Authors: Wertli, Nico;

    In Switzerland, the demand for public transport has not only recovered but also surpassed pre- COVID-19 levels. The Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) aims to meet this progressive demand without exceeding an annual energy consumption of 2’500 GWh. To achieve this, it is essential to enhance the energy efficiency of the railway network and trains. The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, account for a considerable fraction of the net power consumption of a typical modern train. This study aims to investigate the advantages and potential energy savings of applying a model predictive controller (MPC) for regulating the HVAC system on an SBB Regio-Dosto train. To achieve this objective, an existing model was adapted to simulate the control performance of MPC. The simulation incorporates disturbance signals sourced from sensors of operational trains, thereby testing the controller against scenarios and conditions, trains are exposed to in everyday operation. The predictive model active in the MPC is of ARX-type structure, with parameters estimated using training data derived from the pre-existing simulation model. The results of the study, based on simulations across more than 960 hours of genuine operation conditions, indicate that the implementation of a predictive controller could result in about 5- 10% energy savings compared to the baseline controller currently in use. In addition to this, the developed predictive controller exhibits improved robustness against disturbances, primarily due to its capability to anticipate and take proactive control. The findings gained from this study may serve as a basis for SBB’s decision-making process, regarding the investment of more resources in the development of predictive controllers for HVAC systems.

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    Authors: Yildirim, Aydin B.;

    While the shock of Covid-19 has generated draconian containment policies in virtually all countries to limit the spread of the pandemic, it also brought a plethora of trade and investment policy responses that were broadly aimed at limiting cross-border commercial ties. This essay shed lights on the drivers of trade policy responses of European Free Trade Area (EFTA) members in the wake of Covid-19. I propose that while EFTA Members’ behavior by and large followed that of the European Union and its member states, Switzerland instead resorted to trade liberalizing policies. Switzerland’s reliance on imports led to supply difficulties, which was unusually affected by tourism shopping. The mobility limitations that restricted Swiss residents’ ability to buy products across the border translated into a disproportionately higher demand in the face of relatively low supply. In turn, Swiss producers requested trade barriers to be lowered and the government responded to their request. This episode highlights the importance of linkages between mobility and trade policy – showcasing how restrictions along borders can have unintended effects that ultimately shape trade policy. ISSN:1758-5899 ISSN:1758-5880

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    Authors: Bolli, Thomas; id_orcid0000-0002-7317-6862; Caves, Katherine Marie; id_orcid0000-0002-3450-5942; Dändliker, Lena; id_orcid0000-0001-6926-7297; Morlet, Guillaume Maxence Augusti; id_orcid0000-0001-6679-8156; +3 Authors

    The Chair of Education Systems at the ETH Zurich, in collaboration with the apprenticeship platform Yousty, has surveyed Swiss training firms since the start of the COVID 19 pandemic in April 2020. The latest survey in March 2023 was the last of 29 survey waves for the time being. Results show that filling apprenticeship positions for this summer’s recruitment season is has become more difficult than last year. The situation has worsened once again for occupational fields that already struggled to fill vacant apprenticeship positions last year. It has also become even more difficult to recruit suitable apprentices this year. Training firms state that the attractiveness of apprenticeships has also declined somewhat since the beginning of the pandemic. Furthermore, a significant proportion of training firms are still reducing the number of apprenticeships they offer for the start of the apprenticeship programme in 2023. However, this applies in particular to small firms who do not recruit apprentices each year.

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    Authors: Kronenberg, Philipp; id_orcid0000-0002-7009-9048; Mikosch, Heiner; id_orcid0000-0003-0793-9646; Neuwirth, Stefan; id_orcid0000-0002-7446-7207; Bannert, Matthias; +1 Authors

    The Nowcasting Lab is an automated code-database-website environment for GDP forecasting. It generates nowcasts and one-quarter ahead forecasts for quarterly GDP growth of the United States, the euro area, and currently 14 other economies using several forecasting models and a large amount of data. The predictons are updated daily and released on a website together with detailed additional information. Forecasting practitioners can use the website to support their own work. Researchers can use the lab to monitor and test the performance of forecasting models in a live out-of-sample environment. All predictions and input data are stored in a daily vintage database which can be used for real-time forecasting studies. As an application, we analyze the live out-of-sample now- and forecast performance of four mixed-frequency forecasting models during the COVID-19 crisis. The models failed to predict the large fluctuations in GDP growth in the year 2020. For the year 2021, there are large differences in prediction accuracy depending on the considered economy and model used.

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    Authors: Zwick, Felix; Fraedrich, Eva; Axhausen, Kay W.; id_orcid0000-0003-3331-1318;

    The mobility provider MOIA operates Europe's largest contiguous electric ride-pooling service in Hamburg, representing a testbed of how shared and digitized transport can help foster the transformation of urban mobility. The on-demand service has been in operation since 2019 and was thus affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This study shows real-world insights into travel behavior before and during the pandemic, contributing to the empirical evidence on recent mobility behavior. After the application of descriptive statistical analyses, several (spatial) regression models are estimated to understand the relationship between spatial variables and demand. MOIA trip data from three different time periods are used: (a) before the COVID-19 pandemic in summer and autumn 2019, (b) during the time of the first lockdown in Germany in spring 2020, and (c) after the first lockdown in summer and autumn 2020. A significant positive effect on ride-pooling demand is observed for number of inhabitants, workplaces, gastronomic facilities, and at the airport in all time periods. In the course of the pandemic, the main travel patterns remained stable. However, the positive influences of gastronomy and the airport on ride-pooling demand diminished in 2020. In contrast, the impact of hospitals on ride-pooling demand increased in the course of the pandemic. In areas with high car ownership, ride-pooling demand declined compared to pre-pandemic times. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 17 (6) ISSN:1751-9578 ISSN:1751-956X

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    Authors: Caves, Katherine Marie; id_orcid0000-0002-3450-5942; McDonald, Patrick; id_orcid0000-0003-4870-7956;

    Economic shocks provide both risks and opportunities for workplace training programs—the risk of program cancellation or interruption to skills development, and the opportunity to be at the vanguard of economic recovery. This paper analyzes the impact of Covid-19 and the resulting economic shock on training programs in the US using a survey amongst employers participating in training support networks, run from April-June 2021. We anticipate that programs expressly motivated by returns to investment and those that are higher quality and leading to stronger credentials will be most likely to survive the shock and have minimal disruption to skills acquisition. Results suggest that expressed motivations to train are generally not linked to training disruption or skills loss, while there is some evidence of paid programs and those offering better credentials being more likely to survive. Internships and programs that are more demographically diverse show a greater likelihood of disruption and skills loss. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 15 ISSN:1877-6337 ISSN:1877-6345

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    Authors: Gao, Beichen;
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    Authors: Chatain, Julia; id_orcid0000-0003-1626-4601;

    Mathematics is a useful skill to learn, even for students who do not wish to become mathematicians. One of the goals of mathematics is to gain understanding of the patterns of the world, in order to model and predict future outcomes. Recent years shed light on the importance of mathematics, for example to understand and take action during the COVID-19 pandemic or the general climate crisis. However, most students find mathematics useless and disconnected from the real world, and several countries are witnessing a worrisome decline in mathematics ability. This means, we argue, that we should challenge our assumptions about how to teach mathematics, specifically as the way we teach mathematics currently does not enable students to understand it well enough to transfer their skills to other classes, nor outside of the classroom setting. Researchers and educators tackling this issue have argued that, although mathematics is often considered as a Platonic ideal that cannot directly be sensed or manipulated, mathematics rather is a social and malleable process that arises from our sensorimotor experiences of the world. For example, arithmetic can be seen as manipulation of object collections. Similarly, the concept of infinity can be related to our way of expressing something too large for our senses to perceive, while continuity may arise from sequences of elements too small for us to sense. Simply put, mathematics is embodied, and, although not all experts agree on the implications of this theory, there is undeniable evidence that our bodies play an important role in learning mathematics. As a consequence, when designing learning activities, we need to facilitate gesture production, and support sense-making of bodily actions. Meanwhile, Virtual Reality (VR), a technology heavily focused on bodily movement and manipulations, became more affordable and widespread. Using a wireless Head-Mounted Display (HMD), VR can immerse learners' sensory channels into another world, digitally manufactured. Using hand-tracking technologies, VR seems particularly suitable to support embodied learning activities. With VR, we could create the MathLand imagined by Papert, a world of mathematics where learners can explore and manipulate mathematical objects. But is VR truly the solution to support the transition towards embodied learning of mathematics? Although the idea of using VR to implement embodied learning activities seems promising, VR interaction research does not leverage actual theories of embodied learning. Specifically, we identified three main challenges in this field. First, there is a lack of empirical studies evaluating the effect of VR embodied learning activities. Second, only a handful of studies address higher education specifically. Third, there are no design guidelines for embodied learning activities in VR focusing specifically on interaction. Considering these challenges, our work addresses the following research question: How to design embodied interaction to support embodied sense-making of mathematics? We ground our work in three meanings of embodiment: Embodied cognition relates to the role of learners' bodies in cognition, embodied interaction relates to the role of users' bodies in interaction, and avatar embodiment relates to the perception of a digital body as one's own. Within this framework, we address the challenges with four contributions. Specifically, we address three levels of focus: (1) the avatar level, (2) the interaction level, and (3) the context level. Our last contribution focuses on (4) learners and the bodily actions they perform in sense-making activities. (1) Looking at embodied interaction at the level of the avatar, we propose "Digital Gloves", a novel input mechanism that supports embodied interaction and reduces split-attention effect by co-locating input and display on the users' hands. Through two user studies, we demonstrate the potential of our mechanism for more intuitive, enjoyable, and effective gaming and learning experiences. We offer recommendations to best design activities using our mechanism as well as suggestions for future applications. (2) Focusing on the interaction level, we offer an empirical evaluation of the impact of the degree and type of embodiment on usability and learning outcomes. To do so, we designed an embodied activity to learn about derivatives. Our results reveal that although the degree of embodiment only impacts the duration of the activity, the type of embodiment impacts manipulations and learning outcomes. We offer an explanation of these results in terms of mathematical meanings highlighted by different types of embodiment, and conclude with design recommendations for VR embodied learning activities. (3) In our third project, we focus on the context of the interaction. We conceptualize embodiment as a form of concreteness, and demonstrate the grounding affordances of embodied concreteness. To do so, we designed an embodied activity in VR to teach graph theory to bachelor students. Our activity builds on embodied metaphors by representing graphs as water flow systems. Our results show that students using our activity feel that the activity highlights the relevance of the topic best, and also feel better prepared for the subsequent lecture. Moreover, unlike an activity focusing on manipulation only, our activity does not impair transfer abilities. (4) In our last project, we focus on the learner and explore the design space of embodied interaction for sense-making. We explore two contexts. First, we look into an intuition-building activity where learners are directed towards specific bodily actions. Second, we look into an intuition-probing activity where learners spontaneously perform bodily actions. Specifically, we look at the role of individual differences and we aggregate the results from both studies to offer general design recommendations as well as directions for future research on sense-making embodied interaction in VR. Our work shows that, although VR is a powerful tool to ground abstract mathematics, our interaction design decisions impact how people manipulate the virtual elements and the resulting learning outcomes. Moreover, our work opens a novel avenue of research by highlighting the importance of considering in-VR embodied learning assessments.

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      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Lichtin, Florian Maurus; id_orcid0000-0002-6447-6556; Smith, E. Keith; Axhausen, Kay W.; id_orcid0000-0003-3331-1318; Bernauer, Thomas; id_orcid0000-0002-3775-6245;

    The COVID-19 pandemic has instigated substantial changes to daily routines and behaviors. Specifically, one lasting impact of the pandemic has been more flexible work arrangements. Such increased time and commuting flexibility can fundamentally impact future public transport use. Accordingly, the pricing and business models of public transit providers are being increasingly questioned. Yet, the post-pandemic future of public transportation usage remains unclear. Here public opinion plays a crucial role – particularly regarding which types of service delivery modes people think the government should support. Should the government support increased number of connections throughout the day and to peripheral regions, or rather incentivize shifting towards more demand-based services? How much public funding should be provided for these services? And lastly, how do these preferences vary by individual characteristics? We explore citizen preferences for the case of public transportation in Switzerland via a full factorial survey experiment within a nationally representative survey (Winter 2022). We find that generally, people are in favor of higher government contributions. While we find that increased ticket prices are only accepted if both number of connections and connections to peripheral regions are improved, people seem to be accepting more demand-driven forms of service when ticket prices are lowered.

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    Conference object . 2023
    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Conference object . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Conference object . 2023
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