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Mekanisme penawaran yang terjadi di Pasar Porong merupakan salah satu bentuk transaksi perekonomian yang terjadi secara luas dan bebas. Dalam transaksi penawaran ini di tentukan dengan adanya sebuah permintaan barang antara konsumen dan juga pedagang. Dalam hal penawaran ini juga terdapat prinsip-prisip yang diterapkan pada perdagangan, menjadikan tolak ukur atara pedagang dan para konsumen. Agar dapat membedakan sebuah penawaran yang dilakukan dan permintaan yang diminta. Menjadi peran utama dalam perkonomian. Kesulitan penawaran yang terjadi pada para konsumen saat pandemic covid-19. Yang mengakibatkan kemacetan system perekonomian di Pasar Porong. Kualahan para pedagang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen di pandemic covid-19 dengan harga yang melonjak sangat tinggi, dan dengan pendapatan para konsumen yang rendah. Mengakibatkan ketidak lancaran para pedagang dan konsumen bertransaksi di Pasar Porong. Saat pandemic covid-19 banyak penjual dipasar tidak diperbolehkan bejualan secar bebas dan terbuka. Dan para konsumen juga tidak bisa terlalu bebas untuk bertransaksi dengan para pedagang. Yang mengakibatkan penurunya perekonomian pasar.

Abstract: Introduction: Short sleep, physical inactivity, and being locked up are risk factors for weight gain. Objective: We evaluated weight gain according to sex, age, hours of sleep and physical activity in university students from 10 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional and multicenter study (n = 4880). Results: The average age was 22.5 ± 4.4 years. 60.2% were currently locked up. 73.6% were women, 48.2% increased their body weight, 66% reported insufficient sleep hours, and 65.9% were inactive. Women gained more weight than men (73.2%) and younger students gained more weight (85.1%). Those who had insufficient sleep hours gained most weight (67.6%). Inactive participants gained most weight (74.7%). Students who have insufficient sleep are 21% more likely to have changes in body weight compared to students who have optimal sleep. Conclusion: The increase in body weight and its risk factors during confinement should be considered as emerging from public health.

Abstract: Background: Information on neurological and psychiatric adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) with COVID-19 vaccines is limited. Research design & methods: We examined and compared neurological and psychiatric AEFIS reports related to BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) COVID-19 vaccines and recorded in the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency between 9 December 2020 and 30 June 2021. Results: As of 30 June 2021, 46.1 million doses of ChAdOx1 and 30.3 million doses of BNT162b2 had been administered. The most frequently reported AEFI was headache with 1,686 and 575 cases per million doses of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2, respectively. AEFIs more frequently reported after CHAdOx1 compared with BNT162b2 vaccination were Guillain-Barré syndrome (OR, 95% CI = 2.53, 1.82–3.51), freezing (6.66, 3.12–14.22), cluster headache (1.53, 1.28–1.84), migraine (1.23,1.17–1.30), postural dizziness (1.24,1.13–1.37), tremor (2.86, 2.68–3.05), headache (1.40, 1.38–1.43), paresthesia (1.11, 1.06–1.16), delirium (1.85, 1.45–2.36), hallucination (2.20, 1.82–2.66), poor quality sleep (1.53, 1.26–1.85), and nervousness (1.54, 1.26–1.89) Reactions less frequently reported with ChAdOx1 than with BNT162b2 were Bell’s palsy (0.47, 0.41–0.55), anosmia (0.58, 0.47–0.71), facial paralysis (0.35, 0.29– 0.41), dysgeusia (0.68, 0.62–0.73), presyncope (0.48, 0.42–0.55), syncope (0.63, 0.58–0.67), and anxiety (0.75 (0.67–0.85). Conclusion: Neurological and psychiatric AEFIs were relatively infrequent, but each vaccine was associated with a distinctive toxic profile. Plain Language Summary We examined reports on adverse neurological and psychiatric effects following immunization with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) for COVID-19 to the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency between 9 December 2020 and 30 June 2021. Adverse effects following immunization (AEFIs) were relatively infrequent. Compared to BNT162b2, Guillain-Barré syndrome, freezing phenomenon, cluster headache, migraine, postural dizziness, tremor, headache, paresthesia, delirium, hallucination, poor quality sleep, and nervousness were more frequently reported for ChAdOx1. Reactions less frequently reported for ChAdOx1 than for BNT162b2 were Bell’s palsy, anosmia, facial paralysis, dysgeusia, presyncope, syncope, and anxiety.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a considerable shift in commonplace life worldwide. Since the government of Zimbabwe declared a twenty-one day lockdown on the 30th March 2020, schools have only been allowed to open intermittently until March 2021. This has resulted in many schools adopting an online curriculum to enable children to continue with their syllabus uninterrupted. This study sought to explore the positive and negative experiences of families with children engaged in online learning, in an effort to equip parents with coping mechanisms for future lockdowns. A qualitative approach was conducted for this study, specifically making use of the document analysis design. Data was collected using interviews carried out over Zoom and WhatsApp social media platforms. Online learning presented challenges as well as opportunities for growth. The prime challenges were the inordinate amount of time children spent on their screens, the lack of social interaction with peers, lack of exercise and a tendency to snack on food throughout the day. The main positive experiences were family bonding time, parents’ newfound respect and appreciation for the role of teachers, the opportunity to engage in new hobbies, and learning to appreciate each day. This study highlights the need for practices such as mindfulness, a healthy diet, physical activity and understanding the tenets of resilience and positive psychology to aid with the challenges of online learning during a pandemic.

This paper examines changes in occupational crowding of immigrant women in frontline industries in the United States during the onset of COVID-19, and we contextualize their experiences against the backdrop of broader race-based and gender-based occupational crowding. Building on the occupational crowding hypothesis, which suggests that marginalized workers are crowded in a small number of occupations to prop up wages of socially-privileged workers, we hypothesize that immigrant, Black, and Hispanic workers were shunted into frontline work to prop up the health of others during the pandemic. Our analysis of American Community Survey microdata indicates that immigrant workers, particularly immigrant women, were increasingly crowded in frontline work during the onset of the pandemic. We also find that US-born Black and Hispanic workers disproportionately faced COVID-19 exposure in their work, but were not increasingly crowded into frontline occupations following the onset of the pandemic. The paper also provides a rationale for considering the occupational crowding hypothesis along the dimensions of both wages and occupational health.

This dissertation is composed of three individual essays, each examining an individual aspect of the local food or agritourism industry. The first essay examines the aspects of local food that drive the consumption value of local foods and subsequent increases in personal and social enrichments as well as intentions to seek out local food in the future. Community and price value were determined to be the primary drivers of consumption value in the newly presented local food consumption value scale (LFCV). The COVID-19 pandemic was also found to positively impact consumers' local food-seeking behaviors. Essay two examines potential drivers of value creation in the agritourism context. Value creation was contextualized as consumer perceived value, using the PERVAL scale. Three dimensions of agritourism were found to have positive effects on the dimensions of PERVAL: intangible elements (educational, cultural, atmosphere, and community), tangible elements (physical good or products), and the nostalgic nature of agritourism. Each of these dimensions also led to increases in consumer perceptions of satisfaction and intention to revisit agritourism destinations in the future. Essay three examined the same three drivers of agritourism (intangible, tangible, and nostalgia) in the memory dominant logic framework of value creation. All three dimensions were found to exert positive effects on experience memorability, satisfaction, and intentions to revisit agritourism destinations. This dissertation extends the local food literature out of the tourism context, augments the limited research pertaining to the agritourism demands, and extends the application of the memory dominant logic framework to the agritourism context.

The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.

The contemporary shift towards ecological modes of thinking is shaping the way human-microbial relationalities are being practiced ��� the proliferation of practices aimed at the deliberate entanglement of human and micro-organisms for therapeutic ends can be linked for example, to the emergence of a post- Pasteurian notion of health. Yet, what responses to the COVID-19 pandemic suggest is that such post-Pasteurian microbiopolitics (Paxson, 2012) also run parallel to a more traditional immuno-microbiopolitics (Cohen, 2009) which figures co-existence with microbial others in terms of defence/aggression. Situated at the point where these two different microbiopolitics meet, this thesis builds on posthumanist thinking and probes the limits of current debates in social theory regarding multispecies relationality by asking: what might it mean to embrace an ���unloved��� and ���unloving��� pathogenic other if doing so also simultaneously threatens one���s very own existence? To this end, this thesis engages HIV ��� a virus that is often seen only as scourge, crisis, and disaster ��� as a more-than-human heuristic to learn what microbes and infectious diseases have to teach us more broadly about different ways of wading through viral clouds, uncertain ethico-onto-epistem-ological projects and multiplying utopian and apocalyptic futures. Thinking with HIV, I argue that in the context of pathogens which do not become ���good��� in a post-Pasteurian framework (as opposed to microbes like hookworms for example; see Lorimer, 2019), taking seriously the idea that the microbe is multiple (Mol, 2002) will require that research focuses not exclusively on health-seeking practices but also on those which do not aim directly at the absence of disease or even the avoidance of death. Subsequently, by telling multispecies stories associated with voluntary HIV autoinfection as practiced by the Los Frikis and bugchasers, the microbiopolitics of HIV will be opened up to theoretical and empirical scrutiny to illustrate how a multiplicity of HIVs and modes of lives are gestated-into-being (Neimanis, 2018). By braiding these multispecies (his)stories and their multiply enacted bodies ��� both human and more-than-human ��� with meditations on anthropocentrism, human foodiness, birth and loss, this thesis takes to heart how multispecies worldmaking is never only benign and makes clear some of the microbiopolitical calculations at stake when reassembling modern life.

Elastic Riemannian metrics have been used successfully in the past for statistical treatments of functional and curve shape data. However, this usage has suffered from an important restriction: the function boundaries are assumed fixed and matched. Functional data exhibiting unmatched boundaries typically arise from dynamical systems with variable evolution rates such as COVID-19 infection rate curves associated with different geographical regions. In this case, it is more natural to model such data with sliding boundaries and use partial matching, i.e., only a part of a function is matched to another function. Here, we develop a comprehensive Riemannian framework that allows for partial matching, comparing, and clustering of functions under both phase variability and uncertain boundaries. We extend past work by: (1) Forming a joint action of the time-warping and time-scaling groups; (2) Introducing a metric that is invariant to this joint action, allowing for a gradient-based approach to elastic partial matching; and (3) Presenting a modification that, while losing the metric property, allows one to control relative influence of the two groups. This framework is illustrated for registering and clustering shapes of COVID-19 rate curves, identifying essential patterns, minimizing mismatch errors, and reducing variability within clusters compared to previous methods. Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

There is no doubt that coronavirus has succeeded in crippling businesses and people worldwide. It has led to unprecedented economic crisis in countries around the world. The tourism sector isn’t an exception to its devastating impacts. The virus has succeeded in affecting not just the economy. In addition to such, job opportunities, and regional developments in local communities have been greatly affected. Tourism throughout the world has been stagnant since the month of April 2020 due to the advent of COVID-19. Given this temporary problem, economies and employment rates have been affected to a great extent. Also, local communities around the world are struggling to survive. In most countries, 50% the revenue generated from exports is contributed by tourism. This means it is a major contributor of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as well as employment. The major aim of this paper is to carry out an objective review that can enable researchers and experts understand as well as manage the impacts of COVID-19 on tourism. For this to be achieved, this paper discussed the transformational opportunities presented by COVID-19 including questions that it raises. The paper attempts to identify pre-assumptions, institutions, and fundamental values which the tourism industry including other academia need to challenge for development to be achieved. Furthermore, the paper discusses the major impacts, experiences and behaviors being experienced by the 3 stakeholders in the tourism industry – social cost, supply, and demand. Just as measures have been adopted by countries to ameliorate the situation, recommendations have been put forward to ensure speedy recovery of the sector.