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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • 2012-2021
  • Publications
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  • Hal-Diderot

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    Authors: Rémi Platel; Mélodie Sawicki; Qassim Esmaeel; Béatrice Randoux; +13 Authors

    Septoria tritici blotch, caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici, is a highly significant disease on wheat crops worldwide. The objective of the present study was to find out new bacterial strains with bio-antimicrobial activity against Z. tritici. Two phyllospheric bacteria (S1 and S6) were isolated from wheat ears and identified as Bacillus velezensis strains according to 16S rRNA Sanger sequencing. Antagonistic assays performed with either living strains or cell-free culture filtrates showed significant in vitro antifungal activities against Z. tritici. For the culture filtrates, the half-maximal inhibitory dilution and the minimal inhibitory dilution were 1.4% and 3.7% for the strain S1, and 7.4% and 15% for the strain S6, respectively. MALDI—ToF analysis revealed that both strains synthesize cyclic lipopeptides but from different families. Interestingly, only strain S1 produces putative bacillomycin D. Such differential lipopeptide production patterns might explain the difference observed between the antifungal activity of the culture filtrates of the two strains. This study allows the identification of new lipopeptide-producing strains of B. velezensis with a high potential of application for the biocontrol of Z. tritici.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mengjie Han; Qing Zhao; Wei Li; Philippe Ciais; +7 Authors

    AbstractBiochar has been proposed as a promising negative CO2 emission technology to mitigate future climate change with the additional benefit of increasing agricultural production. However, the spatial responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to biochar addition in cropland are still uncertain, and the economic feasibility of large‐scale biochar implementation remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the response of SOC to biochar addition using 389 paired field measurements. The results show that biochar addition significantly increased SOC by 45.8% on average with large regional variations. Using a random forest model trained with soil, climate, biotic, biochar, and management factors, we found that the response of SOC to biochar addition was mainly dependent on biochar application rates, initial SOC, edaphic (e.g., pH), and climatic (e.g., mean annual precipitation) variables. Combined with the predicted SOC changes to biochar addition on the global cropland, we assessed the revenue of the biochar system based on the current and potential pyrolysis plants in the world using the life‐cycle analysis. Net revenue of the currently existing 144 pyrolysis plants increases with larger plant capacity and higher carbon price. Potential revenue of building new plants is high in regions like America and Europe but low in regions with infertile soil, low crop residues availability, and inconvenient transportation. The global CO2 removal of biochar application is 6.6 Tg CO2e (CO2 equivalent) year−1 with a net revenue of $ 177 million dollars at a carbon price of $ 50 t−1 CO2 for current pyrolysis plants with a biomass‐processing capacity of 20,000 t year−1. Our study provides a full economic assessment of idealized biochar addition scenarios and identifies the locations with maximal potential revenues with new pyrolysis plants.

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    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Thomas S. Kraft; Vivek V. Venkataraman; Ian J. Wallace; Alyssa N. Crittenden; +7 Authors

    National audience; The suite of derived human traits, including enlarged brains, elevated fertility rates, and long developmental periods and life spans, imposes extraordinarily high energetic costs relative to other great apes. How do human subsistence strategies accommodate our expanded energy budgets? We found that relative to other great apes, human hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers spend more energy but less time on subsistence, acquire substantially more energy per hour, and achieve similar energy efficiencies. These findings revise our understanding of human energetic evolution by indicating that humans afford expanded energy budgets primarily by increasing rates of energy acquisition, not through energy-saving adaptations such as economical bipedalism or sophisticated tool use that decrease subsistence costs and improve the energetic efficiency of subsistence. We argue that the time saved by human subsistence strategies provides more leisure time for social interaction and social learning in central-place locations and would have been critical for cumulative cultural evolution.

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    Authors: Meddy Escuriet; Mauricette Fournier; Sophie Vuilbert;

    Este artigo visa abordar a questão da inclusão através do trabalho e num ambiente rural de pessoas com de ciência psíquica e/ou com de ciência intelectual. Através do exemplo de um estabelecimento de apoio e assistência ao trabalho, o estabelecimento de apoio e assistência ao trabalho Le Habert, localizado numa pequena aldeia rural e montanhosa nos Alpes e que oferece às pessoas com de ciência o trabalho numa quinta, o artigo abordará primeiro a importância do trabalho como meio para as pessoas recuperarem a sua dignidade. Entre o sentimento de utili- dade e orgulho em participar no funcionamento de um território, ao estar plenamente envolvido no processo de produção e valorização de um produto, o acompanhamento na quinta permite, para além destas virtudes terapêuticas, uma verdadeira inclusão pro ssional. Vivendo em casas ou apartamentos nas aldeias circundantes, o alojamento, permitindo o contacto entre pessoas com de ciência e habitantes locais, é também um vector de inclusão social. Contudo, se a rura- lidade, devido às oportunidades pro ssionais e sociais que oferece, pode ser um trunfo para a inclusão, o isolamento e a inacessibilidade geográ ca do ambiente rural montanhoso pode ser um obstáculo para as pessoas que não têm necessariamente os meios para serem móveis. Ao oferecer um apoio personalizado à mobilidade, a instituição transforma a exclusão geográ ca num bem para a inclusão pro ssional, social e espacial. This article proposes to address the issue of inclusion through work and in a rural environ- ment of people with mental disabilities and/or intellectual disabilities. Through the example of a French support and work assistance establishment, the support and work assistance establish- ment Le Habert, located in a small rural and mountainous village in the Alps and offering people with disabilities to work on a farm, the article will rst address the importance of work as a means for people to regain their dignity. Between the feeling of usefulness and pride in participating in the operation of one territory, by being fully involved in the process of producing and adding value to a product, accompanying the farm allows, apart from these therapeutic virtues, a real professional inclusion. Living in houses or apartments in the surrounding villages, the accommodation, allowing contact between people with disabilities and local inhabitants is also a vector of social inclusion. However, while the rural setting can be an asset for inclusion because of the professional and social opportunities, the isolation and geographical inaccessibility of the rural mountainous environment can be an obstacle for people who do not necessarily have the means to be mobile. By offering personalised support for mobility, the institution transforms geographical exclusion into an asset for professional, social and spatial inclusion.

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    Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais
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    Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais
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    Authors: Laurent, Catherine; Nguyen, Geneviève; Triboulet, Pierre; Ansaloni, Matthieu; +2 Authors

    To cite this article: Catherine Laurent, Geneviève Nguyen, Pierre Triboulet, Matthieu Ansaloni, Noemie Bechtet & Pierre Labarthe (2021): Institutional continuity and hidden changes in farm advisory services provision: evidence from farmers’ microAKIS observations in France, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, DOI: 10.1080/1389224X.2021.2008996 ABSTRACT Purpose: The paper aims at better understanding the microfoundations of current institutional changes in agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS). Design: A survey of 98 farmers and interviews with 37 advice providers in south-western France were conducted to analyse the ways in which farmers combine different sources of advice (microAKIS). The farmers’ practices were observed for general farm management and for 3 types of innovation (new crop diversification, digital decision support tools, and labour outsourcing). Findings: The results highlight poorly-known characteristics of microAKIS regarding the variety of sources of advice used by farmers, and the limited number of reliable resources on which farmers can draw at key stages of the innovation process. They provide evidence of bottom-up mechanisms of institutional changes such as the routinization of the use of certain service providers that are often overlooked in AKIS analyses (e.g. upstream industries). Practical implications: These results can contribute to reducing the misalignments of stakeholders’ representations of AKIS and microAKIS, and therefore facilitate public debates and improve the efficiency of interventions in this area. Theoretical implications: Studies of institutional changes resulting from the evolution of microAKIS are expected to complement analyses of increased pluralism of advice providers. Originality: Linking the observation of microAKIS and the analysis of incremental institutional changes in AKIS allows the identification of transformations of the AKIS rationale that would otherwise remain partially invisible.

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    Authors: Madore, Frédérick;

    International audience; This article reflects on the unprecedented opportunities that digital technology offers for developing new methods of research and data dissemination on the history of Islam in West Africa, as well as some of the methodological, technological, and ethical issues raised by such initiatives. At the center of these considerations is the Islam Burkina Faso Collection. This open access digital database project, which I launched in 2021 and which is hosted by the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida, currently contains over 2,500 archival materials, newspaper articles, Islamic publications in various forms, and photographs, in addition to 200 bibliographic references related to Islam and Muslims in Burkina Faso (https://islam.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/s/bf/). The paper also provides a brief overview of digital humanities in the field of African studies and, more specifically, on Islam.; Cet article propose une réflexion sur les possibilités inédites qu’offre le numérique pour développer de nouvelles méthodes de recherche et de diffusion de données sur l’histoire de l’islam en Afrique de l’Ouest, ainsi que quelques considérations méthodologiques, technologiques et éthiques soulevées par de telles initiatives. Au centre de ces considérations se trouve la Collection Islam Burkina Faso. Ce projet de base de données numérique en libre accès, que j’ai lancé en 2021 et qui est hébergée par les bibliothèques George A. Smathers de l’Université de Floride (UF), contient actuellement plus de 2 500 documents d’archives, articles de la presse généraliste, publications islamiques sous diverses formes et photographies, en plus de 200 références bibliographiques liées à l’islam et aux musulmans du Burkina Faso (https://islam.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/s/bf-fr). Le texte propose également un bref état des lieux des humanités numériques dans le champ des études africanistes et plus spécifiquement sur l’islam.

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    Revue d histoire contemporaine de l Afrique
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    Authors: Dupé, Sandrine; Cardinal, Jérôme; Levain, Alix;

    Cet article analyse les effets de la littoralité sur l’évolution de l’inscription socio-spatiale de l’activité agricole, quand elle est exacerbée par le contexte insulaire, comme sur l’île de Bréhat. En croisant analyse spatiale et données ethnographiques, nous y repérons et décrivons, depuis le xxe siècle, des moments de déstabilisations successives construits à plusieurs échelles, qui redessinent la place et les fonctions de l’agriculture au cours du temps. Trois agencements socio-spatiaux temporairement stables, que nous qualifierons de « pactes territoriaux », émergent. Les évolutions de l’inscription de l’agriculture dans l’espace social local sont corrélées à une transformation de la ruralité sur le territoire. Le premier pacte territorial s’étend du début du xxe siècle jusqu’aux années 1960. L’agriculture est vivrière et constitue un socle dans l’organisation sociale de l’île, bien que l’arrivée de touristes diversifie les ressources économiques locales. Au tournant des années 1960, l’ampleur du tourisme et la difficulté à s’inscrire dans les nouvelles politiques agricoles nationales déstabilisent cet équilibre. L’agriculture se marginalise et perd sa fonction localement structurante : la fin des paysans coïncide avec la fin de la ruralité. Enfin, l’activité agricole se redynamise au cours de la dernière décennie, en même temps qu’elle est mise en débat publiquement, re-créant un espace de proximité entre divers usagers du territoire. C’est une forme de ruralité ré-inventée qui est consacrée, ouvrant une position circonscrite aux acteurs agricoles. Pour prétendre obtenir du foncier disponible, ils doivent s’insérer dans un modèle d’agriculture multifonctionnelle, faisant de l’île un jardin aux fonctions productives et esthétiques. Les rapports de force et la distribution du pouvoir préexistant évoluent peu, et l’agriculture locale reste marquée par des formes de précarité économique et foncière. This article analyzes the effects of the coastline on the evolution of the socio-spatial insertion of agricultural activity, when it is exacerbated by the insular context, as on the island of Brehat. By combining spatial analysis and ethnographic data, we describe the forms and effects of the successive destabilizations built on several scales that Brehat has known since the 20th century. We analyze how they redesign the place and functions of agriculture over time. Three temporarily stable socio-spatial arrangements, which we qualify as “territorial pacts” emerge. Changes in the inclusion of agriculture in the local social space are correlated with a transformation of rurality in the territory. The first territorial pact extends from the beginning of the 20th century until the 1960s. Subsistence farming constitutes a base in the social organization of the island, although the arrival of tourists diversifies the local economic resources. At the turn of the 1960s, the extent of tourism and the difficulty of fitting into new national agricultural policies destabilizes this balance. Farming is marginalized and loses its structuring function locally: the vanishing of peasants coincides with the end of rurality. Finally, farming activity has gained momentum over the past decade, at the same time as it is the subject of public debate, recreating a space of proximity between various stakeholders. It is a form of re-invented rurality that is consecrated, opening up a circumscribed position to agricultural actors. To claim to obtain available land, they must fit in a multifunctional agricultural model, making the island a garden with productive and aesthetic functions. The pre-existing balance of power changes little, and local farming remains characterized by forms of economic and land insecurity.

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    Authors: Dilara Arslan; Kerim Çiçek; Ömer Döndüren; Lisa Ernoul;

    International audience; Mediterranean wetlands are among the most threatened natural areas. The needs and demands of an increasing human population are modifying land use and converting natural habitats into artificial areas. In order to combat these trends, effective conservation planning needs to provide clear, systematic identification of threats to find sustainable conservation strategies. In this case study, we evaluated current threats in the Gediz Delta (Turkey) using a multi-method approach. First, we did a comprehensive literature review and stakeholder interviews to identify existing threats. We then did a complete survey of the Delta through intensive fieldwork. The threats were coded and ranked using the conservation standards. We used the threat ranking and field survey to map the most vulnerable areas of the Delta. The most commonly observed threats in the field were pollution and agriculture and aquaculture activities. According to the threat ranking, the most important threats are climate change and residential and commercial development. The habitats that are most at risk are agricultural grassland habitats. The results indicate a need to extend conservation actions in the inner part of the Delta. In addition, the multi-method threat ranking approach could serve as a model to improve conservation planning in other sites worldwide.

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    Authors: Nicolas Bredeche; Nicolas Fontbonne;

    In this paper, we present an implementation of social learning for swarm robotics. We consider social learning as a distributed online reinforcement learning method applied to a collective of robots where sensing, acting and coordination are performed on a local basis. While some issues are specific to artificial systems, such as the general objective of learning efficient (and ideally, optimal) behavioural strategies to fulfill a task defined by a supervisor, some other issues are shared with social learning in natural systems. We discuss some of these issues, paving the way towards cumulative cultural evolution in robot swarms, which could enable complex social organization necessary to achieve challenging robotic tasks.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines’.

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    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
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  • Authors: Ortonovi, Sarah;

    In spite of a low-energy relief, the Champagne vineyard is affected by numerous mass movements. In a context of high economic stakes, the damage they cause can be serious (as in Rilly-la-Montagne in 1988, or in Boursault in 2000). Recent work on the subject has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger these movements. However, these major advances are not sufficiently operational to help local actors (and first and foremost winegrowers) to better manage the risk associated with mass movements. The aim of this work is, via an environmental approach using lidar, photo interpretation, remote sensing and photogrammetry for surface analysis and geophysics for the analysis of the internal structure of displaced volumes, to model the instabilities that threaten the Champagne vineyards and to propose to local actors an easy-to-use management tool that provides a map of the probability of instability on different spatial and temporal scales.; Malgré un relief de faible énergie, le vignoble champenois est affecté par de nombreux mouvements de terrain. Dans un contexte à forts enjeux économiques, les dégâts qu'ils causent peuvent être très importants (comme à Rilly-la-Montagne en 1988, ou à Boursault en 2000). Les récents travaux menés sur le sujet ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de déclenchement de ces mouvements. Cependant, ces avancées majeures ne sont pas suffisamment opérationnelles pour aider les acteurs locaux (et en premier lieu les vignerons) à gérer au mieux le risque associé aux mouvements de terrain. L'objectif de ce travail, via une approche environnementale utilisant le lidar, la photo interprétation, la télédétection et la photogrammétrie pour l’analyse de surface, et la géophysique pour celle de la structure interne des volumes déplacés, est d'aboutir à une modélisation des mouvements de terrain qui menacent le vignoble champenois et de proposer aux acteurs locaux un outil des gestion fournissant une cartographie de la probabilité de déclenchement d’instabilités à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles.

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    Authors: Rémi Platel; Mélodie Sawicki; Qassim Esmaeel; Béatrice Randoux; +13 Authors

    Septoria tritici blotch, caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici, is a highly significant disease on wheat crops worldwide. The objective of the present study was to find out new bacterial strains with bio-antimicrobial activity against Z. tritici. Two phyllospheric bacteria (S1 and S6) were isolated from wheat ears and identified as Bacillus velezensis strains according to 16S rRNA Sanger sequencing. Antagonistic assays performed with either living strains or cell-free culture filtrates showed significant in vitro antifungal activities against Z. tritici. For the culture filtrates, the half-maximal inhibitory dilution and the minimal inhibitory dilution were 1.4% and 3.7% for the strain S1, and 7.4% and 15% for the strain S6, respectively. MALDI—ToF analysis revealed that both strains synthesize cyclic lipopeptides but from different families. Interestingly, only strain S1 produces putative bacillomycin D. Such differential lipopeptide production patterns might explain the difference observed between the antifungal activity of the culture filtrates of the two strains. This study allows the identification of new lipopeptide-producing strains of B. velezensis with a high potential of application for the biocontrol of Z. tritici.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mengjie Han; Qing Zhao; Wei Li; Philippe Ciais; +7 Authors

    AbstractBiochar has been proposed as a promising negative CO2 emission technology to mitigate future climate change with the additional benefit of increasing agricultural production. However, the spatial responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to biochar addition in cropland are still uncertain, and the economic feasibility of large‐scale biochar implementation remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the response of SOC to biochar addition using 389 paired field measurements. The results show that biochar addition significantly increased SOC by 45.8% on average with large regional variations. Using a random forest model trained with soil, climate, biotic, biochar, and management factors, we found that the response of SOC to biochar addition was mainly dependent on biochar application rates, initial SOC, edaphic (e.g., pH), and climatic (e.g., mean annual precipitation) variables. Combined with the predicted SOC changes to biochar addition on the global cropland, we assessed the revenue of the biochar system based on the current and potential pyrolysis plants in the world using the life‐cycle analysis. Net revenue of the currently existing 144 pyrolysis plants increases with larger plant capacity and higher carbon price. Potential revenue of building new plants is high in regions like America and Europe but low in regions with infertile soil, low crop residues availability, and inconvenient transportation. The global CO2 removal of biochar application is 6.6 Tg CO2e (CO2 equivalent) year−1 with a net revenue of $ 177 million dollars at a carbon price of $ 50 t−1 CO2 for current pyrolysis plants with a biomass‐processing capacity of 20,000 t year−1. Our study provides a full economic assessment of idealized biochar addition scenarios and identifies the locations with maximal potential revenues with new pyrolysis plants.

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    GCB Bioenergy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Thomas S. Kraft; Vivek V. Venkataraman; Ian J. Wallace; Alyssa N. Crittenden; +7 Authors

    National audience; The suite of derived human traits, including enlarged brains, elevated fertility rates, and long developmental periods and life spans, imposes extraordinarily high energetic costs relative to other great apes. How do human subsistence strategies accommodate our expanded energy budgets? We found that relative to other great apes, human hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers spend more energy but less time on subsistence, acquire substantially more energy per hour, and achieve similar energy efficiencies. These findings revise our understanding of human energetic evolution by indicating that humans afford expanded energy budgets primarily by increasing rates of energy acquisition, not through energy-saving adaptations such as economical bipedalism or sophisticated tool use that decrease subsistence costs and improve the energetic efficiency of subsistence. We argue that the time saved by human subsistence strategies provides more leisure time for social interaction and social learning in central-place locations and would have been critical for cumulative cultural evolution.

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    Authors: Meddy Escuriet; Mauricette Fournier; Sophie Vuilbert;

    Este artigo visa abordar a questão da inclusão através do trabalho e num ambiente rural de pessoas com de ciência psíquica e/ou com de ciência intelectual. Através do exemplo de um estabelecimento de apoio e assistência ao trabalho, o estabelecimento de apoio e assistência ao trabalho Le Habert, localizado numa pequena aldeia rural e montanhosa nos Alpes e que oferece às pessoas com de ciência o trabalho numa quinta, o artigo abordará primeiro a importância do trabalho como meio para as pessoas recuperarem a sua dignidade. Entre o sentimento de utili- dade e orgulho em participar no funcionamento de um território, ao estar plenamente envolvido no processo de produção e valorização de um produto, o acompanhamento na quinta permite, para além destas virtudes terapêuticas, uma verdadeira inclusão pro ssional. Vivendo em casas ou apartamentos nas aldeias circundantes, o alojamento, permitindo o contacto entre pessoas com de ciência e habitantes locais, é também um vector de inclusão social. Contudo, se a rura- lidade, devido às oportunidades pro ssionais e sociais que oferece, pode ser um trunfo para a inclusão, o isolamento e a inacessibilidade geográ ca do ambiente rural montanhoso pode ser um obstáculo para as pessoas que não têm necessariamente os meios para serem móveis. Ao oferecer um apoio personalizado à mobilidade, a instituição transforma a exclusão geográ ca num bem para a inclusão pro ssional, social e espacial. This article proposes to address the issue of inclusion through work and in a rural environ- ment of people with mental disabilities and/or intellectual disabilities. Through the example of a French support and work assistance establishment, the support and work assistance establish- ment Le Habert, located in a small rural and mountainous village in the Alps and offering people with disabilities to work on a farm, the article will rst address the importance of work as a means for people to regain their dignity. Between the feeling of usefulness and pride in participating in the operation of one territory, by being fully involved in the process of producing and adding value to a product, accompanying the farm allows, apart from these therapeutic virtues, a real professional inclusion. Living in houses or apartments in the surrounding villages, the accommodation, allowing contact between people with disabilities and local inhabitants is also a vector of social inclusion. However, while the rural setting can be an asset for inclusion because of the professional and social opportunities, the isolation and geographical inaccessibility of the rural mountainous environment can be an obstacle for people who do not necessarily have the means to be mobile. By offering personalised support for mobility, the institution transforms geographical exclusion into an asset for professional, social and spatial inclusion.

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    Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais
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    Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais
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    Authors: Laurent, Catherine; Nguyen, Geneviève; Triboulet, Pierre; Ansaloni, Matthieu; +2 Authors

    To cite this article: Catherine Laurent, Geneviève Nguyen, Pierre Triboulet, Matthieu Ansaloni, Noemie Bechtet & Pierre Labarthe (2021): Institutional continuity and hidden changes in farm advisory services provision: evidence from farmers’ microAKIS observations in France, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, DOI: 10.1080/1389224X.2021.2008996 ABSTRACT Purpose: The paper aims at better understanding the microfoundations of current institutional changes in agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS). Design: A survey of 98 farmers and interviews with 37 advice providers in south-western France were conducted to analyse the ways in which farmers combine different sources of advice (microAKIS). The farmers’ practices were observed for general farm management and for 3 types of innovation (new crop diversification, digital decision support tools, and labour outsourcing). Findings: The results highlight poorly-known characteristics of microAKIS regarding the variety of sources of advice used by farmers, and the limited number of reliable resources on which farmers can draw at key stages of the innovation process. They provide evidence of bottom-up mechanisms of institutional changes such as the routinization of the use of certain service providers that are often overlooked in AKIS analyses (e.g. upstream industries). Practical implications: These results can contribute to reducing the misalignments of stakeholders’ representations of AKIS and microAKIS, and therefore facilitate public debates and improve the efficiency of interventions in this area. Theoretical implications: Studies of institutional changes resulting from the evolution of microAKIS are expected to complement analyses of increased pluralism of advice providers. Originality: Linking the observation of microAKIS and the analysis of incremental institutional changes in AKIS allows the identification of transformations of the AKIS rationale that would otherwise remain partially invisible.

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    Authors: Madore, Frédérick;

    International audience; This article reflects on the unprecedented opportunities that digital technology offers for developing new methods of research and data dissemination on the history of Islam in West Africa, as well as some of the methodological, technological, and ethical issues raised by such initiatives. At the center of these considerations is the Islam Burkina Faso Collection. This open access digital database project, which I launched in 2021 and which is hosted by the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida, currently contains over 2,500 archival materials, newspaper articles, Islamic publications in various forms, and photographs, in addition to 200 bibliographic references related to Islam and Muslims in Burkina Faso (https://islam.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/s/bf/). The paper also provides a brief overview of digital humanities in the field of African studies and, more specifically, on Islam.; Cet article propose une réflexion sur les possibilités inédites qu’offre le numérique pour développer de nouvelles méthodes de recherche et de diffusion de données sur l’histoire de l’islam en Afrique de l’Ouest, ainsi que quelques considérations méthodologiques, technologiques et éthiques soulevées par de telles initiatives. Au centre de ces considérations se trouve la Collection Islam Burkina Faso. Ce projet de base de données numérique en libre accès, que j’ai lancé en 2021 et qui est hébergée par les bibliothèques George A. Smathers de l’Université de Floride (UF), contient actuellement plus de 2 500 documents d’archives, articles de la presse généraliste, publications islamiques sous diverses formes et photographies, en plus de 200 références bibliographiques liées à l’islam et aux musulmans du Burkina Faso (https://islam.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/s/bf-fr). Le texte propose également un bref état des lieux des humanités numériques dans le champ des études africanistes et plus spécifiquement sur l’islam.

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    Revue d histoire contemporaine de l Afrique
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    Authors: Dupé, Sandrine; Cardinal, Jérôme; Levain, Alix;

    Cet article analyse les effets de la littoralité sur l’évolution de l’inscription socio-spatiale de l’activité agricole, quand elle est exacerbée par le contexte insulaire, comme sur l’île de Bréhat. En croisant analyse spatiale et données ethnographiques, nous y repérons et décrivons, depuis le xxe siècle, des moments de déstabilisations successives construits à plusieurs échelles, qui redessinent la place et les fonctions de l’agriculture au cours du temps. Trois agencements socio-spatiaux temporairement stables, que nous qualifierons de « pactes territoriaux », émergent. Les évolutions de l’inscription de l’agriculture dans l’espace social local sont corrélées à une transformation de la ruralité sur le territoire. Le premier pacte territorial s’étend du début du xxe siècle jusqu’aux années 1960. L’agriculture est vivrière et constitue un socle dans l’organisation sociale de l’île, bien que l’arrivée de touristes diversifie les ressources économiques locales. Au tournant des années 1960, l’ampleur du tourisme et la difficulté à s’inscrire dans les nouvelles politiques agricoles nationales déstabilisent cet équilibre. L’agriculture se marginalise et perd sa fonction localement structurante : la fin des paysans coïncide avec la fin de la ruralité. Enfin, l’activité agricole se redynamise au cours de la dernière décennie, en même temps qu’elle est mise en débat publiquement, re-créant un espace de proximité entre divers usagers du territoire. C’est une forme de ruralité ré-inventée qui est consacrée, ouvrant une position circonscrite aux acteurs agricoles. Pour prétendre obtenir du foncier disponible, ils doivent s’insérer dans un modèle d’agriculture multifonctionnelle, faisant de l’île un jardin aux fonctions productives et esthétiques. Les rapports de force et la distribution du pouvoir préexistant évoluent peu, et l’agriculture locale reste marquée par des formes de précarité économique et foncière. This article analyzes the effects of the coastline on the evolution of the socio-spatial insertion of agricultural activity, when it is exacerbated by the insular context, as on the island of Brehat. By combining spatial analysis and ethnographic data, we describe the forms and effects of the successive destabilizations built on several scales that Brehat has known since the 20th century. We analyze how they redesign the place and functions of agriculture over time. Three temporarily stable socio-spatial arrangements, which we qualify as “territorial pacts” emerge. Changes in the inclusion of agriculture in the local social space are correlated with a transformation of rurality in the territory. The first territorial pact extends from the beginning of the 20th century until the 1960s. Subsistence farming constitutes a base in the social organization of the island, although the arrival of tourists diversifies the local economic resources. At the turn of the 1960s, the extent of tourism and the difficulty of fitting into new national agricultural policies destabilizes this balance. Farming is marginalized and loses its structuring function locally: the vanishing of peasants coincides with the end of rurality. Finally, farming activity has gained momentum over the past decade, at the same time as it is the subject of public debate, recreating a space of proximity between various stakeholders. It is a form of re-invented rurality that is consecrated, opening up a circumscribed position to agricultural actors. To claim to obtain available land, they must fit in a multifunctional agricultural model, making the island a garden with productive and aesthetic functions. The pre-existing balance of power changes little, and local farming remains characterized by forms of economic and land insecurity.

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    Authors: Dilara Arslan; Kerim Çiçek; Ömer Döndüren; Lisa Ernoul;

    International audience; Mediterranean wetlands are among the most threatened natural areas. The needs and demands of an increasing human population are modifying land use and converting natural habitats into artificial areas. In order to combat these trends, effective conservation planning needs to provide clear, systematic identification of threats to find sustainable conservation strategies. In this case study, we evaluated current threats in the Gediz Delta (Turkey) using a multi-method approach. First, we did a comprehensive literature review and stakeholder interviews to identify existing threats. We then did a complete survey of the Delta through intensive fieldwork. The threats were coded and ranked using the conservation standards. We used the threat ranking and field survey to map the most vulnerable areas of the Delta. The most commonly observed threats in the field were pollution and agriculture and aquaculture activities. According to the threat ranking, the most important threats are climate change and residential and commercial development. The habitats that are most at risk are agricultural grassland habitats. The results indicate a need to extend conservation actions in the inner part of the Delta. In addition, the multi-method threat ranking approach could serve as a model to improve conservation planning in other sites worldwide.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nicolas Bredeche; Nicolas Fontbonne;

    In this paper, we present an implementation of social learning for swarm robotics. We consider social learning as a distributed online reinforcement learning method applied to a collective of robots where sensing, acting and coordination are performed on a local basis. While some issues are specific to artificial systems, such as the general objective of learning efficient (and ideally, optimal) behavioural strategies to fulfill a task defined by a supervisor, some other issues are shared with social learning in natural systems. We discuss some of these issues, paving the way towards cumulative cultural evolution in robot swarms, which could enable complex social organization necessary to achieve challenging robotic tasks.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines’.

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    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Ortonovi, Sarah;

    In spite of a low-energy relief, the Champagne vineyard is affected by numerous mass movements. In a context of high economic stakes, the damage they cause can be serious (as in Rilly-la-Montagne in 1988, or in Boursault in 2000). Recent work on the subject has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger these movements. However, these major advances are not sufficiently operational to help local actors (and first and foremost winegrowers) to better manage the risk associated with mass movements. The aim of this work is, via an environmental approach using lidar, photo interpretation, remote sensing and photogrammetry for surface analysis and geophysics for the analysis of the internal structure of displaced volumes, to model the instabilities that threaten the Champagne vineyards and to propose to local actors an easy-to-use management tool that provides a map of the probability of instability on different spatial and temporal scales.; Malgré un relief de faible énergie, le vignoble champenois est affecté par de nombreux mouvements de terrain. Dans un contexte à forts enjeux économiques, les dégâts qu'ils causent peuvent être très importants (comme à Rilly-la-Montagne en 1988, ou à Boursault en 2000). Les récents travaux menés sur le sujet ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de déclenchement de ces mouvements. Cependant, ces avancées majeures ne sont pas suffisamment opérationnelles pour aider les acteurs locaux (et en premier lieu les vignerons) à gérer au mieux le risque associé aux mouvements de terrain. L'objectif de ce travail, via une approche environnementale utilisant le lidar, la photo interprétation, la télédétection et la photogrammétrie pour l’analyse de surface, et la géophysique pour celle de la structure interne des volumes déplacés, est d'aboutir à une modélisation des mouvements de terrain qui menacent le vignoble champenois et de proposer aux acteurs locaux un outil des gestion fournissant une cartographie de la probabilité de déclenchement d’instabilités à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles.

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