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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gaëtan Perrotte; Clément Bougard; Arthur Portron; Jean-Louis Vercher;

    International audience; Drowsiness at the wheel is one of the leading causes of road fatalities. Driver monitoring systems (DMS) mainly rely on vehicle-based data and drivers' facial information to detect drowsiness. However, the introduction of partially autonomous driving will change the way we drive, letting the vehicle manage the driving task while drivers may be free to engage in non-driving tasks. This calls for new ways of detecting drowsiness, and even sleeping, at the wheel. Here, 22 participants drove for 100 min in a static simulator under level-2 automation on a 2 × 2 motorway. Postural (i. e., pressure and movements) and physiological (i.e., cardiac and respiratory) indicators were continuously recorded, while PERCLOS70 was used to classify drowsiness. The results reveal different physiological and postural signatures for the different states of drowsiness defined. While slight drowsiness is mainly associated with a higher heart rate, slower breathing, and an increased number of movements on the seat, being asleep is characterized by a lower heart rate and a slouched position on the seat. This study points to the relevance of using postural indicators in combination with physiological data to detect driver drowsiness. Focusing on the partially automated vehicle, it explores not only resistance to drowsiness but also sleeping at the wheel.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Transportation Resea...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Transportation Resea...arrow_drop_down
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      Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Natalia Torres-Rodriguez; Jingjing Yuan; Sven Petersen; Aurélie Dufour; +11 Authors

    AbstractMethylmercury is a potent toxin threatening the global population mainly through the consumption of marine fish. Hydrothermal venting directly delivers natural mercury to the ocean, yet its global flux remains poorly constrained. To determine the extent to which anthropogenic inputs have increased oceanic mercury levels, it is crucial to estimate natural mercury levels. Here we combine observations of vent fluids, plume waters, seawater and rock samples to quantify the release of mercury from the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal vent at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The majority (67–95%) of the mercury enriched in the vent fluids (4,966 ± 497 pmol l−1) is rapidly diluted to reach background seawater levels (0.80 pmol l−1). A small Hg fraction (2.6–10%) is scavenged to the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse mound rocks. Scaling up our findings and previous work, we propose a mercury flux estimate of 1.5–64.7 t per year from mid-ocean ridges. This hydrothermal flux is small in comparison to anthropogenic inputs. This suggests that most of the mercury present in the ocean must be of anthropogenic origin and that the implementation of emissions reduction measures outlined in the Minamata Convention could effectively reduce mercury levels in the global ocean and subsequently in marine fish.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kathleen J. Gosnell; Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida; Aaron J. Beck; Peter R. Ukotije-Ikwut; +1 Authors

    International audience; Mercury (Hg) fulminate was used as a primary fuse in World War (WW) munitions, and may consequently be a Hg source for impacted environments. Mercury is a conspicuous and persistent pollutant, with methylmercury (MeHg) acting as a notorious neurotoxin. Considerable amounts of munitions were intentionally dumped in the North Sea and Baltic Sea following the First and Second WWs. After more than 70 years on the seafloor many munitions have corroded and likely release explosive compounds, including Hg fulminate. The Germany coastal city of Kiel was a manufacturing centre for submarines, and accordingly a prominent target for bombing and post-war disarmament. We collected water and sediment samples around Kiel Bay to assess regional levels and quantify any Hg contamination. The munition dump site Kolberger Heide (KH) and a former anti-aircraft training center Dänisch-Nienhof are situated in Kiel Bay, and were targeted for sampling. Sediment Hg concentrations around KH were notably elevated. Average Hg concentrations in KH sediments were 125 ± 76 ng/g, compared to 14 ± 18 ng/g at background (control) sites. In contrast, dissolved Hg in the water column exhibited no site variations, all ranging between 0.8 and 2.1 pM. Methylmercury in sediments and waters did not have enhanced concentrations amongst sites (400 pmol m−2 d−1 MeHg) at one KH location, however remaining cores had low to no Hg and MeHg output (<0–27 pmol m−2 d−1 MeHg). Thus, sediments in Kiel Bay proximate to WW munitions could harbor and form a source of Hg, however water column mixing and removal processes attenuate any discharge from the seafloor to overlying waters.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao OceanRep; Chemospher...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Robert J. Lennox; Kim Aarestrup; Josep Alós; Robert Arlinghaus; +24 Authors

    We acknowledge support from the project "Multi-lake research of fish ecology and management using high-resolution 3D telemetry systems", funded by ALTER-NET within the MultiSite Research Initiative. This work is supported by The European Aquatic Animal Tracking Network COST-Action (CA18102)—a project supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) as part of the Horizon Europe program, ALTER-NET (Through the Lake Fish Telemetry Workshop), The Danish Rod and Net Licence Funds, and the EU Horizon 2020 Project STRAITS (grant no. 101094649). Lennox and Cooke are members of Ocean Tracking Network, supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Vollset, Nilsen and Dahlmo were supported by the Norwegian Research Council (projects LaKES 320726 and LOST 325840). Reubens acknowledges support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) as part of the Belgian contribution to LifeWatch. The contribution by Arlinghaus was made possible through a grant from the European Maritime Fisheries Fund and the State of MV (Grant/Award numbers MV-I.18-LM-004 and B730117000069; BODDENHECHT). Contribution by Baktoft was made possible through Poul Due Jensens Fond. Contribution by Gjelland was supported by the Norwegian Research Council (project Hydrocen) and NINA internal funding) Geolocating aquatic animals with acoustic tags has been ongoing for decades, relying on the detection of acoustic signals at multiple receivers with known positions to calculate a 2D or 3D position, and ultimately recreate the path of an aquatic animal from detections at fixed stations. This method of underwater geolocation is evolving with new software and hardware options available to help investigators design studies and calculate positions using solvers based predominantly on time-difference-of-arrival and time-of-arrival. We provide an overview of the considerations necessary to implement positioning in aquatic acoustic telemetry studies, including how to design arrays of receivers, test performance, synchronize receiver clocks and calculate positions from the detection data. We additionally present some common positioning algorithms, including both the free open-source solvers and the ‘black-box’ methods provided by some manufacturers for calculating positions. This paper is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of methods and considerations for designing and implementing better positioning studies that will support users, and encourage further knowledge advances in aquatic systems 17 pages, 3 tables, 1 figure.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Peer reviewed

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    Methods in Ecology and Evolution
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Article . 2023
    Data sources: NINA Brage
    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Methods in Ecology and Evolution
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NINA Brage
      Article . 2023
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ivaldi, Marc; Palikot, Emil;

    National audience; Using data collected from one of the most popular ridesharing platforms, we illustrate how mobility has changed after the exit from the Covid-19 induced confinement. We measure the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the level of mobility and the price of ridesharing. Finally, we show that the pandemic has exacerbated ethnic discrimination. Our results suggest that a decision-maker encouraging the use of ridesharing during the pandemic should account for the impact of the perceived health risks on ridesharing prices and should find ways to ensure fair access.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Toulouse 1 Capitole ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Transport Policy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nicolas Metzl; Jonathan Fin; Claire Lo Monaco; Claude Mignon; +30 Authors

    Total alkalinity (AT) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the oceans are important properties to understand the ocean carbon cycle and its link with climate change (ocean carbon sinks and sources) or global change (ocean acidification). We present a data-base of more than 44 400 AT and CT observations in various ocean regions obtained since 1993 mainly in the frame of French projects. This includes both surface and water columns data acquired in open oceans, coastal zones and in the Mediterranean Sea and either from time-series or punctual cruises. Most AT and CT data in this synthesis were measured from discrete samples using the same closed-cell potentiometric titration calibrated with Certified Reference Material, with an overall accuracy of ± 4 µmol kg-1 for both AT and CT. Given the lack of observations in the Indian and Southern Oceans, we added sea surface underway AT and CT data obtained in 1998–2018 in the frame of OISO cruises and in 2019 during the CLIM-EPARSES cruise measured onboard using the same technique. Separate datasets for the global ocean, and for the Mediterranean Sea are provided in a single format (https://doi.org/10.17882/95414, Metzl et al., 2023) that offers a direct use for regional or global purposes, e.g. AT/Salinity relationships, long-term CT estimates, constraint and validation of diagnostics CT-AT reconstructed fields or ocean carbon and coupled climate/carbon models simulations, as well as data derived from BG-ARGO floats. When associated with other properties, these data can also be used to calculate pH, fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and other carbon systems properties to derive ocean acidification rates or air-sea CO2 fluxes.

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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
    Preprint . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Authors: Z. Shao; Y. Xu; H. Wang; W. Luo; +97 Authors

    Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas into bioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, the first version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) was published. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2), significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from 13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH gene copy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2 fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximately follow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However, version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of the distribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixation rates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 and version 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1 ; ranges based on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmetic means, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1(mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1 (74 ± 7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases are estimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics, and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40 ± 9 versus 10 ±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in the Indian Ocean to be 35 ± 14 Tg N yr−1,which could not be estimated using version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparison of N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods at the same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional 15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared to the new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated version of the database can facilitate future studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The database is stored at the Figshare repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21677687; Shao et al., 2022). Peer reviewed

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Panaïotis, Thelma; Babin, Marcel; Biard, Tristan; Carlotti, François; +12 Authors

    AbstractAimThe distribution of mesoplankton communities has been poorly studied at global scale, especially from in situ instruments. This study aims to (1) describe the global distribution of mesoplankton communities in relation to their environment and (2) assess the ability of various environmental‐based ocean regionalizations to explain the distribution of these communities.LocationGlobal ocean, 0–500 m depth.Time Period2008–2019.Major Taxa StudiedTwenty‐eight groups of large mesoplanktonic and macroplanktonic organisms, covering Metazoa, Rhizaria and Cyanobacteria.MethodsFrom a global data set of 2500 vertical profiles making use of the Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5), an in situ imaging instrument, we studied the global distribution of large (>600 μm) mesoplanktonic organisms. Among the 6.8 million imaged objects, 330,000 were large zooplanktonic organisms and phytoplankton colonies, the rest consisting of marine snow particles. Multivariate ordination (PCA) and clustering were used to describe patterns in community composition, while comparison with existing regionalizations was performed with regression methods (RDA).ResultsWithin the observed size range, epipelagic plankton communities were Trichodesmium‐enriched in the intertropical Atlantic, Copepoda‐enriched at high latitudes and in upwelling areas, and Rhizaria‐enriched in oligotrophic areas. In the mesopelagic layer, Copepoda‐enriched communities were also found at high latitudes and in the Atlantic Ocean, while Rhizaria‐enriched communities prevailed in the Peruvian upwelling system and a few mixed communities were found elsewhere. The comparison between the distribution of these communities and a set of existing regionalizations of the ocean suggested that the structure of plankton communities described above is mostly driven by basin‐level environmental conditions.Main ConclusionsIn both layers, three types of plankton communities emerged and seemed to be mostly driven by regional environmental conditions. This work sheds light on the role not only of metazoans, but also of unexpected large protists and cyanobacteria in structuring large mesoplankton communities.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Global Ecology and B...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Rubbens, Peter; Brodie, Stephanie; Cordier, Tristan; Destro Barcellos, Diogo; +35 Authors

    Machine learning covers a large set of algorithms that can be trained to identify patterns in data. Thanks to the increase in the amount of data and computing power available, it has become pervasive across scientific disciplines. We first highlight why machine learning is needed in marine ecology. Then we provide a quick primer on machine learning techniques and vocabulary. We built a database of ∼1000 publications that implement such techniques to analyse marine ecology data. For various data types (images, optical spectra, acoustics, omics, geolocations, biogeochemical profiles, and satellite imagery), we present a historical perspective on applications that proved influential, can serve as templates for new work, or represent the diversity of approaches. Then, we illustrate how machine learning can be used to better understand ecological systems, by combining various sources of marine data. Through this coverage of the literature, we demonstrate an increase in the proportion of marine ecology studies that use machine learning, the pervasiveness of images as a data source, the dominance of machine learning for classification-type problems, and a shift towards deep learning for all data types. This overview is meant to guide researchers who wish to apply machine learning methods to their marine datasets. Machine learning in marine ecology: an overview of techniques and applications

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Lille Open Archive
    Review . 2023
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    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2023
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    Brage IMR
    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL AMU
    Article . 2023
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Lille Open Archive
      Review . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research@WUR
      Other literature type . 2023
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      Brage IMR
      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL AMU
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Oliver W. Moore; Lisa Curti; Clare Woulds; James A. Bradley; +10 Authors

    AbstractThe balance between degradation and preservation of sedimentary organic carbon (OC) is important for global carbon and oxygen cycles1. The relative importance of different mechanisms and environmental conditions contributing to marine sedimentary OC preservation, however, remains unclear2–8. Simple organic molecules can be geopolymerized into recalcitrant forms by means of the Maillard reaction5, although reaction kinetics at marine sedimentary temperatures are thought to be slow9,10. More recent work in terrestrial systems suggests that the reaction can be catalysed by manganese minerals11–13, but the potential for the promotion of geopolymerized OC formation at marine sedimentary temperatures is uncertain. Here we present incubation experiments and find that iron and manganese ions and minerals abiotically catalyse the Maillard reaction by up to two orders of magnitude at temperatures relevant to continental margins where most preservation occurs4. Furthermore, the chemical signature of the reaction products closely resembles dissolved and total OC found in continental margin sediments globally. With the aid of a pore-water model14, we estimate that iron- and manganese-catalysed transformation of simple organic molecules into complex macromolecules might generate on the order of approximately 4.1 Tg C yr−1 for preservation in marine sediments. In the context of perhaps only about 63 Tg C yr−1 variation in sedimentary organic preservation over the past 300 million years6, we propose that variable iron and manganese inputs to the ocean could exert a substantial but hitherto unexplored impact on global OC preservation over geological time.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gaëtan Perrotte; Clément Bougard; Arthur Portron; Jean-Louis Vercher;

    International audience; Drowsiness at the wheel is one of the leading causes of road fatalities. Driver monitoring systems (DMS) mainly rely on vehicle-based data and drivers' facial information to detect drowsiness. However, the introduction of partially autonomous driving will change the way we drive, letting the vehicle manage the driving task while drivers may be free to engage in non-driving tasks. This calls for new ways of detecting drowsiness, and even sleeping, at the wheel. Here, 22 participants drove for 100 min in a static simulator under level-2 automation on a 2 × 2 motorway. Postural (i. e., pressure and movements) and physiological (i.e., cardiac and respiratory) indicators were continuously recorded, while PERCLOS70 was used to classify drowsiness. The results reveal different physiological and postural signatures for the different states of drowsiness defined. While slight drowsiness is mainly associated with a higher heart rate, slower breathing, and an increased number of movements on the seat, being asleep is characterized by a lower heart rate and a slouched position on the seat. This study points to the relevance of using postural indicators in combination with physiological data to detect driver drowsiness. Focusing on the partially automated vehicle, it explores not only resistance to drowsiness but also sleeping at the wheel.

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    Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Natalia Torres-Rodriguez; Jingjing Yuan; Sven Petersen; Aurélie Dufour; +11 Authors

    AbstractMethylmercury is a potent toxin threatening the global population mainly through the consumption of marine fish. Hydrothermal venting directly delivers natural mercury to the ocean, yet its global flux remains poorly constrained. To determine the extent to which anthropogenic inputs have increased oceanic mercury levels, it is crucial to estimate natural mercury levels. Here we combine observations of vent fluids, plume waters, seawater and rock samples to quantify the release of mercury from the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal vent at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The majority (67–95%) of the mercury enriched in the vent fluids (4,966 ± 497 pmol l−1) is rapidly diluted to reach background seawater levels (0.80 pmol l−1). A small Hg fraction (2.6–10%) is scavenged to the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse mound rocks. Scaling up our findings and previous work, we propose a mercury flux estimate of 1.5–64.7 t per year from mid-ocean ridges. This hydrothermal flux is small in comparison to anthropogenic inputs. This suggests that most of the mercury present in the ocean must be of anthropogenic origin and that the implementation of emissions reduction measures outlined in the Minamata Convention could effectively reduce mercury levels in the global ocean and subsequently in marine fish.

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    Authors: Kathleen J. Gosnell; Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida; Aaron J. Beck; Peter R. Ukotije-Ikwut; +1 Authors

    International audience; Mercury (Hg) fulminate was used as a primary fuse in World War (WW) munitions, and may consequently be a Hg source for impacted environments. Mercury is a conspicuous and persistent pollutant, with methylmercury (MeHg) acting as a notorious neurotoxin. Considerable amounts of munitions were intentionally dumped in the North Sea and Baltic Sea following the First and Second WWs. After more than 70 years on the seafloor many munitions have corroded and likely release explosive compounds, including Hg fulminate. The Germany coastal city of Kiel was a manufacturing centre for submarines, and accordingly a prominent target for bombing and post-war disarmament. We collected water and sediment samples around Kiel Bay to assess regional levels and quantify any Hg contamination. The munition dump site Kolberger Heide (KH) and a former anti-aircraft training center Dänisch-Nienhof are situated in Kiel Bay, and were targeted for sampling. Sediment Hg concentrations around KH were notably elevated. Average Hg concentrations in KH sediments were 125 ± 76 ng/g, compared to 14 ± 18 ng/g at background (control) sites. In contrast, dissolved Hg in the water column exhibited no site variations, all ranging between 0.8 and 2.1 pM. Methylmercury in sediments and waters did not have enhanced concentrations amongst sites (400 pmol m−2 d−1 MeHg) at one KH location, however remaining cores had low to no Hg and MeHg output (<0–27 pmol m−2 d−1 MeHg). Thus, sediments in Kiel Bay proximate to WW munitions could harbor and form a source of Hg, however water column mixing and removal processes attenuate any discharge from the seafloor to overlying waters.

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    Authors: Robert J. Lennox; Kim Aarestrup; Josep Alós; Robert Arlinghaus; +24 Authors

    We acknowledge support from the project "Multi-lake research of fish ecology and management using high-resolution 3D telemetry systems", funded by ALTER-NET within the MultiSite Research Initiative. This work is supported by The European Aquatic Animal Tracking Network COST-Action (CA18102)—a project supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) as part of the Horizon Europe program, ALTER-NET (Through the Lake Fish Telemetry Workshop), The Danish Rod and Net Licence Funds, and the EU Horizon 2020 Project STRAITS (grant no. 101094649). Lennox and Cooke are members of Ocean Tracking Network, supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Vollset, Nilsen and Dahlmo were supported by the Norwegian Research Council (projects LaKES 320726 and LOST 325840). Reubens acknowledges support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) as part of the Belgian contribution to LifeWatch. The contribution by Arlinghaus was made possible through a grant from the European Maritime Fisheries Fund and the State of MV (Grant/Award numbers MV-I.18-LM-004 and B730117000069; BODDENHECHT). Contribution by Baktoft was made possible through Poul Due Jensens Fond. Contribution by Gjelland was supported by the Norwegian Research Council (project Hydrocen) and NINA internal funding) Geolocating aquatic animals with acoustic tags has been ongoing for decades, relying on the detection of acoustic signals at multiple receivers with known positions to calculate a 2D or 3D position, and ultimately recreate the path of an aquatic animal from detections at fixed stations. This method of underwater geolocation is evolving with new software and hardware options available to help investigators design studies and calculate positions using solvers based predominantly on time-difference-of-arrival and time-of-arrival. We provide an overview of the considerations necessary to implement positioning in aquatic acoustic telemetry studies, including how to design arrays of receivers, test performance, synchronize receiver clocks and calculate positions from the detection data. We additionally present some common positioning algorithms, including both the free open-source solvers and the ‘black-box’ methods provided by some manufacturers for calculating positions. This paper is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of methods and considerations for designing and implementing better positioning studies that will support users, and encourage further knowledge advances in aquatic systems 17 pages, 3 tables, 1 figure.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Peer reviewed

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    Methods in Ecology and Evolution
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Methods in Ecology and Evolution
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ivaldi, Marc; Palikot, Emil;

    National audience; Using data collected from one of the most popular ridesharing platforms, we illustrate how mobility has changed after the exit from the Covid-19 induced confinement. We measure the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the level of mobility and the price of ridesharing. Finally, we show that the pandemic has exacerbated ethnic discrimination. Our results suggest that a decision-maker encouraging the use of ridesharing during the pandemic should account for the impact of the perceived health risks on ridesharing prices and should find ways to ensure fair access.

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    Transport Policy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Nicolas Metzl; Jonathan Fin; Claire Lo Monaco; Claude Mignon; +30 Authors

    Total alkalinity (AT) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the oceans are important properties to understand the ocean carbon cycle and its link with climate change (ocean carbon sinks and sources) or global change (ocean acidification). We present a data-base of more than 44 400 AT and CT observations in various ocean regions obtained since 1993 mainly in the frame of French projects. This includes both surface and water columns data acquired in open oceans, coastal zones and in the Mediterranean Sea and either from time-series or punctual cruises. Most AT and CT data in this synthesis were measured from discrete samples using the same closed-cell potentiometric titration calibrated with Certified Reference Material, with an overall accuracy of ± 4 µmol kg-1 for both AT and CT. Given the lack of observations in the Indian and Southern Oceans, we added sea surface underway AT and CT data obtained in 1998–2018 in the frame of OISO cruises and in 2019 during the CLIM-EPARSES cruise measured onboard using the same technique. Separate datasets for the global ocean, and for the Mediterranean Sea are provided in a single format (https://doi.org/10.17882/95414, Metzl et al., 2023) that offers a direct use for regional or global purposes, e.g. AT/Salinity relationships, long-term CT estimates, constraint and validation of diagnostics CT-AT reconstructed fields or ocean carbon and coupled climate/carbon models simulations, as well as data derived from BG-ARGO floats. When associated with other properties, these data can also be used to calculate pH, fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and other carbon systems properties to derive ocean acidification rates or air-sea CO2 fluxes.

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    Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2...
    Preprint . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Z. Shao; Y. Xu; H. Wang; W. Luo; +97 Authors

    Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas into bioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, the first version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) was published. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2), significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from 13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH gene copy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2 fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximately follow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However, version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of the distribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixation rates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 and version 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1 ; ranges based on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmetic means, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1(mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1 (74 ± 7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases are estimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics, and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40 ± 9 versus 10 ±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in the Indian Ocean to be 35 ± 14 Tg N yr−1,which could not be estimated using version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparison of N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods at the same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional 15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared to the new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated version of the database can facilitate future studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The database is stored at the Figshare repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21677687; Shao et al., 2022). Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Panaïotis, Thelma; Babin, Marcel; Biard, Tristan; Carlotti, François; +12 Authors

    AbstractAimThe distribution of mesoplankton communities has been poorly studied at global scale, especially from in situ instruments. This study aims to (1) describe the global distribution of mesoplankton communities in relation to their environment and (2) assess the ability of various environmental‐based ocean regionalizations to explain the distribution of these communities.LocationGlobal ocean, 0–500 m depth.Time Period2008–2019.Major Taxa StudiedTwenty‐eight groups of large mesoplanktonic and macroplanktonic organisms, covering Metazoa, Rhizaria and Cyanobacteria.MethodsFrom a global data set of 2500 vertical profiles making use of the Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5), an in situ imaging instrument, we studied the global distribution of large (>600 μm) mesoplanktonic organisms. Among the 6.8 million imaged objects, 330,000 were large zooplanktonic organisms and phytoplankton colonies, the rest consisting of marine snow particles. Multivariate ordination (PCA) and clustering were used to describe patterns in community composition, while comparison with existing regionalizations was performed with regression methods (RDA).ResultsWithin the observed size range, epipelagic plankton communities were Trichodesmium‐enriched in the intertropical Atlantic, Copepoda‐enriched at high latitudes and in upwelling areas, and Rhizaria‐enriched in oligotrophic areas. In the mesopelagic layer, Copepoda‐enriched communities were also found at high latitudes and in the Atlantic Ocean, while Rhizaria‐enriched communities prevailed in the Peruvian upwelling system and a few mixed communities were found elsewhere. The comparison between the distribution of these communities and a set of existing regionalizations of the ocean suggested that the structure of plankton communities described above is mostly driven by basin‐level environmental conditions.Main ConclusionsIn both layers, three types of plankton communities emerged and seemed to be mostly driven by regional environmental conditions. This work sheds light on the role not only of metazoans, but also of unexpected large protists and cyanobacteria in structuring large mesoplankton communities.

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    Authors: Rubbens, Peter; Brodie, Stephanie; Cordier, Tristan; Destro Barcellos, Diogo; +35 Authors

    Machine learning covers a large set of algorithms that can be trained to identify patterns in data. Thanks to the increase in the amount of data and computing power available, it has become pervasive across scientific disciplines. We first highlight why machine learning is needed in marine ecology. Then we provide a quick primer on machine learning techniques and vocabulary. We built a database of ∼1000 publications that implement such techniques to analyse marine ecology data. For various data types (images, optical spectra, acoustics, omics, geolocations, biogeochemical profiles, and satellite imagery), we present a historical perspective on applications that proved influential, can serve as templates for new work, or represent the diversity of approaches. Then, we illustrate how machine learning can be used to better understand ecological systems, by combining various sources of marine data. Through this coverage of the literature, we demonstrate an increase in the proportion of marine ecology studies that use machine learning, the pervasiveness of images as a data source, the dominance of machine learning for classification-type problems, and a shift towards deep learning for all data types. This overview is meant to guide researchers who wish to apply machine learning methods to their marine datasets. Machine learning in marine ecology: an overview of techniques and applications

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    OceanRep
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: OceanRep
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    Lille Open Archive
    Review . 2023
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    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2023
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    Brage IMR
    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL AMU
    Article . 2023
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      OceanRep
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: OceanRep
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      Lille Open Archive
      Review . 2023
      Data sources: Lille Open Archive
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      Research@WUR
      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
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      Brage IMR
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: Brage IMR
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL AMU
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Oliver W. Moore; Lisa Curti; Clare Woulds; James A. Bradley; +10 Authors

    AbstractThe balance between degradation and preservation of sedimentary organic carbon (OC) is important for global carbon and oxygen cycles1. The relative importance of different mechanisms and environmental conditions contributing to marine sedimentary OC preservation, however, remains unclear2–8. Simple organic molecules can be geopolymerized into recalcitrant forms by means of the Maillard reaction5, although reaction kinetics at marine sedimentary temperatures are thought to be slow9,10. More recent work in terrestrial systems suggests that the reaction can be catalysed by manganese minerals11–13, but the potential for the promotion of geopolymerized OC formation at marine sedimentary temperatures is uncertain. Here we present incubation experiments and find that iron and manganese ions and minerals abiotically catalyse the Maillard reaction by up to two orders of magnitude at temperatures relevant to continental margins where most preservation occurs4. Furthermore, the chemical signature of the reaction products closely resembles dissolved and total OC found in continental margin sediments globally. With the aid of a pore-water model14, we estimate that iron- and manganese-catalysed transformation of simple organic molecules into complex macromolecules might generate on the order of approximately 4.1 Tg C yr−1 for preservation in marine sediments. In the context of perhaps only about 63 Tg C yr−1 variation in sedimentary organic preservation over the past 300 million years6, we propose that variable iron and manganese inputs to the ocean could exert a substantial but hitherto unexplored impact on global OC preservation over geological time.

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    HAL AMU
    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023
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