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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Engström Apelmo, Sally;

    Shimmer, Tangle, Deep, Dark, Wet is an exploration of the possibilities of the publication, the underwater world, editorial work and an investigation in different materials. The work includes among other things, a professional mermaid, a marine geologist, three underwater rugby players, and a poem about the waves in the Persian Gulf. Skimmer, trassel, djupt, mörkt, blött är ett utforskande av publikationens möjligheter, världen under vatten, redaktionellt arbete och ett experimenterande med olika material. Arbetet innehåller bland annat en professionell sjöjungfru, en maringeolog, tre undervattensrugbyspelare och en dikt om vågorna i persiska viken.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Nordström, Hanna;

    Under det senaste decenniet har forskningen om mikroplastföroreningar fått stor uppmärksamhet, men det finns fortfarande få undersökningar om mikroplastens förekomst i sötvattensfisk. Även om möjliga vägar har undersökts, är forskning på passiv överföring via intag av bytesdjur och eventuell bioackumulering i olika organ fortfarande relativt outforskat. Syftet med det arbete som presenteras här var att undersöka förekomsten av mikroplaster i öring (Salmo trutta) och dess huvudsakliga bytesdjur europeisk nors (Osmerus eperlanus) från Vänern, Sverige. Vidare var mitt mål att undersöka om det fanns mikroplaster i olika organ som mage, lever, hjärta och tarm. Öring samlades in av sportfiskare vid olika sportfisketävlingar i Vänern. Alla dissekerade organ behandlades med väteperoxid (H2O2) och partiklar analyserades och identifierades med hjälp av Fourier transform infraröd spektroskopi (FTIR). Mikroplaster hittades i 94 % av öringarna, där 43% kom från tarmen, 41% från magsäcken och 16% från mag- och tarmkanalen hos nors. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i mikroplastmängden mellan organen. Inga mikroplaster hittades i lever eller hjärta hos öring. Fibrer var den vanligaste formen (95%) och svart den vanligaste färgen (44%). De vanligaste polymertyperna var neopren, klorsulfonerad polyeten och hydrerat nitrilgummi. Den minsta analyserade partikeln var 100 m medan den största var 4,9 mm. Sammanfattningsvis bekräftar min studie förekomsten av mikroplaster i öring och dess huvudsakliga föda från Vänern, Sverige. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på bytesfiskar och olika organ för att ge en bättre förståelse för trofisk överföring inom den akvatiska näringsväven, såsom möjlig bioackumulering. Over the past decade, research on microplastic pollution has gained significant attention. Research regarding microplastic occurrence in freshwater fish, however is still scarce. While possible pathways have been investigated, passive transfer via ingestion of prey, and possible bioaccumulation in different organs remains relatively unstudied. The scope of the work presented here was to examine microplastic occurrence in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and its main prey European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) from Lake Vänern, Sweden. Further, my aim was to investigate for microplastics different organs such as stomach, liver, heart and intestine. Brown trout were collected by sport fishermen at sport fishing contests in Lake Vänern. All dissected organs were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and particles were analysed and identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Microplastics were found in 94% of brown trout with 43% coming from the intestine, 41% from the stomach and 16% from the gastrointestinal tract of smelt. There was a significant difference in microplastic abundance between organs. No microplastics were fund in the liver or heart of brown trout. Fibres were the most abundant shape (95%) and black the most occurring colour (44%). The most abundant polymer types were neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene and hydrogenated nitrile rubber and the smallest analysed particle was 100 m while the largest was 4.9 mm. In conclusion, my study confirmed the presence of microplastics in brown trout and its main prey from Lake Vänern, Sweden. Future research should focus on prey fish and different organs to give a better understanding of trophic transfer within the aquatic food web, and its possible bioaccumulation.

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    Authors: Rönnqvist, Kim;

    The complex environments that the archipelago provides, alongside the technical developments of drones, create a new form of threat. The Visby class corvette is a complex platform that can fulfil many different tasks both above and below the surface. This thesis will look closer at its surface-to-air defense system, and capability to defend against drones. Some of the drones that are used in the Russo-Ukrainian war, are Switchblade 300, 600 and Shahed-136. The thesis aims to investigate these drones and what threat they may pose against a Visby Corvette, to see if the ship’s protection is sufficient. The ship has good self-protection against incoming threats from the air, but due to the location of the weapon systems on the ship, there is a limitation in obtaining full protection. The protection can also be hampered by the complex environment that the archipelago entails. A drone can exploit this limitation of self-protection and obtain the possibility of damaging the sensors of the ship that are relatively unprotected. This means that the ship cannot fully solve the assigned tasks due to its need for repairs. In conclusion, to prevent this, four different actions can be taken. Avoid narrow straits, if possible. Ask external units for escort. Install a weapon station in the stern to increase self-protection and provide the vessel with signal interference technology. I en komplex miljö som skärgårdar väntar en del utmaningar. Detta tillsammans med den teknik som finns idag inom UAV området skapar nya hotbilder. Ett av fartygen som den svenska flottan använder är Visbykorvetten, som är ett komplext system med kompetent förmåga som ska kunna lösa många uppgifter. Rapporten avser att analysera vilket hot som drönare kan utgöra mot Visbykorvetten. Några UAV som används i kriget i Ukraina är Switchblade 300, 600 och Shahed-136. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka dessa UAV och vilket hot de kan utgöra mot en Visbykorvett, i syfte för att se om korvettens skydd är tillräckligt. Fartyget har ett bra egenskydd mot ankommande hot från luften, dock på grund av vapensystemens placering på fartyget uppstår en begränsning i möjligheterna att erhålla ett eget skydd runt hela fartyget. Detta kan även försvåras av den komplexa miljö som skärgården medför. Begränsningen i egenskyddet bedöms en UAV kunna nyttja och på så sätt få möjligheten att skada fartygets sensorer som sitter relativt oskyddade. Vilket medför att fartyget inte fullt ut kan lösa tilldelade uppgifter utan är behov av att repareras. För att undvika detta kan fyra olika åtgärder vidtas. Undvika trånga sund om det är möjligt, fråga externa marina förband om eskortmöjligheter, eller installera vapenstation på akterdäck för att öka egenskyddet, och ge fartyget signalstörningsförmåga.

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    Authors: Hallberg, Oscar;

    Dagliga efterfrågan av elektricitet tillgodoses genom daglig korttidsreglering avvattenkraftverk där vatten flödar genom turbinerna. Korttidsreglering är listat somett av de större hoten mot den biologiska mångfalden i floders ekosystem då det ledertill snabba habitatförändringar som ökat djup och flödeshastighet, vilket påverkararterna som lever nedströms. Gullspångsälvens bestånd av öring och lax är hotadeoch utsätts för korttidsreglering som nyttjas i älven. Den här studien undersöktekorttidsregleringens påverkan under sommartid (sommartoppar) i Gullspångsälvenpå tillväxt och överlevnad hos ålder 0 (yngel) och ålder 1 (parr) öring och atlantlax.Studien använde en individbaserad modell (inSTREAM 7.2-SD) för att förutspå hurscenarion med olika toppar påverkar de olika arterna samt åldersgrupperna. Entidigare studies parametrar och kalibrering av modellen för studieområdet användesoch jag ändrade flödestidsserierna för att skapa nya flödestidsserier vilket1inkluderade tre enstaka sommartoppar vid olika datum under sommaren, ettkombinerat sommartoppscenario samt ett scenario utan topp (stadigt flöde).Analysen fokuserade på kvalitativa mönster bland populationernas respons till deolika flödestoppscenarion. 0-laxens tillväxt och överlevnad var negativt påverkad avalla flödestoppscenarion i jämförelse med det stadiga flödesscenariot, där detkombinerade flödesscenariot resulterade i en värsta påverkan. 0-öringens överlevnadvar antingen opåverkad (Scenario 1 & 2) eller negativt påverkad (Scenario 3) avenstaka flödestoppar samt också värst påverkad av det kombinerade flödesscenariot ijämförelse med det stadiga flödet. Överlevnaden hos ålder 1 av båda arter blevpositivt påverkad av det kombinerade flödescenariot men var antingen opåverkad(Scenario 1 & 2) eller negativt påverkad (Scenario 3) av de enstaka flödestopparnajämfört med det stadiga flödet. Tillväxten hos ålder 1 av båda arter följde ett liknandemönster där störst tillväxt uppmättes i det kombinerade scenariot och den lägstatillväxten i det stadiga flödesscenariot. Studiens resultat kan bidra tillförvaltningsbeslut gällande älvar när det kommer till utformningen av flödestoppar,beroende på vilka förvaltningsmål som finns för arter och dess livscykelstadium. Daily demands for electrical power are met through sub-daily release of turbined water in the form of hydropeaking. Hydropeaking’s changes to stream flow are listed as a threat to biodiversity in river ecosystems as it causes rapid habitat alteration such as increased depth and velocity, affecting the species living downstream. The brown trout and landlocked salmon populations in Gullspång River, Sweden, are threatened and subjects to the hydropeaking regime. This study investigated the effects of hydropeaking in summertime (summer peaks) in Gullspång River on growth and survival of age 0 (fry) and age 1 (parr) brown trout and Atlantic salmon. The study used an individual-based model (inSTREAM 7.2-SD) to predict how different peak scenarios would affect the different species and age groups. A previous study’s parameters and model calibration for the study area were used, and I manipulated the flow time-series to create new flow time-series including three single peaking scenarios on different dates during summer, one multiple summer peak scenario as well as a no-peak (steady flow) scenario. The analysis focused on qualitative patterns in how the populations responded to the various flow scenarios. Age 0 salmon’s growth and survival were negatively affected by all peaking scenarios in comparison to the steady flow scenario, with the combined peaking scenario having the worst effect. Age 0 trout survival was either unaffected by single peaking (Scenario 1 & 2) or negatively affected (Scenario 3) and was also worst affected by the combined peaks compared to steady flow. Age 1 survival of both species was positively affected by the combined peaking but either unaffected (Scenario 1 & 2) or negatively (Scenario 3) affected by single peaks compared to the steady flow scenario. Age 1 growth followed a similar trend with highest growth rate in the combined peaks scenario and the lowest in the steady flow for both species. Results of the study may contribute to river management decisions regarding choice of peaking period depending on management goals regarding target species and life cycle stage.

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    Authors: Lundin, Ellen; Liljenberg, Lovisa;

    The Swedish national plan for reapproval of hydropower describes that hydropower plants (HPPs) are required to be reassessed to ensure that modern environmental conditions are set for the permits. Since dams and HPPs create barriers for migrating fish and consequently disfavor biological diversity, one consequence of the national plan is that fishways are being constructed. This, in combination with an old, unfinished approval procedure from the 1960’s, resulted in the construction of three up- and downstream fishways in Mora municipality, at the HPPs in Spjutmo, Blyberg and Väsa. To fulfill requirements in regard to the fishway’s incline and safety, but at the same time minimize the need of space, the fishways have new, innovative and not yet tested design features. One of these features is the “parking garage” layout of the upstream fishway. Despite these features, the fishways take up a large amount of space and thus require large amounts of blasting, excavation and materials such as concrete and steel parts. These are climate impact influence intensive procedures and materials, but the construction has so far not been evaluated from a climate impact perspective. This, in combination with a lack of studies on the climate impact of fishways, has resulted in this project.The aim of this project was to examine the climate impact caused by the fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg, to identify what affects the total climate impact as well as providing measures that could reduce the climate impact for future similar fishways. To provide an extensive overview of the climate impact that the fishways cause during their entire lifetime, the method life cycle analysis (LCA) was used. The construction of the fishways at Väsa HPP starts later than for Spjutmo and Blyberg, and therefore Väsa is excluded from the scope due to the lack of required information.The fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg have the same design features, but the material consumptions differ due to their differences in head. Spjutmo’s head is 21,4 meter and Blyberg’s is 11 meter. A larger head generally results in a longer fishway which in turn results in a more material consuming construction. This resulted in the total life cycle climate impact being twice as big for Spjutmo as for Blyberg, 2 807 tonne CO2-eq respectively 1 361 tonne CO2-eq. The resource extraction is the LCA- phase that contributes the most. Concrete and its reinforcement have the biggest share of that impact, followed by mechanical parts and other steel products, road construction process in Spjutmo and the excavation process in Blyberg. Based on this result, it can be concluded that the materials and components contribute more to the fishways’ total climate impact, rather than processes. Roughly 80 % of the total climate impact origins from the upstream fishway, while the rest either stems from the downstream fishway or others. Sensitivity analyses include the climate impact caused by the fishways using some water that otherwise could have been used to generate electricity from, and the result indicates that all examined alternative energy sources would result in larger climate impact compared to if the electricity was generated by hydropower.One of the result’s uncertainties is that the fishways were under construction while this project was performed. Therefore some assumptions was made to compensate for lack of data. For example, the future electricity consumption was scaled up based off the then used electricity data. However, even if some amounts of required materials and processes changed as time went by, the changes did not make a significant difference from the bigger perspective. Sensitivity analyses that examined the climate impact of a delay in the construction also showed that the processes that are most likely to continue turned out to have a relatively small climate impact. Thus, this issue might not be as problematic as initially thought.Although the result is presented in total values, the result is also provided per a functional unit (FU) level in accordance with traditional LCA methodology. This was to facilitate a comparison for future LCAs on other fishways. The FU in this project was decided to be “One meter head for a technical, stationary, up- and downstream fishway in connection to a medium or large run-of-river hydropower plant in a cold tempered climate zone”. For future studies, LCAs on different types of fishways using the proposed FU is recommended.

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    Authors: Koizumi, Shuntaro;

    Climate change represents a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems, with an increase in lake temperatures already observed that is expected to continue in the near future. Aside from the direct effects of warming, climate change is also partially responsible for the browning of lakes. Browning is an ongoing phenomenon related to the increased export of terrestrial dissolved organic matter into lakes. With ongoing climate changes, lakes are becoming warmer and browner. This has major impacts on the food web dynamics of these systems. Many studies have previously examined the effects of warming and browning on consumer responses, mainly through spatial surveys. However, a mechanistic understanding of how consumers in the food web will respond to simultaneously occurring warming and browning remains poorly understood. Using two large-scale ecosystem experiments, I studied the effects of warming and browning on consumer growth, size-structure, and population responses, and the potential mechanisms that dictate the emergent responses. In general, warming led to reduced consumer biomass and size structure, whilst browning led to an increase. Specifically, warming reduced intermediate consumer biomass and fish top consumer abundance, biomass and size structure, while browning either led to little to no changes in intermediate consumers, but increased fish top consumer abundance, biomass, and production. However, these responses were determined by food-web structure, interactions, and context-dependent mechanisms. This thesis advances our understanding of the mechanisms that drive changes in consumer responses to warming and browning and provides a better understanding of how ongoing climate may affect the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems.

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    Authors: Alexandroff, Ronja; Drugge, Paulina;

    Detta kandidatexamensarbete har gjorts som en Minor Field Study (MFS) på Malolo LailaiIsland, Fiji. Arbetet har blivit finansierat av Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete(SIDA). Arbetet skrevs under våren 2023 på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) iStockholm och projektet är grundat och utfört tillsammans med organisationen Corals forConservation (C4C), beläget i Fiji. Hälsan hos korallrev runt om i världen försämras allt mer på grund av flera olika antropogenastressfaktorer såsom exempelvis klimatförändringar. Detta har påverkat reven runt om Fijinegativt på grund av ökade havstemperaturer som resulterar i att koraller bleks. Flertaletåtgärder har utförts för att restaurera de korallrev som degraderats där utplantering ochövervakning av koraller är ett exempel. När förhållandena i haven ändras blir korallernaalltmer utsatta för såväl ökade temperaturer som ökad mängd predatorer och sjukdomar. Medtanke på denna bakgrund har detta projekt skapats för att se om utplacering av koraller inutieller nära ett territorium av Damselfish (Stegastes nigricans) utgör någon skillnad förkorallers överlevnadschans. Resultaten har visat att koraller som blir planterade utanförDamselfish-territoriet löper större risk att påträffa både predatorer och betare vilket leder tillatt dess levnadschanser minskar. Slutsatsen som drogs var därför att utplantering av korallerinuti ett Damselfish-territorium ökar korallernas chanser för överlevnad. This bachelor thesis was executed as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Malolo Lailai Island, Fiji.The Minor Field Study was funded by the state agency Swedish International DevelopmentCooperation Agency (SIDA). The thesis was written during the spring of 2023 at the RoyalInstitute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm and the project was created and executedtogether with the organisation Corals for Conservation (C4C) located in Fiji. Coral reefs around the world are degraded due to many different anthropogenic stressors,where climate change is a major one. This has affected the reefs in Fiji as sea temperaturesare rising which is causing corals to bleach. Efforts are being made to restore the reefs whichincludes outplanting and monitoring corals in degraded reefs. As conditions in the seaschange, corals are increasingly exposed to predators and disease. Against this backgroundthis project was created in order to see if outplanting corals inside or close to a Damselfish(Stegastes nigricans) territory makes any difference to the survival rate of the corals. Theresults show that corals outplanted outside of a Damselfish territory has a higher risk ofexposure to predators as well as foragers which leads to a lower survival rate. The conclusionthat was made was that planting corals inside of a Damselfish territory therefore increases thechances of corals surviving.

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    Authors: Lind, Tobias;

    The purpose of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to control fish that migrate during spawning season with the help of an electric barrier. The results aim to increase knowledge about electric barriers as the method so far is scarcely used in Sweden. Examples of situations where the method could be useful are when monitoring restoration measures of wetlands and when controlling fish at hydropower plants. This study was conducted in Harrbäcken, where fish migrate during spring to spawn. The fish migrate up through Harrbäcken, partly to spawn in the stream itself and partly to spawn in Sladaviken just upstream. Attempts to control the fish with an electric barrier were carried out and data were collected via recordings from three different fish counters. The results showed that the electric barrier did not impede fish spawning migration, although this result was not entirely convincing. Furthermore, the electric barrier influenced which fish counter the fish chose. Finally, the result show that the electric barrier influenced which fish counter larger roach (Rutilus rutilus) chose. Larger roach chose to swim beside the electric barrier when it was turned on and through the electric barrier when it was turned off. Although this study contributes to an increased understanding, more studies within the subject are desirable.

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    Authors: Hoang, Michael;

    As environmental impact and environmental emissions are an important part of today's society, due to climate change, high demands are placed on material selection, how the product is recycled and how the product is remanufactured. Remanufacturing is by definition to manufacture an old product into a new product Remanufacturing is an important process to get a sustainable life in the industries, this is because of the increased consumption of products and technique that are thrown away near the products end-of-life. Remanufacturing is a process applied to a product or a part near its end-of-life to transform a used product to a like-new product. At present, remanufacturing is a process that is not used as much in the marine world as other transportation industries, such as automotive and rail. At present, the remanufacturing process is only applying on smaller structures such as engines, propeller shafts, compressors and pumps. This project work aimed to investigate the effects of implementing remanufacturing into Onmar products. In order to study how remanufacturing affects a company, an analysis was carried out on the company's Rail actuator to study the effects of implementing remanufacturing into the product. Since there are high demands on how the product is designed, an analysis was carried out on how the rail actuator was designed to meet the criteria set. This resulted in two different covers being produced in order to meet the requirements needed to carry out remanufacturing on the product. By implementing remanufacturing on the rail actuator resulted in large savings on energy consumption, material recycling, manufacturing costs, raw materials and carbon dioxide emissions when manufacturing new material.

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    Authors: Bourgade, Barbara; Stensjö, Karin;

    The current economic and environmental context requests an accelerating development of sustainable alternatives for the production of various target compounds. Biological processes offer viable solutions and have gained renewed interest in the recent years. For example, photosynthetic chassis organisms are particularly promising for bioprocesses, as they do not require biomass-derived carbon sources and contribute to atmospheric CO2 fixation, therefore supporting climate change mitigation. Marine cyanobacteria are of particular interest for biotechnology applications, thanks to their rich diversity, their robustness to environmental changes, and their metabolic capabilities with potential for therapeutics and chemicals production without requiring freshwater. The additional cyanobacterial properties, such as efficient photosynthesis, are also highly beneficial for biotechnological processes. Due to their capabilities, research efforts have developed several genetic tools for direct metabolic engineering applications. While progress toward a robust genetic toolkit is continuously achieved, further work is still needed to routinely modify these species and unlock their full potential for industrial applications. In contrast to the understudied marine cyanobacteria, genetic engineering and synthetic biology in freshwater cyanobacteria are currently more advanced with a variety of tools already optimized. This mini-review will explore the opportunities provided by marine cyanobacteria for a greener future. A short discussion will cover the advances and challenges regarding genetic engineering and synthetic biology in marine cyanobacteria, followed by a parallel with freshwater cyanobacteria and their current genetic availability to guide the prospect for marine species.

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    Authors: Engström Apelmo, Sally;

    Shimmer, Tangle, Deep, Dark, Wet is an exploration of the possibilities of the publication, the underwater world, editorial work and an investigation in different materials. The work includes among other things, a professional mermaid, a marine geologist, three underwater rugby players, and a poem about the waves in the Persian Gulf. Skimmer, trassel, djupt, mörkt, blött är ett utforskande av publikationens möjligheter, världen under vatten, redaktionellt arbete och ett experimenterande med olika material. Arbetet innehåller bland annat en professionell sjöjungfru, en maringeolog, tre undervattensrugbyspelare och en dikt om vågorna i persiska viken.

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    Authors: Nordström, Hanna;

    Under det senaste decenniet har forskningen om mikroplastföroreningar fått stor uppmärksamhet, men det finns fortfarande få undersökningar om mikroplastens förekomst i sötvattensfisk. Även om möjliga vägar har undersökts, är forskning på passiv överföring via intag av bytesdjur och eventuell bioackumulering i olika organ fortfarande relativt outforskat. Syftet med det arbete som presenteras här var att undersöka förekomsten av mikroplaster i öring (Salmo trutta) och dess huvudsakliga bytesdjur europeisk nors (Osmerus eperlanus) från Vänern, Sverige. Vidare var mitt mål att undersöka om det fanns mikroplaster i olika organ som mage, lever, hjärta och tarm. Öring samlades in av sportfiskare vid olika sportfisketävlingar i Vänern. Alla dissekerade organ behandlades med väteperoxid (H2O2) och partiklar analyserades och identifierades med hjälp av Fourier transform infraröd spektroskopi (FTIR). Mikroplaster hittades i 94 % av öringarna, där 43% kom från tarmen, 41% från magsäcken och 16% från mag- och tarmkanalen hos nors. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i mikroplastmängden mellan organen. Inga mikroplaster hittades i lever eller hjärta hos öring. Fibrer var den vanligaste formen (95%) och svart den vanligaste färgen (44%). De vanligaste polymertyperna var neopren, klorsulfonerad polyeten och hydrerat nitrilgummi. Den minsta analyserade partikeln var 100 m medan den största var 4,9 mm. Sammanfattningsvis bekräftar min studie förekomsten av mikroplaster i öring och dess huvudsakliga föda från Vänern, Sverige. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på bytesfiskar och olika organ för att ge en bättre förståelse för trofisk överföring inom den akvatiska näringsväven, såsom möjlig bioackumulering. Over the past decade, research on microplastic pollution has gained significant attention. Research regarding microplastic occurrence in freshwater fish, however is still scarce. While possible pathways have been investigated, passive transfer via ingestion of prey, and possible bioaccumulation in different organs remains relatively unstudied. The scope of the work presented here was to examine microplastic occurrence in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and its main prey European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) from Lake Vänern, Sweden. Further, my aim was to investigate for microplastics different organs such as stomach, liver, heart and intestine. Brown trout were collected by sport fishermen at sport fishing contests in Lake Vänern. All dissected organs were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and particles were analysed and identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Microplastics were found in 94% of brown trout with 43% coming from the intestine, 41% from the stomach and 16% from the gastrointestinal tract of smelt. There was a significant difference in microplastic abundance between organs. No microplastics were fund in the liver or heart of brown trout. Fibres were the most abundant shape (95%) and black the most occurring colour (44%). The most abundant polymer types were neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene and hydrogenated nitrile rubber and the smallest analysed particle was 100 m while the largest was 4.9 mm. In conclusion, my study confirmed the presence of microplastics in brown trout and its main prey from Lake Vänern, Sweden. Future research should focus on prey fish and different organs to give a better understanding of trophic transfer within the aquatic food web, and its possible bioaccumulation.

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    Authors: Rönnqvist, Kim;

    The complex environments that the archipelago provides, alongside the technical developments of drones, create a new form of threat. The Visby class corvette is a complex platform that can fulfil many different tasks both above and below the surface. This thesis will look closer at its surface-to-air defense system, and capability to defend against drones. Some of the drones that are used in the Russo-Ukrainian war, are Switchblade 300, 600 and Shahed-136. The thesis aims to investigate these drones and what threat they may pose against a Visby Corvette, to see if the ship’s protection is sufficient. The ship has good self-protection against incoming threats from the air, but due to the location of the weapon systems on the ship, there is a limitation in obtaining full protection. The protection can also be hampered by the complex environment that the archipelago entails. A drone can exploit this limitation of self-protection and obtain the possibility of damaging the sensors of the ship that are relatively unprotected. This means that the ship cannot fully solve the assigned tasks due to its need for repairs. In conclusion, to prevent this, four different actions can be taken. Avoid narrow straits, if possible. Ask external units for escort. Install a weapon station in the stern to increase self-protection and provide the vessel with signal interference technology. I en komplex miljö som skärgårdar väntar en del utmaningar. Detta tillsammans med den teknik som finns idag inom UAV området skapar nya hotbilder. Ett av fartygen som den svenska flottan använder är Visbykorvetten, som är ett komplext system med kompetent förmåga som ska kunna lösa många uppgifter. Rapporten avser att analysera vilket hot som drönare kan utgöra mot Visbykorvetten. Några UAV som används i kriget i Ukraina är Switchblade 300, 600 och Shahed-136. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka dessa UAV och vilket hot de kan utgöra mot en Visbykorvett, i syfte för att se om korvettens skydd är tillräckligt. Fartyget har ett bra egenskydd mot ankommande hot från luften, dock på grund av vapensystemens placering på fartyget uppstår en begränsning i möjligheterna att erhålla ett eget skydd runt hela fartyget. Detta kan även försvåras av den komplexa miljö som skärgården medför. Begränsningen i egenskyddet bedöms en UAV kunna nyttja och på så sätt få möjligheten att skada fartygets sensorer som sitter relativt oskyddade. Vilket medför att fartyget inte fullt ut kan lösa tilldelade uppgifter utan är behov av att repareras. För att undvika detta kan fyra olika åtgärder vidtas. Undvika trånga sund om det är möjligt, fråga externa marina förband om eskortmöjligheter, eller installera vapenstation på akterdäck för att öka egenskyddet, och ge fartyget signalstörningsförmåga.

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    Authors: Hallberg, Oscar;

    Dagliga efterfrågan av elektricitet tillgodoses genom daglig korttidsreglering avvattenkraftverk där vatten flödar genom turbinerna. Korttidsreglering är listat somett av de större hoten mot den biologiska mångfalden i floders ekosystem då det ledertill snabba habitatförändringar som ökat djup och flödeshastighet, vilket påverkararterna som lever nedströms. Gullspångsälvens bestånd av öring och lax är hotadeoch utsätts för korttidsreglering som nyttjas i älven. Den här studien undersöktekorttidsregleringens påverkan under sommartid (sommartoppar) i Gullspångsälvenpå tillväxt och överlevnad hos ålder 0 (yngel) och ålder 1 (parr) öring och atlantlax.Studien använde en individbaserad modell (inSTREAM 7.2-SD) för att förutspå hurscenarion med olika toppar påverkar de olika arterna samt åldersgrupperna. Entidigare studies parametrar och kalibrering av modellen för studieområdet användesoch jag ändrade flödestidsserierna för att skapa nya flödestidsserier vilket1inkluderade tre enstaka sommartoppar vid olika datum under sommaren, ettkombinerat sommartoppscenario samt ett scenario utan topp (stadigt flöde).Analysen fokuserade på kvalitativa mönster bland populationernas respons till deolika flödestoppscenarion. 0-laxens tillväxt och överlevnad var negativt påverkad avalla flödestoppscenarion i jämförelse med det stadiga flödesscenariot, där detkombinerade flödesscenariot resulterade i en värsta påverkan. 0-öringens överlevnadvar antingen opåverkad (Scenario 1 & 2) eller negativt påverkad (Scenario 3) avenstaka flödestoppar samt också värst påverkad av det kombinerade flödesscenariot ijämförelse med det stadiga flödet. Överlevnaden hos ålder 1 av båda arter blevpositivt påverkad av det kombinerade flödescenariot men var antingen opåverkad(Scenario 1 & 2) eller negativt påverkad (Scenario 3) av de enstaka flödestopparnajämfört med det stadiga flödet. Tillväxten hos ålder 1 av båda arter följde ett liknandemönster där störst tillväxt uppmättes i det kombinerade scenariot och den lägstatillväxten i det stadiga flödesscenariot. Studiens resultat kan bidra tillförvaltningsbeslut gällande älvar när det kommer till utformningen av flödestoppar,beroende på vilka förvaltningsmål som finns för arter och dess livscykelstadium. Daily demands for electrical power are met through sub-daily release of turbined water in the form of hydropeaking. Hydropeaking’s changes to stream flow are listed as a threat to biodiversity in river ecosystems as it causes rapid habitat alteration such as increased depth and velocity, affecting the species living downstream. The brown trout and landlocked salmon populations in Gullspång River, Sweden, are threatened and subjects to the hydropeaking regime. This study investigated the effects of hydropeaking in summertime (summer peaks) in Gullspång River on growth and survival of age 0 (fry) and age 1 (parr) brown trout and Atlantic salmon. The study used an individual-based model (inSTREAM 7.2-SD) to predict how different peak scenarios would affect the different species and age groups. A previous study’s parameters and model calibration for the study area were used, and I manipulated the flow time-series to create new flow time-series including three single peaking scenarios on different dates during summer, one multiple summer peak scenario as well as a no-peak (steady flow) scenario. The analysis focused on qualitative patterns in how the populations responded to the various flow scenarios. Age 0 salmon’s growth and survival were negatively affected by all peaking scenarios in comparison to the steady flow scenario, with the combined peaking scenario having the worst effect. Age 0 trout survival was either unaffected by single peaking (Scenario 1 & 2) or negatively affected (Scenario 3) and was also worst affected by the combined peaks compared to steady flow. Age 1 survival of both species was positively affected by the combined peaking but either unaffected (Scenario 1 & 2) or negatively (Scenario 3) affected by single peaks compared to the steady flow scenario. Age 1 growth followed a similar trend with highest growth rate in the combined peaks scenario and the lowest in the steady flow for both species. Results of the study may contribute to river management decisions regarding choice of peaking period depending on management goals regarding target species and life cycle stage.

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    Authors: Lundin, Ellen; Liljenberg, Lovisa;

    The Swedish national plan for reapproval of hydropower describes that hydropower plants (HPPs) are required to be reassessed to ensure that modern environmental conditions are set for the permits. Since dams and HPPs create barriers for migrating fish and consequently disfavor biological diversity, one consequence of the national plan is that fishways are being constructed. This, in combination with an old, unfinished approval procedure from the 1960’s, resulted in the construction of three up- and downstream fishways in Mora municipality, at the HPPs in Spjutmo, Blyberg and Väsa. To fulfill requirements in regard to the fishway’s incline and safety, but at the same time minimize the need of space, the fishways have new, innovative and not yet tested design features. One of these features is the “parking garage” layout of the upstream fishway. Despite these features, the fishways take up a large amount of space and thus require large amounts of blasting, excavation and materials such as concrete and steel parts. These are climate impact influence intensive procedures and materials, but the construction has so far not been evaluated from a climate impact perspective. This, in combination with a lack of studies on the climate impact of fishways, has resulted in this project.The aim of this project was to examine the climate impact caused by the fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg, to identify what affects the total climate impact as well as providing measures that could reduce the climate impact for future similar fishways. To provide an extensive overview of the climate impact that the fishways cause during their entire lifetime, the method life cycle analysis (LCA) was used. The construction of the fishways at Väsa HPP starts later than for Spjutmo and Blyberg, and therefore Väsa is excluded from the scope due to the lack of required information.The fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg have the same design features, but the material consumptions differ due to their differences in head. Spjutmo’s head is 21,4 meter and Blyberg’s is 11 meter. A larger head generally results in a longer fishway which in turn results in a more material consuming construction. This resulted in the total life cycle climate impact being twice as big for Spjutmo as for Blyberg, 2 807 tonne CO2-eq respectively 1 361 tonne CO2-eq. The resource extraction is the LCA- phase that contributes the most. Concrete and its reinforcement have the biggest share of that impact, followed by mechanical parts and other steel products, road construction process in Spjutmo and the excavation process in Blyberg. Based on this result, it can be concluded that the materials and components contribute more to the fishways’ total climate impact, rather than processes. Roughly 80 % of the total climate impact origins from the upstream fishway, while the rest either stems from the downstream fishway or others. Sensitivity analyses include the climate impact caused by the fishways using some water that otherwise could have been used to generate electricity from, and the result indicates that all examined alternative energy sources would result in larger climate impact compared to if the electricity was generated by hydropower.One of the result’s uncertainties is that the fishways were under construction while this project was performed. Therefore some assumptions was made to compensate for lack of data. For example, the future electricity consumption was scaled up based off the then used electricity data. However, even if some amounts of required materials and processes changed as time went by, the changes did not make a significant difference from the bigger perspective. Sensitivity analyses that examined the climate impact of a delay in the construction also showed that the processes that are most likely to continue turned out to have a relatively small climate impact. Thus, this issue might not be as problematic as initially thought.Although the result is presented in total values, the result is also provided per a functional unit (FU) level in accordance with traditional LCA methodology. This was to facilitate a comparison for future LCAs on other fishways. The FU in this project was decided to be “One meter head for a technical, stationary, up- and downstream fishway in connection to a medium or large run-of-river hydropower plant in a cold tempered climate zone”. For future studies, LCAs on different types of fishways using the proposed FU is recommended.

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    Authors: Koizumi, Shuntaro;

    Climate change represents a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems, with an increase in lake temperatures already observed that is expected to continue in the near future. Aside from the direct effects of warming, climate change is also partially responsible for the browning of lakes. Browning is an ongoing phenomenon related to the increased export of terrestrial dissolved organic matter into lakes. With ongoing climate changes, lakes are becoming warmer and browner. This has major impacts on the food web dynamics of these systems. Many studies have previously examined the effects of warming and browning on consumer responses, mainly through spatial surveys. However, a mechanistic understanding of how consumers in the food web will respond to simultaneously occurring warming and browning remains poorly understood. Using two large-scale ecosystem experiments, I studied the effects of warming and browning on consumer growth, size-structure, and population responses, and the potential mechanisms that dictate the emergent responses. In general, warming led to reduced consumer biomass and size structure, whilst browning led to an increase. Specifically, warming reduced intermediate consumer biomass and fish top consumer abundance, biomass and size structure, while browning either led to little to no changes in intermediate consumers, but increased fish top consumer abundance, biomass, and production. However, these responses were determined by food-web structure, interactions, and context-dependent mechanisms. This thesis advances our understanding of the mechanisms that drive changes in consumer responses to warming and browning and provides a better understanding of how ongoing climate may affect the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems.

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    Authors: Alexandroff, Ronja; Drugge, Paulina;

    Detta kandidatexamensarbete har gjorts som en Minor Field Study (MFS) på Malolo LailaiIsland, Fiji. Arbetet har blivit finansierat av Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete(SIDA). Arbetet skrevs under våren 2023 på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) iStockholm och projektet är grundat och utfört tillsammans med organisationen Corals forConservation (C4C), beläget i Fiji. Hälsan hos korallrev runt om i världen försämras allt mer på grund av flera olika antropogenastressfaktorer såsom exempelvis klimatförändringar. Detta har påverkat reven runt om Fijinegativt på grund av ökade havstemperaturer som resulterar i att koraller bleks. Flertaletåtgärder har utförts för att restaurera de korallrev som degraderats där utplantering ochövervakning av koraller är ett exempel. När förhållandena i haven ändras blir korallernaalltmer utsatta för såväl ökade temperaturer som ökad mängd predatorer och sjukdomar. Medtanke på denna bakgrund har detta projekt skapats för att se om utplacering av koraller inutieller nära ett territorium av Damselfish (Stegastes nigricans) utgör någon skillnad förkorallers överlevnadschans. Resultaten har visat att koraller som blir planterade utanförDamselfish-territoriet löper större risk att påträffa både predatorer och betare vilket leder tillatt dess levnadschanser minskar. Slutsatsen som drogs var därför att utplantering av korallerinuti ett Damselfish-territorium ökar korallernas chanser för överlevnad. This bachelor thesis was executed as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Malolo Lailai Island, Fiji.The Minor Field Study was funded by the state agency Swedish International DevelopmentCooperation Agency (SIDA). The thesis was written during the spring of 2023 at the RoyalInstitute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm and the project was created and executedtogether with the organisation Corals for Conservation (C4C) located in Fiji. Coral reefs around the world are degraded due to many different anthropogenic stressors,where climate change is a major one. This has affected the reefs in Fiji as sea temperaturesare rising which is causing corals to bleach. Efforts are being made to restore the reefs whichincludes outplanting and monitoring corals in degraded reefs. As conditions in the seaschange, corals are increasingly exposed to predators and disease. Against this backgroundthis project was created in order to see if outplanting corals inside or close to a Damselfish(Stegastes nigricans) territory makes any difference to the survival rate of the corals. Theresults show that corals outplanted outside of a Damselfish territory has a higher risk ofexposure to predators as well as foragers which leads to a lower survival rate. The conclusionthat was made was that planting corals inside of a Damselfish territory therefore increases thechances of corals surviving.

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    Authors: Lind, Tobias;

    The purpose of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to control fish that migrate during spawning season with the help of an electric barrier. The results aim to increase knowledge about electric barriers as the method so far is scarcely used in Sweden. Examples of situations where the method could be useful are when monitoring restoration measures of wetlands and when controlling fish at hydropower plants. This study was conducted in Harrbäcken, where fish migrate during spring to spawn. The fish migrate up through Harrbäcken, partly to spawn in the stream itself and partly to spawn in Sladaviken just upstream. Attempts to control the fish with an electric barrier were carried out and data were collected via recordings from three different fish counters. The results showed that the electric barrier did not impede fish spawning migration, although this result was not entirely convincing. Furthermore, the electric barrier influenced which fish counter the fish chose. Finally, the result show that the electric barrier influenced which fish counter larger roach (Rutilus rutilus) chose. Larger roach chose to swim beside the electric barrier when it was turned on and through the electric barrier when it was turned off. Although this study contributes to an increased understanding, more studies within the subject are desirable.

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    Authors: Hoang, Michael;

    As environmental impact and environmental emissions are an important part of today's society, due to climate change, high demands are placed on material selection, how the product is recycled and how the product is remanufactured. Remanufacturing is by definition to manufacture an old product into a new product Remanufacturing is an important process to get a sustainable life in the industries, this is because of the increased consumption of products and technique that are thrown away near the products end-of-life. Remanufacturing is a process applied to a product or a part near its end-of-life to transform a used product to a like-new product. At present, remanufacturing is a process that is not used as much in the marine world as other transportation industries, such as automotive and rail. At present, the remanufacturing process is only applying on smaller structures such as engines, propeller shafts, compressors and pumps. This project work aimed to investigate the effects of implementing remanufacturing into Onmar products. In order to study how remanufacturing affects a company, an analysis was carried out on the company's Rail actuator to study the effects of implementing remanufacturing into the product. Since there are high demands on how the product is designed, an analysis was carried out on how the rail actuator was designed to meet the criteria set. This resulted in two different covers being produced in order to meet the requirements needed to carry out remanufacturing on the product. By implementing remanufacturing on the rail actuator resulted in large savings on energy consumption, material recycling, manufacturing costs, raw materials and carbon dioxide emissions when manufacturing new material.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bourgade, Barbara; Stensjö, Karin;

    The current economic and environmental context requests an accelerating development of sustainable alternatives for the production of various target compounds. Biological processes offer viable solutions and have gained renewed interest in the recent years. For example, photosynthetic chassis organisms are particularly promising for bioprocesses, as they do not require biomass-derived carbon sources and contribute to atmospheric CO2 fixation, therefore supporting climate change mitigation. Marine cyanobacteria are of particular interest for biotechnology applications, thanks to their rich diversity, their robustness to environmental changes, and their metabolic capabilities with potential for therapeutics and chemicals production without requiring freshwater. The additional cyanobacterial properties, such as efficient photosynthesis, are also highly beneficial for biotechnological processes. Due to their capabilities, research efforts have developed several genetic tools for direct metabolic engineering applications. While progress toward a robust genetic toolkit is continuously achieved, further work is still needed to routinely modify these species and unlock their full potential for industrial applications. In contrast to the understudied marine cyanobacteria, genetic engineering and synthetic biology in freshwater cyanobacteria are currently more advanced with a variety of tools already optimized. This mini-review will explore the opportunities provided by marine cyanobacteria for a greener future. A short discussion will cover the advances and challenges regarding genetic engineering and synthetic biology in marine cyanobacteria, followed by a parallel with freshwater cyanobacteria and their current genetic availability to guide the prospect for marine species.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/