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  • European Marine Science
  • 2013-2022
  • Research data
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  • Transport Research

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gasperi, Johnny; Tramoy, Romain; Dris, Rachid; Blot, Denis; +1 Authors

    Les rivières sont censées être les principales voies de transfert des plastiques des terres vers l'océan (Lebreton et al., 2017 ; Schmidt et al., 2017). Cependant, il existe encore un manque important de connaissances sur la façon dont les déchets fluviaux, y compris les macroplastiques, sont transférés vers l'Océan. Les mesures quantitatives des émissions de macroplastiques dans les rivières suggèrent même qu'une fraction de l'ordre de 0,001 à 3% des déchets plastiques mal gérés (MPW) générés dans un bassin fluvial atteignent finalement la mer (Emmerik et al., 2019 ; Schöneich-Argent et al., 2020 ; Tramoy et al. 2021). Au lieu de cela, les macroplastiques peuvent rester dans le bassin versant et sur les côtes en raison de la dynamique complexe du transport qui retarde le transfert des déchets mal gérés des terres vers l'océan (Olivelli et al., 2020 ; Weideman et al., 2020). Afin de mieux comprendre ces dynamiques, le laboratoire Eau et Environnement et le Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains étudient la dynamique des déchets en Seine et en Loire. Pour les macrodéchets plastiques, l'ensemble des travaux engagés sur la Seine permettent de dresser une première esquisse des flux de déchets plastiques transitant en Seine, captés par les dispositifs urbains et/ou collectés par des opérations de nettoyage. Selon nos estimations, entre 100 et 200 tonnes de déchets plastiques transiteraient chaque année en Seine. A l'échelle de l'agglomération parisienne, et bien que ces valeurs s'accompagnent de fortes incertitudes, les eaux pluviales n'apporteraient qu'une part mineure de ces flux, i.e., entre 8 et 33 tonnes par an. L'étude de la dynamique des débris plastiques montre que le transfert des plastiques est loin d'être linéaire et qu'il est soumis à de nombreux phénomènes physiques à de nombreuses échelles temporelles, i.e. d'échelles courtes allant de quelques heures à quelques jours (marées hautes / basses) à des échelles beaucoup plus longues allant de plusieurs semaines (marées de printemps / creuses et marées les plus hautes) à quelques années (crues). La conséquence de ces interactions est que le transfert des débris est chaotique et qu'une part importante de ces flux peut venir s'échouer sur les berges.

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    Authors: TRAMOY, Romain; GASPERI, Johnny; COLASSE, Laurent; SILVESTRE, Marie; +2 Authors

    Rivers are major pathways of plastics from lands into the Ocean. However, there is still a huge lack of knowledge on how riverine litter, including macroplastics, is transferred into the Ocean. Quantitative measurements of macroplastic emissions in rivers even suggest that a small fraction (0.001 to 3%) of the Mismanaged Plastic Waste (MPW) generated within a river basin finally reach the sea. Instead, macroplastics may remain within the catchment and on coastlines because of complex transport dynamics that delay the transfer of plastic debris. In order to better understand those dynamics, we performed tracking of riverine litter over time. First, hundreds of date-prints items were collected on riverbanks in the Seine estuary. The distribution of their Use-By-Dates suggest that riverine litter may remain stored on riverbanks for decades. Second, we performed real time tracking of floating and sub-floating bottles using GPS-trackers. Between March 2018 and April 2019, 39 trajectories were recorded in the estuary under tidal influence and 11 trajectories upriver, covering a wide range of hydrometeorological conditions. Results show a succession of stranding/remobilization episodes in combination with alternating upstream and downstream transport in the estuary related to tides. In the end, tracked bottles systematically stranded somewhere, for hours to weeks, from one to several times on different sites. The overall picture shows that different hydrometeorological phenomena interact with various time scales ranging from hours/days (high/low tides) to weeks/months (spring/neap tides and highest tides) and years (seasonal river flow, vegetation and geomorphological aspects). Thus, the fate of plastic debris is highly unpredictable with a chaotic-like transfer of plastic debris into the Ocean. The residence time of these debris is much longer than the transit time of water. This offers the opportunity to collect them before they get fragmented and/or reach the Sea.

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    Authors: BEUCLER, Eric; BONNIN, Mickael; DESCHAMPS, Anne; GARLAN, Thierry; +12 Authors
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    Authors: LACROIX, Denis; DAVID, Bernard; LAMBLIN, Véronique; DE MENTHIERE, Nicolas; +7 Authors

    The perception of ocean areas by policy-makers or by people, living or not on the coast, has significantly varied over centuries. Due to its vastness and complexity, the sea has been studied within distinct academic disciplines. However, the current issues related to the sea, such as climate change, marine pollution or coastal tourism, require an integrated vision of the assets and drawbacks in order to meet the challenges arising from human activities both at sea and onshore. In this study, a group of foresight officers from the French network of public research institutes decided to cross-check and compare several science approaches (biology, sociology, economics, etc) about oceans. Thus, 11 sectors of maritime activity (transportation, fisheries, energy, etc.) were cross-tabulated with 9 basic social functions (providing food, housing, learning, etc.). In this matrix, the main challenges and issues projected for 2030 were sought, in the frame of a baseline scenario. Results were clustered through 4 criteria, leading to 9 major challenges, each of them broken down into two important issues for research. The outcomes were used to create a survey, allowing the ranking of the research priorities. Most of the 9 challenges tally with the research and development objectives of great maritime states, except for governance and monitoring, which remain underscored. As a result, maritime powers still show more interest on securing national resources rather than on promoting international cooperation for secure trade and sustainable exploitation of marine resources. But foresight in this field could help changing the mentalities notably because oceans show clearly now to be a vital common good for mankind.

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    Authors: HENRY, Hadrien; REGARD, Vincent; PEDOJA, Kevin; HUSSON, Laurent; +3 Authors

    Past studies have shown that high coastal uplift rates are restricted to active areas, especially in a subduction context. The origin of coastal uplift in subduction zones, however, has not yet been globally investigated. Quaternary shorelines correlated to the last interglacial maximum (MIS 5e) were defined as a global tectonic benchmark (Pedoja et al. (2011)). In order to investigate the relationships between the vertical motion and the subduction dynamic parameters, we cross-linked this coastal uplift database with the "geodynamical" databases from Heuret (2005), Conrad and Husson (2009) and Müller et al. (2008). Our statistical study shows that: [1] the most intuitive parameters one can think responsible for coastal uplift (e.g., subduction obliquity, trench motion, oceanic crust age, interplate friction and force, convergence variation, dynamic topography, overriding and subducted plate velocity) are not related with the uplift (and its magnitude); [2] the only intuitive parameter is the distance to the trench which shows in specific areas a decrease from the trench up to a distance of ~300 km; [3] the slab dip (especially the deep slab dip), the position along the trench and the overriding plate tectonic regime are correlated with the coastal uplift, probably reflecting transient changes in subduction parameters. Finally we conclude that the first order parameter explaining coastal uplift is small-scale heterogeneities of the subducting plate, as for instance subducting aseismic ridges. The influence of large-scale geodynamic setting of subduction zones is secondary.

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    Authors: ULRICH, Marc; MUNOZ, Manuel; GUILLOT, Stéphane; CATHELINEAU, Michel; +4 Authors

    The weathering of mantle peridotite tectonically exposed to the atmosphere leads commonly to natural carbonation processes. Extensive cryptocrystalline magnesite veins and stock-work are widespread in the serpentinite sole of the New Caledonia ophiolite. Silica is systematically associated with magnesite. It is commonly admitted that Mg and Si are released during the laterization of overlying peridotites. Thus, the occurrence of these veins is generally attributed to a per descensum mechanism that involves the infiltration of meteoric waters enriched in dissolved atmospheric CO2. In this study, we investigate serpentinite carbonation processes, and related silicification, based on a detailed petrographic and crystal chemical study of serpentinites. The relationships between serpentine and alteration products are described using an original method for the analysis of micro-X-ray fluorescence images performed at the centimeter scale. Our investigations highlight a carbonation mechanism, together with precipitation of amorphous silica and sepiolite, based on a dissolution- precipitation process. In contrast with the per descensum Mg/Si-enrichment model that is mainly concentrated in rock fractures, dissolution-precipitation process is much more pervasive. Thus, although the texture of rocks remains relatively preserved, this process extends more widely into the rock and may represent a major part of total carbonation of the ophiolite.

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    Authors: AULANIER, Florian; NICOLAS, Barbara; ROUX, Philippe; MARS, Jerome;

    Broadband acoustic signals around 1 kHz propagate through shallow water oceanic waveguides of ~100 m in depth and ~2 km in range as multiple ray-like wavefronts. These acoustic arrivals can be characterized by the following observables: travel-time (TT), direction-of-arrival (DOA) and direction-of-departure (DOD). By applying double-beamforming on the point-to-point signals recorded between two source-receiver arrays, the acoustic contribution of each arrival can be separated from the multi-reverberated data and the TT, DOA and DOD observable variations are accurately measured. This study deals with the use of time-angle sensitivity kernels (TASK) to estimate the observable variations induced by sound speed perturbations in the waveguide. This approach is based on the first order Born approximation and takes into account the finite-frequency effects associated with wave propagation. The robustness the TASK approach is analyzed and compared to numerical parabolic equation simulations involving different sound speed perturbations. For example, parameters such as the perturbation location, the value and shape of the perturbation in the waveguide are modified. The combination of several perturbations and the influence of the source-receiver array apertures on the TT, DOA and DOD estimates are also studied.

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    Authors: FABRY, Nathalie;
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    Authors: LAGABRIELLE, Yves; CHAUVET, Alain; ULRICH, Marc; GUILLOT, Stéphane;

    The 300 km long allochthonous sheet of oceanic mantle forming the New Caledonia ophiolite displays three specific characters: 1) the ophiolite pile lacks concordant sheeted dykes and pillow basalt layers; 2) the ophiolite, refered to as the Peridotite nappe, is thrusted over the basaltic formations of the Poya terrane which are classicaly thought to originate from a different oceanic environment; 3) The basal contact of the ultramafic sheet is remarkably flat all along New-Caledonia and the Peridotite nappe has not been thickened during obduction, rather it experienced significant extension. This suggests that the peridotites have not been emplaced by a tectonic force applied to the rear. New petrological and geochemical results obtained from mantle rocks finally show that the Poya terrane may originate from the same oceanic basin as the peridotites. In this article, we consider such possible cogenetic links and we propose a simple model for the obduction of the New Caledonia ophiolite in which the Poya basalts represent the original cover of the Peridotite nappe. We infer that continuous uplift of the subducted units buried beneath the oceanic lithosphere in the northern part of New Caledonia drove passive uplift of the ophiolite and led to erosion and to initiation of sliding of the basaltic layer. During the Priabonian (latest Eocene), products of the erosion of the basaltic layer were deposited together with sediments derived from the Norfolk passive oceanic margin. These sediments are involved as tectonic slices into an accretionary wedge formed in response to plate convergence. The volcaniclastic sedimentation ends up with the emplacement of large slided blocks of basalts and rafted mafic units that progressively filled up the basin. Obduction process ended with the gravity sliding of the oceanic mantle sheet, previously scalped from its mafic cover. This process is contemporaneous with the exhumation of the HP-LT units of Pouebo and Diahot. Gravity sliding was facilitated by the occurrence of a continuous serpentine sole resulting from metasomatic hydratation of mantle rocks, which developed during the uplift of the Norfolk basement and overlying Diahot and Pouébo units. Progressive emersion of the obducted lithosphere allowed subsequent weathering under subaerial, tropical conditions.

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    Authors: AULANIER, Florian; NICOLAS, Barbara; ROUX, Philippe; BROSSIER, Romain; +1 Authors

    In shallow water acoustic tomography, broadband mid-frequency acoustic waves (1 to 5 kHz) follow multiple ray-like paths to travel through the ocean. Travel-time (TT) variations associated to these raypaths are classically used to estimate sound speed perturbations of the water column using the ray theory. In this shallow water environment, source and receiver arrays, combined with adapted array processing, provide the measurement of directions-of-arrival (DOA) and directions-of-departure (DOD) of each acoustic path as new additional observables to perform ocean acoustic tomography. To this aim, the double-beamforming technique is used to extract the TT, DOA and DOD variations from the array-to-array acoustic records. Besides, based on the first order Born approximation, we introduce the time-angle sensitivity kernels to link sound speed perturbations to the three observable variations. This forward problem is then inverted with the maximum a posteriori method using both the extracted-observable variations and the proposed sensitivity kernels. Inversion results obtained on numerical data, simulated with a parabolic equation code, are presented. The inversion algorithm is performed with the three observables separately, namely TT, DOA and DOD. The three observables are then used jointly in the inversion process. The results are discussed in the context on ocean acoustic tomography.

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    Authors: Gasperi, Johnny; Tramoy, Romain; Dris, Rachid; Blot, Denis; +1 Authors

    Les rivières sont censées être les principales voies de transfert des plastiques des terres vers l'océan (Lebreton et al., 2017 ; Schmidt et al., 2017). Cependant, il existe encore un manque important de connaissances sur la façon dont les déchets fluviaux, y compris les macroplastiques, sont transférés vers l'Océan. Les mesures quantitatives des émissions de macroplastiques dans les rivières suggèrent même qu'une fraction de l'ordre de 0,001 à 3% des déchets plastiques mal gérés (MPW) générés dans un bassin fluvial atteignent finalement la mer (Emmerik et al., 2019 ; Schöneich-Argent et al., 2020 ; Tramoy et al. 2021). Au lieu de cela, les macroplastiques peuvent rester dans le bassin versant et sur les côtes en raison de la dynamique complexe du transport qui retarde le transfert des déchets mal gérés des terres vers l'océan (Olivelli et al., 2020 ; Weideman et al., 2020). Afin de mieux comprendre ces dynamiques, le laboratoire Eau et Environnement et le Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains étudient la dynamique des déchets en Seine et en Loire. Pour les macrodéchets plastiques, l'ensemble des travaux engagés sur la Seine permettent de dresser une première esquisse des flux de déchets plastiques transitant en Seine, captés par les dispositifs urbains et/ou collectés par des opérations de nettoyage. Selon nos estimations, entre 100 et 200 tonnes de déchets plastiques transiteraient chaque année en Seine. A l'échelle de l'agglomération parisienne, et bien que ces valeurs s'accompagnent de fortes incertitudes, les eaux pluviales n'apporteraient qu'une part mineure de ces flux, i.e., entre 8 et 33 tonnes par an. L'étude de la dynamique des débris plastiques montre que le transfert des plastiques est loin d'être linéaire et qu'il est soumis à de nombreux phénomènes physiques à de nombreuses échelles temporelles, i.e. d'échelles courtes allant de quelques heures à quelques jours (marées hautes / basses) à des échelles beaucoup plus longues allant de plusieurs semaines (marées de printemps / creuses et marées les plus hautes) à quelques années (crues). La conséquence de ces interactions est que le transfert des débris est chaotique et qu'une part importante de ces flux peut venir s'échouer sur les berges.

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    Authors: TRAMOY, Romain; GASPERI, Johnny; COLASSE, Laurent; SILVESTRE, Marie; +2 Authors

    Rivers are major pathways of plastics from lands into the Ocean. However, there is still a huge lack of knowledge on how riverine litter, including macroplastics, is transferred into the Ocean. Quantitative measurements of macroplastic emissions in rivers even suggest that a small fraction (0.001 to 3%) of the Mismanaged Plastic Waste (MPW) generated within a river basin finally reach the sea. Instead, macroplastics may remain within the catchment and on coastlines because of complex transport dynamics that delay the transfer of plastic debris. In order to better understand those dynamics, we performed tracking of riverine litter over time. First, hundreds of date-prints items were collected on riverbanks in the Seine estuary. The distribution of their Use-By-Dates suggest that riverine litter may remain stored on riverbanks for decades. Second, we performed real time tracking of floating and sub-floating bottles using GPS-trackers. Between March 2018 and April 2019, 39 trajectories were recorded in the estuary under tidal influence and 11 trajectories upriver, covering a wide range of hydrometeorological conditions. Results show a succession of stranding/remobilization episodes in combination with alternating upstream and downstream transport in the estuary related to tides. In the end, tracked bottles systematically stranded somewhere, for hours to weeks, from one to several times on different sites. The overall picture shows that different hydrometeorological phenomena interact with various time scales ranging from hours/days (high/low tides) to weeks/months (spring/neap tides and highest tides) and years (seasonal river flow, vegetation and geomorphological aspects). Thus, the fate of plastic debris is highly unpredictable with a chaotic-like transfer of plastic debris into the Ocean. The residence time of these debris is much longer than the transit time of water. This offers the opportunity to collect them before they get fragmented and/or reach the Sea.

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    Authors: BEUCLER, Eric; BONNIN, Mickael; DESCHAMPS, Anne; GARLAN, Thierry; +12 Authors
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    Authors: LACROIX, Denis; DAVID, Bernard; LAMBLIN, Véronique; DE MENTHIERE, Nicolas; +7 Authors

    The perception of ocean areas by policy-makers or by people, living or not on the coast, has significantly varied over centuries. Due to its vastness and complexity, the sea has been studied within distinct academic disciplines. However, the current issues related to the sea, such as climate change, marine pollution or coastal tourism, require an integrated vision of the assets and drawbacks in order to meet the challenges arising from human activities both at sea and onshore. In this study, a group of foresight officers from the French network of public research institutes decided to cross-check and compare several science approaches (biology, sociology, economics, etc) about oceans. Thus, 11 sectors of maritime activity (transportation, fisheries, energy, etc.) were cross-tabulated with 9 basic social functions (providing food, housing, learning, etc.). In this matrix, the main challenges and issues projected for 2030 were sought, in the frame of a baseline scenario. Results were clustered through 4 criteria, leading to 9 major challenges, each of them broken down into two important issues for research. The outcomes were used to create a survey, allowing the ranking of the research priorities. Most of the 9 challenges tally with the research and development objectives of great maritime states, except for governance and monitoring, which remain underscored. As a result, maritime powers still show more interest on securing national resources rather than on promoting international cooperation for secure trade and sustainable exploitation of marine resources. But foresight in this field could help changing the mentalities notably because oceans show clearly now to be a vital common good for mankind.

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    Authors: HENRY, Hadrien; REGARD, Vincent; PEDOJA, Kevin; HUSSON, Laurent; +3 Authors

    Past studies have shown that high coastal uplift rates are restricted to active areas, especially in a subduction context. The origin of coastal uplift in subduction zones, however, has not yet been globally investigated. Quaternary shorelines correlated to the last interglacial maximum (MIS 5e) were defined as a global tectonic benchmark (Pedoja et al. (2011)). In order to investigate the relationships between the vertical motion and the subduction dynamic parameters, we cross-linked this coastal uplift database with the "geodynamical" databases from Heuret (2005), Conrad and Husson (2009) and Müller et al. (2008). Our statistical study shows that: [1] the most intuitive parameters one can think responsible for coastal uplift (e.g., subduction obliquity, trench motion, oceanic crust age, interplate friction and force, convergence variation, dynamic topography, overriding and subducted plate velocity) are not related with the uplift (and its magnitude); [2] the only intuitive parameter is the distance to the trench which shows in specific areas a decrease from the trench up to a distance of ~300 km; [3] the slab dip (especially the deep slab dip), the position along the trench and the overriding plate tectonic regime are correlated with the coastal uplift, probably reflecting transient changes in subduction parameters. Finally we conclude that the first order parameter explaining coastal uplift is small-scale heterogeneities of the subducting plate, as for instance subducting aseismic ridges. The influence of large-scale geodynamic setting of subduction zones is secondary.

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    Authors: ULRICH, Marc; MUNOZ, Manuel; GUILLOT, Stéphane; CATHELINEAU, Michel; +4 Authors

    The weathering of mantle peridotite tectonically exposed to the atmosphere leads commonly to natural carbonation processes. Extensive cryptocrystalline magnesite veins and stock-work are widespread in the serpentinite sole of the New Caledonia ophiolite. Silica is systematically associated with magnesite. It is commonly admitted that Mg and Si are released during the laterization of overlying peridotites. Thus, the occurrence of these veins is generally attributed to a per descensum mechanism that involves the infiltration of meteoric waters enriched in dissolved atmospheric CO2. In this study, we investigate serpentinite carbonation processes, and related silicification, based on a detailed petrographic and crystal chemical study of serpentinites. The relationships between serpentine and alteration products are described using an original method for the analysis of micro-X-ray fluorescence images performed at the centimeter scale. Our investigations highlight a carbonation mechanism, together with precipitation of amorphous silica and sepiolite, based on a dissolution- precipitation process. In contrast with the per descensum Mg/Si-enrichment model that is mainly concentrated in rock fractures, dissolution-precipitation process is much more pervasive. Thus, although the texture of rocks remains relatively preserved, this process extends more widely into the rock and may represent a major part of total carbonation of the ophiolite.

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    Authors: AULANIER, Florian; NICOLAS, Barbara; ROUX, Philippe; MARS, Jerome;

    Broadband acoustic signals around 1 kHz propagate through shallow water oceanic waveguides of ~100 m in depth and ~2 km in range as multiple ray-like wavefronts. These acoustic arrivals can be characterized by the following observables: travel-time (TT), direction-of-arrival (DOA) and direction-of-departure (DOD). By applying double-beamforming on the point-to-point signals recorded between two source-receiver arrays, the acoustic contribution of each arrival can be separated from the multi-reverberated data and the TT, DOA and DOD observable variations are accurately measured. This study deals with the use of time-angle sensitivity kernels (TASK) to estimate the observable variations induced by sound speed perturbations in the waveguide. This approach is based on the first order Born approximation and takes into account the finite-frequency effects associated with wave propagation. The robustness the TASK approach is analyzed and compared to numerical parabolic equation simulations involving different sound speed perturbations. For example, parameters such as the perturbation location, the value and shape of the perturbation in the waveguide are modified. The combination of several perturbations and the influence of the source-receiver array apertures on the TT, DOA and DOD estimates are also studied.

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    Authors: FABRY, Nathalie;
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    Authors: LAGABRIELLE, Yves; CHAUVET, Alain; ULRICH, Marc; GUILLOT, Stéphane;

    The 300 km long allochthonous sheet of oceanic mantle forming the New Caledonia ophiolite displays three specific characters: 1) the ophiolite pile lacks concordant sheeted dykes and pillow basalt layers; 2) the ophiolite, refered to as the Peridotite nappe, is thrusted over the basaltic formations of the Poya terrane which are classicaly thought to originate from a different oceanic environment; 3) The basal contact of the ultramafic sheet is remarkably flat all along New-Caledonia and the Peridotite nappe has not been thickened during obduction, rather it experienced significant extension. This suggests that the peridotites have not been emplaced by a tectonic force applied to the rear. New petrological and geochemical results obtained from mantle rocks finally show that the Poya terrane may originate from the same oceanic basin as the peridotites. In this article, we consider such possible cogenetic links and we propose a simple model for the obduction of the New Caledonia ophiolite in which the Poya basalts represent the original cover of the Peridotite nappe. We infer that continuous uplift of the subducted units buried beneath the oceanic lithosphere in the northern part of New Caledonia drove passive uplift of the ophiolite and led to erosion and to initiation of sliding of the basaltic layer. During the Priabonian (latest Eocene), products of the erosion of the basaltic layer were deposited together with sediments derived from the Norfolk passive oceanic margin. These sediments are involved as tectonic slices into an accretionary wedge formed in response to plate convergence. The volcaniclastic sedimentation ends up with the emplacement of large slided blocks of basalts and rafted mafic units that progressively filled up the basin. Obduction process ended with the gravity sliding of the oceanic mantle sheet, previously scalped from its mafic cover. This process is contemporaneous with the exhumation of the HP-LT units of Pouebo and Diahot. Gravity sliding was facilitated by the occurrence of a continuous serpentine sole resulting from metasomatic hydratation of mantle rocks, which developed during the uplift of the Norfolk basement and overlying Diahot and Pouébo units. Progressive emersion of the obducted lithosphere allowed subsequent weathering under subaerial, tropical conditions.

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    Authors: AULANIER, Florian; NICOLAS, Barbara; ROUX, Philippe; BROSSIER, Romain; +1 Authors

    In shallow water acoustic tomography, broadband mid-frequency acoustic waves (1 to 5 kHz) follow multiple ray-like paths to travel through the ocean. Travel-time (TT) variations associated to these raypaths are classically used to estimate sound speed perturbations of the water column using the ray theory. In this shallow water environment, source and receiver arrays, combined with adapted array processing, provide the measurement of directions-of-arrival (DOA) and directions-of-departure (DOD) of each acoustic path as new additional observables to perform ocean acoustic tomography. To this aim, the double-beamforming technique is used to extract the TT, DOA and DOD variations from the array-to-array acoustic records. Besides, based on the first order Born approximation, we introduce the time-angle sensitivity kernels to link sound speed perturbations to the three observable variations. This forward problem is then inverted with the maximum a posteriori method using both the extracted-observable variations and the proposed sensitivity kernels. Inversion results obtained on numerical data, simulated with a parabolic equation code, are presented. The inversion algorithm is performed with the three observables separately, namely TT, DOA and DOD. The three observables are then used jointly in the inversion process. The results are discussed in the context on ocean acoustic tomography.

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