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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: ATKINSON CLEMENT, Cyril; PIGALLE, Eléonore;

    Year 2020 will mark History, with the emergence of the new Covid-19 virus, and more importantly, the consequent political decisions to apply freedom restriction at such a largescale. Identifying the human behaviours during this extraordinary period represents a unique opportunity to both improve our fundamental knowledge and to improve future management of similar issues. Throughout almost all the duration of the French lockdown (from March 24, 2020 to May 10, 2020), we carried out an online survey on more than 12,000 individuals well distributed over the country. This online survey was performed by using both Lime-Survey and Google Forms services and was addressed to adults living in France. Statistical analyses combined classical inferential approach, mapping, clustering and text mining. The results showed that a significant part of the population moved out just before the lockdown (around 10% of our sample) and we highlighted three different profiles of participants. The results emphasised that the lockdown measures compliance was lower in two cases: (i) an unfavourable living environment (referring to social and economic inequity) associated with a high feeling of fear and a lack of trust towards Governmental measures; or (ii) the feeling that the risk was low due to the fact that others complied with the measures. In case a similar situation should occur again, it is recommended that Governments broadcast clear speeches to improve trust, limit fear and increase cooperative behaviours.

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    Authors: BAL, Antonin; TRABAUD, Mary-Anne; FASSIER, Jean-Baptiste; RABILLOUD, Muriel; +11 Authors

    Since the SARS-CoV-2 emergence in December 2019, one of the major concerns has been the duration of immune protection after a first episode. This question is of paramount importance for healthcare workers (HCWs), who are a highly exposed population and among the first targets of vaccination programmes. To date, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HCWs 6 months after disease onset (ADO) has not been studied with both a virus neutralisation btest and commercial assays.

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    Authors: NGUYEN, Minh Hieu; ARMOOGUM, Jimmy; NGUYEN THI, Binh;

    In response to insufficient understanding of the determinants of change in e-shopping behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries, this paper used the data from 355 respondents, collected in Hanoi during the social distancing period (April 2020), to explore the factors associated with shopping online more frequently (i.e., representing the growth of e-shopping) for five product types (food, medical products, clothing, electronics, and books) in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results showed that nearly 80% of the respondents engaged in e-shopping more frequently than they did before the outbreak of COVID-19. As regards shopping online more frequently in general (i.e., for at least one product type), females were more likely to do so. In-store shopping enjoyment and a decrease in income were a facilitator and a deterrent, respectively. Regarding specific product types, completely working from home had a positive association with more frequent e-purchasing for electronics. Fear of disease encouraged higher frequencies of e-shopping for food and medical products. Notably, the shortage of physical supply was not a determinant of buying any product type online more frequently. As for the implications of our findings, supporting and encouraging low-income shoppers, older persons, and females to engage in e-shopping is necessary to limit the detrimental effects of the pandemic on their lives. The growth of internet purchasing expresses a need to manage the development of urban delivery services, to limit the uncontrolled proliferation of motorcycles. E-shopping requires delivery to complete the online-to-offline process; therefore, protecting the health of delivery drivers to ensure the safety of the whole online shopping process would be necessary.

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    Authors: NGUYEN, Minh Hieu;

    During the era of COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease of 2019), telework has been adopted extensively in developing countries for the first time. This study analyzes data of 355 teleworkers in Hanoi (Vietnam) during April 2020, the period of social distancing, to examine various factors associated with (1) complete home-based telework (HBT), (2) the perception of HBT, and (3) the attitude toward the combination between HBT and conventional work at workplace post-COVID-19. It finds that the company's closure policy and the frequency of working from a distance before the social distancing period were the primary determinants of exclusively teleworking. Regarding the perception of HBT, while the fear of COVID-19 was a strong positive factor, difficulties in focusing on work and accessing data were negative factors. Regarding the attitude toward the future development of HBT, attitudinal factors, commute distance, gender, children in household, and the perception of HBT in the social distancing period were the main predictors. The presence of more than one child negatively affected the perception of telework but positively affected the attitude toward establishing the hybrid work mechanism. The findings suggested that HBT has the potential to alleviate traffic congestion in developing countries and it can be promoted by emphasizing its environment-related benefits. The sample used in this research was collected in the initial stage of constrained mobility and it was not well representative; therefore, this study serves as a proof of concept for ongoing wider analyses on HBT post-COVID-19 or in the subsequent lockdown periods.

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    Authors: CONTI, Benoit; BAUDET-MICHEL, Sophie; LE NEINDRE, Charlène;

    Les lits de réanimation ont été particulièrement mobilisés lors de l'épidémie de Covid-19 pour les malades les plus critiques. Cet article propose d'analyser l'évolution de la géographie de cet équipement en France à deux échelles d'espace et pour deux types de situations : aux échelles régionale et interurbaine et en périodes de crise sanitaire (année passée) et de réforme hospitalière (10 dernières années). Sur les 10 années passées de réforme sanitaire (2008-2018), des indicateurs courants de stock et densités de lits sont utilisés pour mettre en valeur la dynamique d'équipement en lits de réanimation. Les résultats montrent une stabilité du nombre de lits, mais une baisse des densités, en raison notamment de la croissance de la population. Par ailleurs, une redistribution spatiale des lits de réanimation s'est effectuée tant au niveau des aires urbaines que des régions. Elle a abouti à une concentration des lits dans un plus petit nombre d'aires urbaines et à une convergence des densités de lits au niveau des régions. Pour la situation de crise sanitaire, une mesure inédite de potentiel théorique de transformation de certains lits hospitaliers en lits de réanimation est proposée à partir de la dernière date de recensement des lits hospitaliers (2018). Cette mesure permet d'observer que les aires urbaines et les régions disposent de potentiels distincts. Les régions les moins équipées en lits de réanimation par habitant possèdent les potentiels de transformation les plus élevés.

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    Authors: ASENSIO, César; AUMOND, Pierre; CAN, Arnaud; GASCO, Luis; +7 Authors

    Many countries around the world have chosen lockdown and restrictions on people's mobility as the main strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions have significantly affected environmental noise and modified urban soundscapes, opening up an unprecedented opportunity for research in the field. In order to enable these investigations to be carried out in a more harmonized and consistent manner, this paper makes a proposal for a set of indicators that will enable to address the challenge from a number of different approaches. It proposes a minimum set of basic energetic indicators, and the taxonomy that will allow their communication and reporting. In addition, an extended set of descriptors is outlined which better enables the application of more novel approaches to the evaluation of the effect of this new soundscape on people's subjective perception.

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    Authors: ZEGHNI, Sylvain;

    Le soutien aux économies émergentes au moment de la Covid-19 sera le prochain défi mondial. La coopération internationale devra créer des moyens durables de remédier aux inégalités et de renforcer la gouvernance mondiale.

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    Authors: MONNET, Jérôme;

    Je propose ici sous une forme graphique et synthétique une analyse géographique du Grand Confinement, décrété en France de mars à mai 2020 comme mesure de protection de la population face à la pandémie du nouveau coronavirus COVID-19. Les croquis successifs représentent quatre grandes dimensions socio-spatiales du confinement, telles qu'elles ont été mises en oeuvre par le gouvernement national, vécues par la population à l'échelle du quartier et du domicile, et déployées entre usagers et prestataires de service dans l'hyper-espace qui connecte le lieu d'usage des appareils de communication avec une grande variété de périmètres virtuels, du proche au lointain. L'observation des choix politiques comme des tactiques habitantes et des innovations sociales face au confinement aboutit à l'identification des principales tendances qui pourraient s'opposer durant une sortie de crise qui risque d'être longue et chaotique. Texte original en libre accès: https://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/34804. I propose here in a graphic and synthetic form a geographical analysis of the Great Containment, decreed in France from March to May 2020 as a measure to protect the population against the pandemic of the new coronavirus COVID-19. The successive sketches represent four major socio-spatial dimensions of containment, as implemented by the national government, experienced by the population at the neighbourhood and home scales, and deployed between users and service providers in the hyper-space that connects the place where communication devices are used with a wide variety of virtual perimeters, from near to far. The observation of the choices made by the State as well as dwellers' tactics and social innovations in the face of containment leads to the identification of the main trends that could come into conflict during a crisis exit that is likely to be long and chaotic. Propongo aquí en forma gráfica y sintética un análisis geográfico del Gran Confinamiento, decretado en Francia de marzo a mayo de 2020 como medida de protección de la población contra la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus COVID-19. Los sucesivos bocetos representan cuatro grandes dimensiones socioespaciales del confinamiento, tal como la aplica el gobierno nacional, como la experimenta la población a escala del vecindario y del hogar, y como se despliega entre usuarios y proveedores de servicios en el hiperespacio conectando el lugar de utilización de los dispositivos de comunicación con una amplia variedad de perímetros virtuales, desde cerca hasta lejos. La observación de las opciones políticas, así como de las tácticas habitantes y las innovaciones sociales frente al confinamiento, permite identificar las principales tendencias que podrían entrar en conflicto durante una salida de crisis que probablemente sea larga y caótica.

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    Authors: ALPEROVITCH, Annick; LAZAR, Philippe;

    La pandémie de COVID-19 a conduit certains acteurs reconnus de la médecine à renoncer aux méthodes codifiées de la recherche médicale au profit d'affirmations établies dans l'urgence et sans réelle évaluation scientifique. Autant l'on peut comprendre que certains praticiens recourent à ce qui leur est ainsi proposé, autant cette confusion entre action dans l'urgence et recherche scientifique serait lourde de conséquences si elle venait à se généraliser, et cela à de multiples points de vue : image et rôle de la science, qualité et éthique de la recherche médicale et en fin de compte sort des malades soumis à des traitements mal évalués. Ce sont ces questions qui motivent la mise au point qui suit sur les questions d'éthique associées de longue date aux « essais thérapeutiques », cette procédure rationnelle d'acquisition dans les meilleurs délais d'informations fiables sur les avantages et les risques des traitements dont on envisage l'éventuelle utilisation.

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    Authors: TROUILLET-ASSANT, Sophie; ALBERT VEGA, Chloe; BAL, Antonin; NAZARE, Julie Anne; +14 Authors

    Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 threatens global public health, and there is an urgent public health need to assess acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Serological tests might provide results that can be complementary to or confirm suspected COVID-19 cases and reveal previous infection. The performance of serological assays (sensitivity and specificity) has to be evaluated before their use in the general population. The neutralisation capacity of the produced antibodies also has to be evaluated.Methods and analysis We set up a prospective, multicentric clinical study to evaluate the performance of serological kits among a population of healthcare workers presenting mild symptoms suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Four hundred symptomatic healthcare workers will be included in the COVID-SER study. The values obtained from a control cohort included during the prepandemic time will be used as reference. A workflow was set up to study serological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to evaluate antibody neutralisation capacity in patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests will be assessed using molecular detection of the virus as a reference. The measurement of IgM and IgG antibodies will be performed once per week for 6 consecutive weeks and then at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after the diagnosis. The kinetics of IgM and IgG will determine the optimal period to perform serological testing. The proportion of false negative PCR tests in symptomatic subjects will be determined on the basis of subsequent seroconversions.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the national review board for biomedical research in April 2020 (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Méditerranée I, Marseille, France) (ID RCB 2020-A00932-37). Results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific meetings and publications in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number NCT04341142.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: ATKINSON CLEMENT, Cyril; PIGALLE, Eléonore;

    Year 2020 will mark History, with the emergence of the new Covid-19 virus, and more importantly, the consequent political decisions to apply freedom restriction at such a largescale. Identifying the human behaviours during this extraordinary period represents a unique opportunity to both improve our fundamental knowledge and to improve future management of similar issues. Throughout almost all the duration of the French lockdown (from March 24, 2020 to May 10, 2020), we carried out an online survey on more than 12,000 individuals well distributed over the country. This online survey was performed by using both Lime-Survey and Google Forms services and was addressed to adults living in France. Statistical analyses combined classical inferential approach, mapping, clustering and text mining. The results showed that a significant part of the population moved out just before the lockdown (around 10% of our sample) and we highlighted three different profiles of participants. The results emphasised that the lockdown measures compliance was lower in two cases: (i) an unfavourable living environment (referring to social and economic inequity) associated with a high feeling of fear and a lack of trust towards Governmental measures; or (ii) the feeling that the risk was low due to the fact that others complied with the measures. In case a similar situation should occur again, it is recommended that Governments broadcast clear speeches to improve trust, limit fear and increase cooperative behaviours.

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    Authors: BAL, Antonin; TRABAUD, Mary-Anne; FASSIER, Jean-Baptiste; RABILLOUD, Muriel; +11 Authors

    Since the SARS-CoV-2 emergence in December 2019, one of the major concerns has been the duration of immune protection after a first episode. This question is of paramount importance for healthcare workers (HCWs), who are a highly exposed population and among the first targets of vaccination programmes. To date, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HCWs 6 months after disease onset (ADO) has not been studied with both a virus neutralisation btest and commercial assays.

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    Authors: NGUYEN, Minh Hieu; ARMOOGUM, Jimmy; NGUYEN THI, Binh;

    In response to insufficient understanding of the determinants of change in e-shopping behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries, this paper used the data from 355 respondents, collected in Hanoi during the social distancing period (April 2020), to explore the factors associated with shopping online more frequently (i.e., representing the growth of e-shopping) for five product types (food, medical products, clothing, electronics, and books) in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results showed that nearly 80% of the respondents engaged in e-shopping more frequently than they did before the outbreak of COVID-19. As regards shopping online more frequently in general (i.e., for at least one product type), females were more likely to do so. In-store shopping enjoyment and a decrease in income were a facilitator and a deterrent, respectively. Regarding specific product types, completely working from home had a positive association with more frequent e-purchasing for electronics. Fear of disease encouraged higher frequencies of e-shopping for food and medical products. Notably, the shortage of physical supply was not a determinant of buying any product type online more frequently. As for the implications of our findings, supporting and encouraging low-income shoppers, older persons, and females to engage in e-shopping is necessary to limit the detrimental effects of the pandemic on their lives. The growth of internet purchasing expresses a need to manage the development of urban delivery services, to limit the uncontrolled proliferation of motorcycles. E-shopping requires delivery to complete the online-to-offline process; therefore, protecting the health of delivery drivers to ensure the safety of the whole online shopping process would be necessary.

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    Authors: NGUYEN, Minh Hieu;

    During the era of COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease of 2019), telework has been adopted extensively in developing countries for the first time. This study analyzes data of 355 teleworkers in Hanoi (Vietnam) during April 2020, the period of social distancing, to examine various factors associated with (1) complete home-based telework (HBT), (2) the perception of HBT, and (3) the attitude toward the combination between HBT and conventional work at workplace post-COVID-19. It finds that the company's closure policy and the frequency of working from a distance before the social distancing period were the primary determinants of exclusively teleworking. Regarding the perception of HBT, while the fear of COVID-19 was a strong positive factor, difficulties in focusing on work and accessing data were negative factors. Regarding the attitude toward the future development of HBT, attitudinal factors, commute distance, gender, children in household, and the perception of HBT in the social distancing period were the main predictors. The presence of more than one child negatively affected the perception of telework but positively affected the attitude toward establishing the hybrid work mechanism. The findings suggested that HBT has the potential to alleviate traffic congestion in developing countries and it can be promoted by emphasizing its environment-related benefits. The sample used in this research was collected in the initial stage of constrained mobility and it was not well representative; therefore, this study serves as a proof of concept for ongoing wider analyses on HBT post-COVID-19 or in the subsequent lockdown periods.

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    Authors: CONTI, Benoit; BAUDET-MICHEL, Sophie; LE NEINDRE, Charlène;

    Les lits de réanimation ont été particulièrement mobilisés lors de l'épidémie de Covid-19 pour les malades les plus critiques. Cet article propose d'analyser l'évolution de la géographie de cet équipement en France à deux échelles d'espace et pour deux types de situations : aux échelles régionale et interurbaine et en périodes de crise sanitaire (année passée) et de réforme hospitalière (10 dernières années). Sur les 10 années passées de réforme sanitaire (2008-2018), des indicateurs courants de stock et densités de lits sont utilisés pour mettre en valeur la dynamique d'équipement en lits de réanimation. Les résultats montrent une stabilité du nombre de lits, mais une baisse des densités, en raison notamment de la croissance de la population. Par ailleurs, une redistribution spatiale des lits de réanimation s'est effectuée tant au niveau des aires urbaines que des régions. Elle a abouti à une concentration des lits dans un plus petit nombre d'aires urbaines et à une convergence des densités de lits au niveau des régions. Pour la situation de crise sanitaire, une mesure inédite de potentiel théorique de transformation de certains lits hospitaliers en lits de réanimation est proposée à partir de la dernière date de recensement des lits hospitaliers (2018). Cette mesure permet d'observer que les aires urbaines et les régions disposent de potentiels distincts. Les régions les moins équipées en lits de réanimation par habitant possèdent les potentiels de transformation les plus élevés.

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    Authors: ASENSIO, César; AUMOND, Pierre; CAN, Arnaud; GASCO, Luis; +7 Authors

    Many countries around the world have chosen lockdown and restrictions on people's mobility as the main strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions have significantly affected environmental noise and modified urban soundscapes, opening up an unprecedented opportunity for research in the field. In order to enable these investigations to be carried out in a more harmonized and consistent manner, this paper makes a proposal for a set of indicators that will enable to address the challenge from a number of different approaches. It proposes a minimum set of basic energetic indicators, and the taxonomy that will allow their communication and reporting. In addition, an extended set of descriptors is outlined which better enables the application of more novel approaches to the evaluation of the effect of this new soundscape on people's subjective perception.

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    Authors: ZEGHNI, Sylvain;

    Le soutien aux économies émergentes au moment de la Covid-19 sera le prochain défi mondial. La coopération internationale devra créer des moyens durables de remédier aux inégalités et de renforcer la gouvernance mondiale.

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    Authors: MONNET, Jérôme;

    Je propose ici sous une forme graphique et synthétique une analyse géographique du Grand Confinement, décrété en France de mars à mai 2020 comme mesure de protection de la population face à la pandémie du nouveau coronavirus COVID-19. Les croquis successifs représentent quatre grandes dimensions socio-spatiales du confinement, telles qu'elles ont été mises en oeuvre par le gouvernement national, vécues par la population à l'échelle du quartier et du domicile, et déployées entre usagers et prestataires de service dans l'hyper-espace qui connecte le lieu d'usage des appareils de communication avec une grande variété de périmètres virtuels, du proche au lointain. L'observation des choix politiques comme des tactiques habitantes et des innovations sociales face au confinement aboutit à l'identification des principales tendances qui pourraient s'opposer durant une sortie de crise qui risque d'être longue et chaotique. Texte original en libre accès: https://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/34804. I propose here in a graphic and synthetic form a geographical analysis of the Great Containment, decreed in France from March to May 2020 as a measure to protect the population against the pandemic of the new coronavirus COVID-19. The successive sketches represent four major socio-spatial dimensions of containment, as implemented by the national government, experienced by the population at the neighbourhood and home scales, and deployed between users and service providers in the hyper-space that connects the place where communication devices are used with a wide variety of virtual perimeters, from near to far. The observation of the choices made by the State as well as dwellers' tactics and social innovations in the face of containment leads to the identification of the main trends that could come into conflict during a crisis exit that is likely to be long and chaotic. Propongo aquí en forma gráfica y sintética un análisis geográfico del Gran Confinamiento, decretado en Francia de marzo a mayo de 2020 como medida de protección de la población contra la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus COVID-19. Los sucesivos bocetos representan cuatro grandes dimensiones socioespaciales del confinamiento, tal como la aplica el gobierno nacional, como la experimenta la población a escala del vecindario y del hogar, y como se despliega entre usuarios y proveedores de servicios en el hiperespacio conectando el lugar de utilización de los dispositivos de comunicación con una amplia variedad de perímetros virtuales, desde cerca hasta lejos. La observación de las opciones políticas, así como de las tácticas habitantes y las innovaciones sociales frente al confinamiento, permite identificar las principales tendencias que podrían entrar en conflicto durante una salida de crisis que probablemente sea larga y caótica.

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    Authors: ALPEROVITCH, Annick; LAZAR, Philippe;

    La pandémie de COVID-19 a conduit certains acteurs reconnus de la médecine à renoncer aux méthodes codifiées de la recherche médicale au profit d'affirmations établies dans l'urgence et sans réelle évaluation scientifique. Autant l'on peut comprendre que certains praticiens recourent à ce qui leur est ainsi proposé, autant cette confusion entre action dans l'urgence et recherche scientifique serait lourde de conséquences si elle venait à se généraliser, et cela à de multiples points de vue : image et rôle de la science, qualité et éthique de la recherche médicale et en fin de compte sort des malades soumis à des traitements mal évalués. Ce sont ces questions qui motivent la mise au point qui suit sur les questions d'éthique associées de longue date aux « essais thérapeutiques », cette procédure rationnelle d'acquisition dans les meilleurs délais d'informations fiables sur les avantages et les risques des traitements dont on envisage l'éventuelle utilisation.

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    Authors: TROUILLET-ASSANT, Sophie; ALBERT VEGA, Chloe; BAL, Antonin; NAZARE, Julie Anne; +14 Authors

    Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 threatens global public health, and there is an urgent public health need to assess acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Serological tests might provide results that can be complementary to or confirm suspected COVID-19 cases and reveal previous infection. The performance of serological assays (sensitivity and specificity) has to be evaluated before their use in the general population. The neutralisation capacity of the produced antibodies also has to be evaluated.Methods and analysis We set up a prospective, multicentric clinical study to evaluate the performance of serological kits among a population of healthcare workers presenting mild symptoms suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Four hundred symptomatic healthcare workers will be included in the COVID-SER study. The values obtained from a control cohort included during the prepandemic time will be used as reference. A workflow was set up to study serological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to evaluate antibody neutralisation capacity in patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests will be assessed using molecular detection of the virus as a reference. The measurement of IgM and IgG antibodies will be performed once per week for 6 consecutive weeks and then at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after the diagnosis. The kinetics of IgM and IgG will determine the optimal period to perform serological testing. The proportion of false negative PCR tests in symptomatic subjects will be determined on the basis of subsequent seroconversions.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the national review board for biomedical research in April 2020 (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Méditerranée I, Marseille, France) (ID RCB 2020-A00932-37). Results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific meetings and publications in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number NCT04341142.

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