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Covid-19 appeared in Wuhan (China), by December 2019 and rapidly spread to the rest of the world. Many countries adopted measures against its spread to protect people and national healthcare services. However, at the moment, more than 2.5 million people got infected and more than 175 thousand died in the 213 countries, areas and territories reached by the disease (official records at April 23, 2020). Countries began to adopt also measures to protect the economy and to prepare the economic recovery, once the effects are tremendous worldwide. In Portugal, measures allowed a flattered curve for Covid-19 spread. In this paper, we use an analogy to the 'drop of honey effect' to show how this curve develops. The 'drop of honey effect' is studied in terms of chaos theory and dynamic systems and is used as a framework to the way systems change in social phenomena.

AbstractIn the spreading of infectious diseases, an important number to determine is how many other people will be infected on average by anyone who has become infected themselves. This is known as the reproduction number. This paper describes a non-parametric inverse method for extracting the full transfer function of infection, of which the reproduction number is the integral. The method is demonstrated by applying it to the timeline of hospitalisation admissions for covid-19 in the Netherlands up to May 20 2020, which is publicly available from the site of the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (rivm.nl).

Abstract Aims Although the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) may cause an acute multiorgan syndrome (COVID-19), data are emerging on mid- and long-term sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia. Since no study has hitherto investigated the role of both cardiac and pulmonary ultrasound techniques in detecting such sequelae, this study aimed at evaluating these simple diagnostic tools to appraise the cardiopulmonary involvement occurring after COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods and results Twenty-nine patients fully recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia were considered at our centre. On admission, all patients underwent 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) evaluation. Compression ultrasound (CUS) and lung ultrasound (LUS) were also performed. Finally, in each patient, pathological findings detected on LUS were correlated with the pulmonary involvement occurring after COVID-19 pneumonia as assessed on thoracic computed tomography (CT). Out of 29 patients (mean age 70 ± 10 years old; M 69%), prior cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities were recorded in 22 (76%). Twenty-seven patients (93%) were in sinus rhythm and two (7%) in atrial fibrillation. ECG repolarization abnormalities were extremely common (93%) and reflected the high prevalence of pericardial involvement on TTE (86%). Likewise, pleural abnormalities were frequently observed (66%). TTE signs of left and right ventricular dysfunction were reported in two patients only, but values of systolic pulmonary artery pressure were abnormal in 16 (55%) despite absence of prior comorbidities in 44% of them. Regarding LUS evaluation, most patients displayed abnormal values of diaphragmatic thickness and excursion (93%) which well correlated with the high prevalence (76%) of on pathological findings on CT scan. CUS ruled out deep vein thrombosis in all patients. Conclusions Data on cardiopulmonary sequelae after COVID-19 pneumonia are scarce. In our study, simple diagnostic tools (TTE and LUS) proved clinically useful for detection of cardiopulmonary involvement after COVID-19 pneumonia.

Početkom 2020. godine se pandemija izazvana SARS- CoV-2 virusom proširila i na Republiku Hrvatsku (RH). Zbog toga je donesen određeni broj zakona i propisa kojima je u proljeće uveden niz mjera koje su ograničile kretanje i promijenile ponašanje stanovnika (tzv. „lockdown”). Također su postupno donesene i mjere kojima se regulira provođenje zdravstvene zaštite, odnosno pojačane mjere dezinfekcije i zaštite od širenja navedenog virusa u ustanovama za pružanje zdravstvene zaštite (1, 2). Sve navedeno je imalo utjecaj na izvođenje nacionalnih preventivnih programa protiv raka (NPP), ali i ostalih radioloških pregleda. Tako su u neke države prijavile pad broja pregleda tijekom najintenzivnijih mjera od 7 do 70% (2). U našem slučaju, broj pregleda se smanjio od oko 50% (za kompjuteriziranu tomografiju - CT) pa sve do 80% za mamografiju. Ukupno je broj radioloških pretraga učinjenih na Odjelu za kliničku radiologiju, Opće županijske bolnica Požega, do sredine studenog 2020. godine, u odnosu na prethodnu godinu, bio sljedeći: radiografija 71%, CT 94%, MR 82%, mamografija 97%. Budući da je snimanje mamografije najuspješniji program u sklopu NPP, prikazat ćemo te podatke. Na razini RH je prije pandemije prosječan odaziv bio oko 37%, dok je nakon ukidanja mjera odaziv se popeo na 55- 63%, ovisno o mjesecu, sve do rujna, kada se epidemija razmahala u RH, te je odaziv pao na svega 21%. U Požeško-Slavonskoj županiji je odaziv u pravilu bio bolji, pa je prije pandemije odgovor bio 62%, a nakon ukidanja mjera 68%, da bi u rujnu pao na 27%. Stoga možemo reći kako je stanovništvo odgovorilo na ukidanje mjera i smanjenje opasnosti od pandemije s boljim odgovorom na pozive u sklopu NPP. Možemo očekivati kako će navedeno imati utjecaj na kašnjenje otkrivanja tumora (4)

A sedentary lifestyle is any type of activity that only expends a small amount of energy with an energy expenditure of not more than 1.5 METs when sitting or lying down. this has a very bad impact on health. These activities have a very bad impact on health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people face many big challenges, one of which is social distancing in a sedentary lifestyle. The objective of this study is to describe changes in sedentary lifestyles among cardiovascular disease patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research design used was a literature review using 3 databases (Pubmed, Proquest, and Science Direct). The process of searching for articles using keywords and Boolean operators (AND, OR, or NOT) aims to define and expand the literature. The review found that the sedentary lifestyle increased up to 8 hours/day. In addition to what has been mentioned 4 other articles also mention an increase in sedentary lifestyle time and an increase in sitting time, this is in accordance with research conducted on the average daily duration of sedentary behaviour is 8.3 hours between Koreans and 7, 7 hours among American adults due to government regulations during the pandemic. All articles show that people who tend to be older and male have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular cases that lead to death during the COVID-19 pandemic. So it is necessary to expand the scope of information about the importance of physical activity so that all people with cardiovascular disease have high vigilance.

Обґрунтування. Запровадження карантину з приводу COVID-19 може призвести до зниження виявлення хворих на туберкульоз, зростання захворюваності та смертності від цього захворювання. На тлі виснаження імунної системи населення дедалі частіше трапляється поєднана туберкульозна патологія, зокрема поєднання туберкульозу легень і туберкульозного отиту. Туберкульоз середнього вуха виникає як вторинний процес у хворих на дисеміновані й інші форми легеневого туберкульозу. Діагностика поєднаної патології значно утруднена, коли специфічний процес перебігає на тлі хронічної неспецифічної патології легень. У таких випадках актуальності набуває застосування додаткових методів дослідження, а саме комп’ютерної томографії (КТ) скроневих кісток та органів грудної порожнини (ОГП). Клінічний випадок. Хвора Т., 1982 р. н., в анамнезі має всі календарні щеплення БЦЖ. Із 2008 р. cпостерігається в пульмонолога з приводу бронхоектатичної хвороби нижньої частки лівої легені. Неодноразово лікувалася стаціонарно й амбулаторно. З березня 2018 р. cпостерігається в оториноларинголога з приводу хронічного лівобічного гнійного середнього отиту. Останнє загострення було в лютому 2020 р. Виконано пункцію та шунтування барабанної порожнини. Тоді ж з’явилися загальна кволість, нежить, біль і пирхота в горлі, підвищення температури тіла до 37,5 ° С, потім – кашель із гнійним мокротинням, осиплість голосу. Отримувала декілька курсів неспецифічної антибактеріальної терапії, але без позитивного ефекту. З метою уточнення діагнозу та лікування направлена до Національного інституту фтизіатрії і пульмонології. Проведено КТ скроневих кісток, у ході якої виявлено ознаки лівобічного середнього отиту та мастоїдиту (рис. 1). На аудіограмі – погіршення слуху за типом слухопроведення (кістково-повітряний розрив на частоті 4000 Гц дорівнював 50 дБ). Виділення з лівого зовнішнього слухового проходу відсутні. На КТ ОГП – ознаки дисемінованого туберкульозу легень, сегментарний ателектаз нижньої частки зліва (рис. 2). Мікроскопія мокротиння: КСП не виявлено, GenXpert МТВ + RIF-. Розпочато основний курс антимікобактеріальної терапії за I категорією. Місцево – офлоксацин (вушні краплі). У результаті призначеного лікування отримано позитивну динаміку поєднаної патології (рис. 3). Висновки. Незважаючи на своєчасне звернення по медичну допомогу, у хворої на хронічний середній отит і бронхоектатичну хворобу, що не піддавалися неспецифічній антибактеріальній терапії, не було своєчасно діагностовано туберкульоз. Проведення КТ скроневих кісток та ОГП у пацієнтів із хронічними захворюваннями легень у поєднанні з хронічним середнім отитом має високу інформативність у виявленні туберкульозного процесу й оцінки ефективності лікування.

The effects of COVID-19 on the human body are not yet understood enough. Medical history provides information on cases of psychiatric symptoms during viral infections in the 20th century, such as the influenza pandemic. Currently, it is observed that there is an increasing number of new psychiatric disorders in previously healthy individuals. In addition, because of the decreased amount of reporting to health care providers, including psychiatrists, many physicians suggest that the number of neuropsychiatric disorders may be underestimated. In this paper, we review available studies on the occurrence of first-time psychotic spectrum disorder (PSD) in individuals related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reviewed studies suggest that first-time psychotic disorder in COVID-19 patients is statistically significantly more frequent compared to influenza, as well as to other respiratory infections. The emergence of new PSDs is explained by direct neurotropism of the virus on the one hand and by immunological mechanisms on the other. The main conclusions of this review should be treated with caution, and future research on this topic is needed. The authors recognize the particular need to develop standardized laboratory panels that include inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing, and SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays to entirely understand the etiology of neuropsychiatric complications of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the pandemic itself. In addition, public health efforts are required to promote mental health, especially during COVID-19.