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Latar Belakang: Covid-19 adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Severe acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) yang ditandai dengan gangguan pernapasan akut yang parah. Wabah Covid-19 pertama kali terdeteksi di Wuhan, Cina, pada Desember 2019. Ibu hamil tergolong rentan terinfeksi Covid-19, hal ini disebabkan karena ibu hamil memiliki sistem imunitas tubuh yang rendah, sehingga lebih rentan untuk mengidap penyakit atau infeksi. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan perilaku pencegahan Covid-19 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Banggae-1 Majene. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dengan metode random sampling. Hasil: Dari 61 responden yang diperoleh, 41 (67,2%) orang berpengetahuan baik dengan berperilaku baik, 3 (4,9%) orang berpengetahuan kurang dengan berperilaku baik, 17 (27,9%) orang berpengetahuan kurang dan berperilaku kurang baik, tidak ada responden yang berpengetahuan baik dengan berperilaku kurang baik dalam pencegahan Covid-19. Kesimpulan: Hasil uji Chi-square (p=0,000<0,05) yang berarti terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan perilaku pencegahan Covid-19 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Banggae-1 Majene.

AbstractBispecific killer cells engagers (BiKEs) which can bind to natural killer (NK) cells through the activating receptor CD16A and guide them to cells expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) are a promising new weapon for elimination of infected cells and eradication of the virus. Here we report the design, generation and characterization of BiKEs which consist of CD16A binding human antibody domains fused through a flexible linker to an engineered one-domain soluble human CD4. In presence of cells expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs), these BiKEs activated specifically CD16A-expressing Jurkat T cells, degranulated NK cells, induced cytokine production and killed Env-expressing cells. They also effectively mediated killing of chronically and acutely HIV-1 infected T cells by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presumed ability of these CD4-based BiKEs to bind all HIV-1 isolates, their small size and fully human origin, combined with high efficacy suggest their potential for HIV-1 eradication.

INTRODUCTION. How to reduce the fatality of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still challenging. A proper nutritional support has been always a matter of attention in critically ill patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We assessed COVID-19 patients who had received intralipid infusion due to medical indications and compared them with those who did not receive it regarding fatality rate and prognosis. As a part of a data mining project using data of observational cohort of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the educational centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, an inferential case series was performed. A total of 19 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were selected from the cohort. Briefly, 13 patients survived and 6 patients died, and 12 patients were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). All dead cases were ICU admitted. The association of intralipid infusion and survival rate was examined using Fisher exact test. No association was observed between intralipid infusion and survival. CONCLUSIONS. No significant protecting effect was observed for patients who received intralipid for medical indications. Since intralipid was administered according to medical indications, surviving of all the non-ICU admitted patients despite having underlying diseases was remarkable. Despite the fact, due to several bias factors that could not be controlled in such a retrospective study, the results might be accidental. We suggest to assess such an effect retrospectively in other centers as well.

Background Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Respiratory symptoms and flu-like presentation are the most defined clinical manifestations. However, gastrointestinal symptoms with acute abdomen have been reported in a small percentage, occasionally mimicking acute appendicitis. Hence, the diagnosis of COVID-19 should be suspected and investigated in every case of acute abdomen in the present situation. Case presentation We report a case of a 25-year-old male who presented with features of acute appendicitis. Despite the equivocal ultrasound results, he was scheduled for an emergency appendectomy for Alvarado's score 7 out of 10, who underwent a successful appendectomy. The patient had initially tested negative on an upper respiratory COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with normal chest X-ray but few hours after the surgery patient developed a high-grade fever. An RT-PCR for COVID-19 was resent following a suspicion that came out to be positive. Clinical discussion Several case reports have suggested a probable association between COVID-19 and appendicitis. This case shows the limited effectiveness of clinical diagnosis for the surgical abdomen in COVID-19 patients as these two conditions share similar symptoms often needing a clinical vigilance. Conclusion This case reports acute appendicitis in a patient who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 subsequently following emergency appendectomy highlighting the acute gastrointestinal presentation of COVID-19. This case exemplifies the necessity to be familiar with the gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19 and maintain a high level of suspicion for COVID-19 infection in cases of abdominal pain. Highlights • Acute appendicitis can be one of the presentation of COVID-19. • Clinicians need to be familiar with the gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19. • Rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with acute abdominal pain should be done to prevent the virus from spreading. • A negative RT-PCR for COVID-19 can't totally exclude COVID-19.

Status pandemi COVID 19 hingga saat ini belum dicabut oleh WHO, dampak pendemi terjadi pada berbagai sektor sehingga antisipasi terhadap masalah kesehatan fisik dan kesehatan psikologis harus senantiasa dijaga. Ibu rumah tangga adalah ujung tombak dalam penerapan kesehatan dari lingkungan masyarakat terkecil yaitu keluarga. Penyuluhan kesehatan dan bantuan psikologi awal (BPA) di kalangan ibu rumah tangga diharapkan mampu menghalau dampak buruk dari pandemi terhadap kehidupan suatu keluarga. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rekayasa Sosial karena masih dalam kondisi pandemi maka penyuluhan hanya dilakukan untuk pengurus RT dan ketua Dasa Wisma dan diharapkan dapat menyampaikan hasil penyuluhan kepada warganya secara merata. Pre-test diberikan kepada para peserta sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan dan post-test diberikan setelah selesai penyuluhan. Hasil yang didapat, warga harus senantiasa menjaga protokol kesehatan dan tidak mengasingkan warga yang terpapar melainkan harus memberikan dorongan moril untuk segera terlepas dari virus COVID 19 atau penyakit lainnya. BPA dapat dilakukan oleh pengurus RT dan Ketua Dasa Wisma kepada individu atau kelompok yang mengalami dampak pandemi COVID 19. Bila gangguan psikologis masih tidak teratasi maka dapat diserahkan kepada tenaga ahli yang berkompeten.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic remains a global security threat, as the result of the emerging and exacerbated security challenges that have impacted on the national security policies of various regional economic communities (RECs). This study analyses SADC and ECOWAS' responses to the Covid-19 pandemic under their respective existing peace and security structures and explores if both RECs, SADC and ECOWAS have been efficient. This article discusses the Southern African and West African security setting, how its security architecture emerged and whether it has been successful in overcoming the security ramification in the region under the Covid-19 pandemic. Coincidentally, both SADC and ECOWAS have been confronted with existing and emerging human security threats, such as increased poverty, inequality, and the spread of diseases, such as Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic, a non-traditional security threat, has exposed how RECs, such as SADC and ECOWAS, respond to non-traditional and emerging security threats, suggesting for the transcendence of their security architecture that caters equally for non-military and emerging human security threats, alike military threats. This article explores the regional security experiences, challenges, and responses of both the SADC and ECOWAS under the Covid-19 pandemic.

espanolDurante la epidemia de polio de Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se cuenta la vivencia de la epidemia desde los ojos de un joven profesor de gimnasia en una comunidad judia. En el articulo describimos los aspectos principales de la epidemia. En primer lugar hablamos de las caracteristicas que se dan al inicio de una epidemia, cuando se intenta llamar a la calma y se recuerdan enfermedades pasadas. A continuacion se habla sobre el origen de la epidemia, las causas que se barajan y los sesgos racistas que pueden llegar a aparecer. Tambien hablamos del rol del medico como fuente de conocimiento y como agente humanizador de la enfermedad. Hablamos del gobierno y las medidas poblacionales que se toman y la proporcionalidad de estas, abriendo el debate de hasta cuando es responsable paralizar la vida cotidiana para controlar una enfermedad. Finalmente, hablamos del tratamiento de la polio, las grandes secuelas tanto fisicas como psicologicas y la situacion de la polio actualmente. Sin duda, la polio ha sido una epidemia ejemplar en cuanto a como combatir entre todos una amenaza comun. Conocer su historia nos puede dar herramientas para enfrentarnos a las nuevas epidemias como la COVID-19. EnglishDuring the United States’ polio epidemic during World War II, the experience of the epidemic is told from the point of view of a young gymnastics teacher in a Jewish community. Throughout the article we describe the main aspects of the epidemic. First, we talk about the characteristics that occur at the beginning of an epidemic, when you try to call to calm and remember past illnesses. It then discusses the origin of the epidemic, the causes that are being addressed and the racist biases that may emerge. We also talk about the role of the doctor as a source of knowledge and as a humanizing agent of the disease. We talk about the government and the population measures that are taken and the proportionality of them, opening the debate on how long it is responsible to paralyze daily life to control a disease. Finally, we talk about the treatment of polio, the great physical and psychological consequences and the situation of polio today. Without any doubt, polio has been an exemplary epidemic in terms of how to fight a common threat together. Knowing its history can give us tools to confront new epidemics such as COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has ravaged the global tourism industry, leaving millions of people unemployed without certainty when tourism bounces back. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are amongst the worst hit by the novel coronavirus. The unprecedented crisis has severely aggravated the SIDS economic growth due to relying on foreign tourists heavily. In the absence of international tourism, small island residents have been grappling with alternative income sources. Despite its notorious impacts, many scholars look at this global pandemic as a discernible opportunity to reverse mass tourism in the SIDS. Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate on the current condition of small islands communities amid COVID-19, their coping strategies, and their reflection of the future tourism industry in the SIDS. Furthermore, this paper also aims to discuss a prevailing policy to contain health emergency and economic collapse in the SIDS. Based on the critical literature review, many SIDS were already faced complex predicaments before the pandemic, such as high vulnerability to the climate crisis, lack of natural resources, extreme poverty, and reliance on external debts. International support is crucial to avoid the worst-case scenario for SIDS, including those which depend on the tourism industry. As a part of the recovery phase, this paper underscores the urgency of a more sustainable tourism practice for future development in the SIDS. That comprises strategic issues ranging from environmental-based tourism with a focus on socio-cultural aspects, and economic diversification to small island community resilience.

Backgrounds: Severe influenza infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide and remains an important threat to global health. This study addressed factors related to treatment outcomes in subjects of complicated influenza infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during the Taiwan epidemic in the Spring of 2016. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted by Taiwan Severe Influenza Research Consortium (TSIRC), including eight tertiary referral medical centers. Patients with virology-proven influenza infection admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) between January and March 2016 were included for analysis. Results: We identified 263 patients with complicated influenza infection who fulfilled ARDS criteria; the mean age was 59.8 ± 14.6 (years), and 66.1% (166/263) were male. Type A influenza (77.9%, 205/263) virus was the main pathogen during this epidemic. The 30-day mortality rate was 23.2% (61/263). The mean tidal volume (VT) in the first three days after intubation was greater than 8 mL/kg of predicted body weight (PBW). Patients whose first measured VT was >8 mL/kg PBW had an increased 30-day mortality (p = 0.04, log-rank test). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model, an increase of 1 mL/kg PBW of first VT was associated with 26.1% increase in 30-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.261, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.072–1.484, p < 0.01). Conclusion: First tidal volume, shortly after intubation, greater than 8 mL/kg PBW is an independent risk factor for mortality in complicated influenza infection with ARDS. Timely recognition of ARDS with strict adherence to protective ventilation strategy of lowering VT may be important in reducing mortality. Keywords: Influenza, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Tidal volume

This article aims to develop the concept of human security through economic safeguards for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. The analysis was carried out using a qualitative approach. This article has found an effort to secure the economy for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic by integrating the hard skills and soft skills approaches. The hard skill approach is an effort made through technical matters, namely primary education in online-based entrepreneurship and training in business management based on Information, Communication, and Technology. Primary education on entrepreneurship and training in the form of technical supervision and management of ICT-based businesses in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. The soft skill approach is the provision of understanding and communication skills, especially the ability to conduct diplomacy so that people can have good diplomacy skills and through empathy-buying so that people through empathy can trust again to increase their purchasing power, especially to products from MSMEs. By the author, this method is called smart human security. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan konsep human Secuity melalui pengaman ekonomi terhadap Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) dalam menghadapi pandemi Covid-19. Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Artikel ini telah menemukan upaya pengamanan ekonomi bagi Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) dalam menghadapi pandemi Covid-19 dengan mengintegrasikan antara pendekatan hard skill dan soft skill . Pendekatan hard skill merupakan upaya yang dilakukan melalui hal-hal teknis yaitu pendidikan dasar dalam berwirausaha berbasis online dan pelatihan pengelolaan usaha berbasis Information, Communication, and Technology . Pendidikan dasar mengenai kewirausahaan dan pelatihan-pelatihan berupa teknis manajemen dan pengelolaan usaha berbasis ICT dalam menghadapi pandemi Covid-19. Pendekatan soft skill merupakan pemberian pemahaman dan kemampuan komunikasi khususnya kemampuan dalam melakukan diplomasi agar masyarakat dapat memiliki keahlian berdiplomasi dengan baik serta melalui empathy-buying agar masyarakat melalui empatinya dapat kembali percaya untuk meningkatkan kembali daya belinya terutama kepada produk dari UMKM. Oleh penulis, cara tersebut disebut sebagai smart human security .