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contribution à un site web; Several countries in the Western Balkans have responded to the Covid-19 outbreak with draconian measures that entail a further erosion of democracy, writes Natasha Wunsch. She argues the pandemic is shining a spotlight on the impact of geopolitical competition in the Western Balkans, where authoritarian forces are undermining the EU’s democracy promotion efforts.

O presente trabalho investiga o comportamento dos investidores nos mercados financeiros em períodos de crise. Em particular, este estudo investiga quais os determinantes sociodemográficos do comportamento dos investidores durante o período de crise fruto da pandemia COVID-19, usando o principal índice português, o PSI 20, como objeto de estudo. Os dados foram disponibilizados por uma das principais instituições financeiras do mercado português e contêm transações de 15 943 indivíduos para os anos de 2019 e 2020. Através de testes ANOVA e do método dos mínimos quadrados, é concluído que há efetivamente variáveis sociodemográficas que impactam o comportamento dos investidores nos mercados financeiros em períodos de crise. Investidores do género masculino são os mais ativos no mercado bolsista em períodos de crise e o estado civil não se relaciona com a atividade nos mercados de capitais. Riqueza, educação e a idade do investidor têm um impacto positivo nos montantes investidos em períodos de crise e a antiguidade do cliente tem um impacto negativo. Relativamente às características do individuo perante a instituição, a posse de uma conta de depósito a prazo com a instituição tem um impacto negativo no montante investido no mercado de capitais em períodos de crise. Já a posse de pelo menos um empréstimo com a instituição demonstra ter um impacto positivo na variável, com os investidores que possuem empréstimos a investir mais no mercado de capitais durante a pandemia. This paper investigates the sociodemographic characteristics of capital markets investors' behaviour during the pandemic period. For this purpose, we use data provided by a major Portuguese financial institution that comprises data for 15,943 individuals' transactions during 2019 and 2020. Using ANOVA tests and OLS estimations it was concluded that there are sociodemographic variables that impact investors’ behaviour towards the market in crisis periods. Male investors are more active during crisis periods than female investors and marital status was seen to not impact trading activity. Investors' wealth, education and age influence invested amounts in a positive way whereas client seniority has a negative impact. The possession of a savings account was seen to impact trading activity negatively while the possession of a loan had a positive impact on amounts traded during the pandemic.

How long will China continue to try to eliminate COVID? A change of strategy is not very likely, argue Hao Zha (Tsinghua), Yuxi Zhang (LSE), and Thomas Hale (Oxford) who collect and analyse China’s data for the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5334/gh.1128.].

Abstract: Preservation of a robust circadian rhythmicity (particulsarly of the sleep/wake cycle), a proper nutrition and adequate physical exercise are key elements for healthy aging. Aging comes along with circadian alteration, e.g. a disrupted sleep and inflammation, that leads to metabolic disorders. In turn, sleep cycle disturbances cause numerous pathophysiological changes that accelerates the aging process. In the central nervous system, sleep disruption impairs several functions, among them, the clearance of waste molecules. The decrease of plasma melatonin, a molecule of unusual phylogenetic conservation present in all known aerobic organisms, plays a particular role as far as the endocrine sequels of aging. Every day, the late afternoon/nocturnal increase of melatonin synchronizes both the central circadian pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei as well as myriads of peripheral cellular circadian clocks. This is called the “chronobiotic effect” of melatonin, the methoxyindole being the prototype of the endogenous family of chronobiotic agents. In addition, melatonin exerts a significant cytoprotective action by buffering free radicals and reversing inflammation via down regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, suppression of low degree inflammation and prevention of insulin resistance. Because of these properties melatonin has been advocated to be a potential therapeutic tool in COVID 19 pandemic. Melatonin administration to aged animals counteracts a significant number of senescence-related changes. In humans, melatonin is effective both as a chronobiotic and a cytoprotective agent to maintain a healthy aging. Circulating melatonin levels are consistently reduced in the metabolic syndrome, ischemic and non-ischemic cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders like the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The potential therapeutic value of melatonin has been suggested by a limited number of clinical trials generally employing melatonin in the 2–10 mg/day range. However, from animal studies the cytoprotective effects of melatonin need higher doses to become apparent (i.e. in the 100 mg/day range). Hence, controlled studies employing melatonin doses in this range are urgently needed.

The global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues to escalate at a rapid pace inundating medical facilities and creating substantial challenges globally. The risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with cancer seems to be higher, espe- cially as they are more likely to present with an immuno- compromised condition, either from cancer itself or from the treatments they receive. A major consideration in the delivery of cancer care during the pandemic is to balance the risk of patient exposure and infection with the need to provide effective cancer treatment. Many aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection currently remain poorly characterized and even less is known about the course of infection in the context of a patient with cancer. As SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious, the risk of infection directly affects the cancer patient being treated, other cancer patients in close prox- imity, and health care providers. Infection at any level for patients or providers can cause considerable disruption to even the most effective treatment plans. Lung cancer pa- tients, especially those with reduced lung function and cardiopulmonary comorbidities are more likely to have increased risk and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 as one of its common manifestations is as an acute respi- ratory illness. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a practical multidisciplinary and international overview to assist in treatment for lung cancer patients during this pandemic, with the caveat that evidence is lacking in many areas. It is expected that firmer recommendations can be developed as more evidence becomes available. (C) 2020 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

On behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, the opinion research institute forsa has regularly conducted representative population surveys on the subject of the ´Corona crisis´ (COVID-19) from calendar week 12/2020. The individual question areas were adapted according to the survey period. Credibility of information provided by the federal government on the corona crisis; assessment of current political measures to contain the coronavirus (appropriate, go too far or do not go far enough); vaccination status: Received first vaccination against the Corona virus, already fully vaccinated or not yet vaccinated; willingness to be vaccinated against the Corona virus; own children aged 12-17; willingness in principle to have own children aged 12-17 vaccinated against the Corona virus; Corona warning app installed and used on smartphone in the last few weeks, app installed but deleted in the meantime or never installed; reasons why the Corona warning app has not been installed so far; knowledge of the new functions of the Corona warning app (anonymous check-in via QR code, display of results of rapid tests, display of digital proof of vaccination); use of these new functions; likelihood of (also) using the Corona warning app in the future. Demography: sex; age (grouped); employment; education; net household income (grouped); party preference in the next general election; voting behaviour in the last general election. Additionally coded: region; federal state; weight. Im Auftrag des Presse- und Informationsamts der Bundesregierung hat das Meinungsforschungsinstitut forsa ab Kalenderwoche 12/2020 regelmäßig repräsentative Bevölkerungsbefragungen zum Thema ´Corona-Krise´ (COVID-19) durchgeführt. Die einzelnen Fragegebiete wurden je nach Befragungszeitraum angepasst. Glaubwürdigkeit der Informationen der Bundesregierung zur Corona-Krise; Bewertung der aktuellen politischen Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Coronavirus (angemessen, gehen zu weit oder gehen nicht weit genug); Impfstatus: Erstimpfung gegen das Coronavirus erhalten, bereits vollständig geimpft oder noch nicht geimpft; Bereitschaft zur Impfung gegen das Coronavirus; eigene Kinder im Alter zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren; grundsätzliche Bereitschaft eigene Kinder im Alter zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren gegen das Coronavirus impfen zu lassen; Corona-Warn-App in den letzten Wochen auf dem Smartphone installiert und genutzt, App installiert aber zwischenzeitlich gelöscht oder nie installiert; Gründe, warum die Corona-Warn-App bisher nicht installiert wurde; Kenntnis der neuen Funktionen der Corona-Warn-App (anonymes Einchecken mittels QR-Code, Anzeigen der Ergebnisse von Schnelltests, Anzeigen des digitalen Impfnachweises); Nutzung dieser neuen Funktionen; Wahrscheinlichkeit, die Corona-Warn-App (auch) zukünftig zu nutzen. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (gruppiert); Erwerbstätigkeit; Schulabschluss; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen (gruppiert); Parteipräferenz bei der nächsten Bundestagswahl; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Bundestagswahl. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Region; Bundesland; Gewicht. Probability: MultistageProbability.Multistage Wahrscheinlichkeitsauswahl: Mehrstufige ZufallsauswahlProbability.Multistage Telephone interview: Computer-assisted (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI Telefonisches Interview: Computerunterstützte Befragung (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI

Ongoing developments, such as digitalization, increased the interference of the work and nonwork life domains, urging many to continuously manage engagement in respective domains. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent home-office regulations further boosted the need for employees to find a good work-nonwork balance, thereby optimizing their health and well-being. Consequently, proactive individual-level crafting strategies for balancing work with other relevant life domains were becoming increasingly important. However, these strategies received insufficient attention in previous research despite their potential relevance for satisfying psychological needs, such as psychological detachment. We addressed this research gap by introducing a new scale measuring crafting for a work-nonwork balance and examining its relevance in job-and life satisfaction, work engagement, subjective vitality, family role and job performance, boundary management and self-rated work-nonwork balance. The Work-Nonwork Balance Crafting Scale was validated in five countries (Austria, Finland, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland), encompassing data from a heterogeneous sample of more than 4,200 employees. In study 1, exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factorial scale structure. Confirmatory factor analysis, test for measurement invariance, and convergent validity were provided in study 2. Replication of confirmatory factor analysis, incremental and criterion validity of the Work-Nonwork Balance Crafting Scale for job and life satisfaction were assessed in study 3. Study 4 displayed criterion validity, test–retest reliability, testing measurement invariance, and applicability of the scale across work cultures. Finally, study 5 delivered evidence for the Work-Nonwork Balance Crafting Scale in predicting work-nonwork balance. The novel Work-Nonwork Balance Crafting Scale captured crafting for the challenging balance between work and nonwork and performed well across several different working cultures in increasingly digitalized societies. Both researchers and practitioners may use this tool to assess crafting efforts to balance both life domains and to study relationships with outcomes relevant to employee health and well-being.

An aspect of the media landscape that has been highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic has been the increasing role of media organisations in presenting and undertaking their own, often complex, data analyses. In this cross-post Irineo Cabreros, discusses the the potential risks posed by this trend and what journalists could learn from academic researchers to safeguard the quality of their work.

Organizational image is a set of perceptions, feelings, ideas, and opinions about an educational service or the organization that provides it (Gioia, Hamilton & Patvardhan, 2014; Whetten, 2006). In a rapidly technologically changing world, all educational institutions create their online image. The school transforms, refines, evaluates, and implements new strategies for creating, improving, and disseminating school image as it adapts to the lightning-fast changes in the educational environment during the pandemic. In developing its image, the school must be open, creative, using all external and internal cooperation networks and other resources to improve the quality of teaching and learning, and actively communicating with all the groups or institutions involved in the educational process (Targamadze, 2017). The school image consists of three parts: the subjective image created and seen by the school administration, the experiences and relationships of children and teachers, and the external image seen by parents and society. The impression of an educational organization is not necessarily the same for all these actors involved in online image creation. How the online image of a school is created under quarantine conditions is a new and scientifically under-researched topic. To fill this gap, our study asks the following questions: - What determines the school's online image? - How and by what means is the school's online image shaped during the Covid-19 lockdown? The results of the study show that secondary school online image construction is a dynamic process. During the quarantine, the construction of an online image was not a priority activity for the school administration and teachers. Although the image of a secondary school is considered by most of the participants to be a significant factor in choosing a learning institution, during the Covid-19 lockdown it was very important for educational organizations to make information available online quickly. As a result, school leaders and teachers were often unable to give maximum attention to the visual design of the information provided, which led to a poorer external school image as seen by parents. Meanwhile, parents had more time during the Covid-19 lockdown to observe changes in the school's online image. During this period, an increase in news traffic on the school's website was observed. However, the increase in news traffic had only a small impact on the informativeness of the comprehensive school website. Research participants pointed to the importance of the news feed not only on the school's website, but also on Facebook, and linked this to the online image of the school. The study continues the discussion on how the school's online image is created and provided practical suggestions for school leaders, teachers, and other stakeholders.