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contribution à un site web; First lines: In the context of the COVID 19 crisis, the city-as-place approach gained new momentum as part of efforts to ensure safe distancing, accommodate demands for public space and reimagine the post-pandemic city.

Hardy, Andrew, Melody Shum and Vũ Ngọc Quyên. “The ‘F-System’ of Targeted Isolation: A Key Method In Vietnam’s Suppression of Covid-19”. CRISEA European Policy Brief, December 2020. http://crisea.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PB3-VN-containment-method-05.pdf

All responses to an epidemic crisis are political. At the beginning of February 2020, at the heart of the coronavirus epidemic in Wuhan, the authoritarian Chinese regime massively broadcast the humanitarian song “Believe Love Will Win”. The stated aim of the song was to emotionally support those engaged in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic, presenting them as heroes of the Chinese nation. However, the making and broadcasting of a humanitarian song means that politics has failed. What is the reason for this? Humanitarian songs have an important place in the depoliticization of responses to crises, constructing representations and shaping official narratives. The songs and the discourses that accompany them conceal the historical and geopolitical depth of humanitarian crises by transforming political issues into moral questions.

Mierzejewski, Dominik, and Mateusz Chatys. “China’s Covid-19 Diplomacy and the South China Sea Dispute”. CRISEA European Policy Brief, October 2020. http://crisea.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/20-10-15-policy-brief-CRISEA-Mierzejewski-Chatys-FINAL.pdf; At the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, China's diplomacy has been increasingly assertive in global politics and Southeast Asia in particular. In its policies toward ASEAN, Beijing has had to address situations in which small and medium powers involved in territorial disputes with China, placed the South China Sea (SCS) on the international agenda, were pressed by military reactions or moved to gain a possible extension of their continental shelf. China's responses have had two different faces. First, its multi-vector assertive policies, conflicting not only with ASEAN and the United States due to the militarization of the artificial islands in the South China Sea, but also with Taiwan, Hong Kong, India and Japan, have demonstrated the power of the Chinese Communist Party to a domestic audience. Second, China has attempted to portray itself as a positive, even benevolent force, as its ultimate goal is to limit negative reactions to China's South China Sea claims and manage the territorial issues bilaterally, an approach termed "mask diplomacy". Nevertheless, it is at the United Nations that major battles between the parties to the SCS dispute have continued during the first half of 2020.

Article paru dans le journal "Le Populaire du centre" le 9 Juillet 2020; Distanciation, port du masque, lavage des mains : avec la crainte d’un rebond des cas de Covid-19, les « tubes » de l’été 2020 sont moins légers que les années précédentes. Alors que la période estivale est synonyme de relâchement, l’agence régionale de santé de Nouvelle-Aquitaine et les spécialistes préconisent la vigilance. Barbecues, sorties entre amis, restaurants, visites touristiques… Cette année, les vacances d’été ne vont pas rimer avec insouciance et les occasions de divertissement ou de partage devront s’accompagner de précautions.Certes, l’épidémie est en pleine décrue, le nombre de tests positifs dans les départements limousins est dérisoire sur les trois dernières semaines et la Nouvelle-Aquitaine reste relativement épargnée, laissant croire à l’éloignement de la menace. Mais l’apparition de foyers de contamination, comme en Corrèze la semaine dernière (lire ci-dessous), fait office de piqûre de rappel et l’abandon, ici et là, des gestes barrières interpelle.La Haute-Vienne, en veille et en étude sur le front de l'épidémie de Covid-19Une campagne au ton décaléCar le Covid-19 est toujours là, et les déplacements estivaux risquent de favoriser sa circulation. L’agence régionale de santé a lancé une campagne pour sensibiliser les Néo-aquitains au maintien des gestes barrières. Une campagne de communication au ton volontairement décalé.Exemple sur la distanciation sociale, le message a été décliné en fonction du département. En Haute-Vienne, un mètre est égal à... 9 tasses en porcelaine (ou 10 pour les maladroits). En Corrèze, c'est l'équivalent de 8 cèpes avec une précision : « merci de dévoiler les coins cueillette pour la mesure ! ». Enfin, en Creuse, il s'agit de 7 parts de gâteau creusois. Et ailleurs, il est question d'huîtres, de canelés, de châtaignes... [#COVID19] La distanciation pour les chauvins...euh...on veut dire : pour tous ceux qui sont fiers de leur département. Dans notre belle région, 1 mètre est égale à ??? https://t.co/JsNfbHOTqd?? Faisons bloc contre le coronavirus : coquillages??, crustacés??...& GESTES BARRIERES pic.twitter.com/N7vUTcRefD— ARS Nouvelle-Aquitaine (@ARS_NAquit) July 2, 2020 Des fondamentaux à redire« On a le sentiment qu’il faut redire les fondamentaux, remarque Pierre-Marie Preux, professeur d’épidémiologie à l’université de Limoges. Le virus est très transmissible par voie aérienne. La voie manuportée est plus limitée qu’on ne l’a cru à un moment donné. C’est pour cela que dans les espaces clos et climatisés, la distanciation physique n’est pas suffisante. Il faut mettre un masque. Le porter dans la rue, une fois dehors, après l’avoir délaissé à l’intérieur manque de cohérence, mais ce sont des comportements que l’on constate. »Autre idée à garder à l’esprit : « la transmission du virus dans 50 % des cas se fait par des porteurs asymptomatiques, qu’on ne détecte pas, ou pré-symptomatiques ». Il suffit donc d’une personne en apparence en bonne santé pour en infecter d’autres. De quoi éviter toute velléité de se faire la bise encore un petit moment…La question n’est pas de savoir s’il y aura une deuxième vague, mais quand...« Le virus circule toujours, poursuit le spécialiste limougeaud. On fait certes moins de tests chaque jour en France que prévu : 200.000 contre 700.000. Mais 1,3 % sont positifs et ce n’est pas rien… Il y a tous les jours de nouveaux clusters et quand on regarde le fameux taux de propagation, le “R zéro”, qui indique le nombre de personnes pouvant être contaminées par un malade, il remonte. Légèrement peut-être, mais il ne faudrait pas que cela échappe à tout contrôle. »Pierre-Marie Preux ne souhaite pas jouer les trouble-fête de l’été. « Si le dispositif mis en place pour casser les chaînes de transmission fonctionne, comme cela semble être le cas actuellement, l’été ne devrait pas être catastrophique. Je n’ai pas de boule de cristal pour la rentrée. Cependant, avec la reprise du travail et l’arrivée de l’automne, cela s’annonce plus difficile et la question n’est pas de savoir s’il y aura une deuxième vague, mais quand… »« Ne pas penser que tout cela est fini »Et de regarder au-delà de nos frontières, en citant deux pays de l’hémisphère sud, en hiver, l’Australie et l’Afrique du sud, particulièrement touchés. « Aux États-Unis et en Amérique du Sud, c’est la première vague qui est à l’œuvre et il y a des pays qui ont fait ce qu’il fallait en termes de confinement où ça repart, comme l’Espagne. »Pour l’épidémiologiste, « il ne faut pas penser que tout cela est fini et qu’on est en sécurité ». « Avec ce coronavirus, on ne sait pas trop où on va mais au début, on s’est tous plantés en estimant qu’il était assez inoffensif. Si dans 85 % des cas, les formes sont bénignes, 15 % sont graves et 5 % mortelles… » Un rappel pas inutile, en ces temps ensoleillés mais toujours incertains. Comment profiter de l’été en Nouvelle-Aquitaine sans trop se relâcher face au Covid-19Hélène PommierEn Corrèze, le foyer de contamination sous contrôleS'il fallait une preuve de la nécessité de ne pas se relâcher, c'est la Corrèze qui l'apporte, avec le « cluster » de Brive apparu la semaine dernière. Une situation sous contrôle avec l’application du protocole national : « repérer, tester, isoler ».Le trentenaire, dépisté positif après quelques symptômes (maux de tête), a entraîné trois séries de tests. Dans son milieu professionnel, dans un club de tennis et auprès des vingt-deux personnes ayant participé à une soirée privée le 27 juin à Brive. « Quatre personnes ont été décelées positives, rappelle Sophie Girard, directrice départementale de l’agence régionale de santé (ARS). En identifiant les cas contacts, nous sommes remontés à soixante personnes - et une zone géographique élargie - qui ont été isolées et feront l’objet d’un deuxième test à sept jours. »Sophie Girard se veut malgré tout rassurante : « plus personne n’est hospitalisé en Corrèze et il n’y a plus de patient en "réa" depuis plusieurs semaines. On est clairement dans un repli de l’épidémie ». Le préfet rappelle que les facteurs de risque sont « les rassemblements privés, les milieux professionnels comme les abattoirs ou la population des saisonniers agricoles » lorsque ces derniers sont hébergés dans des logements collectifs souvent petits. Frédéric Veau insiste sur les mesures de distanciation nécessaires. « Faire une fête chez soi, ce n’est pas interdit mais il faut rester prudent. Si on veut profiter de l’été, on ne se relâche pas. » Durant la période estivale, l’ARS et ses partenaires devraient proposer en Corrèze une dizaine de rendez-vous d’information et de dépistage Covid gratuit, proposés au public, « sur des lieux touristiques passants ». Le programme est en cours d’élaboration.

contribution à un site web; Throughout the development of the Covid-19 crisis, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has worked strenuously to frame the story from its perspective – this wouldn’t be a replay of the SARS story in 2013. Not content with simply asserting that its system allowed it to successfully bring the coronavirus epidemic under control, China is seeking to be seen as the saviour by exporting personal protective equipment (PPE) around the world. The country is also using the crisis to promote its authoritarian model while discrediting the actions and systems of the European Union (EU) – Brussels and national capitals – in reacting to the pandemic.

site web; Contagion is a podcast series on circulation and pandemic threats throughout history jointly promoted by Cromohs and the Cost Action CA18140 ‘People in Motion: Entangled Histories of Displacement across the Mediterranean (1492’1923)’, or PIMoThe Covid-19 pandemic crisis forced all of us to re-organize our scientific activity. It impacts our social and academic life. It also invited historians and social scientists to share their work, to publicize their multiple insights on the current crisis, and to look at it into the light of different historical experiences. Contagion askes how individuals, groups, societies and states reacted to pandemics. Doing so it explores the economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions of pandemics as well as their impact on the evolution of societies. It is equally a matter of better understanding how the pandemic risk has been assessed, managed, and anticipated in ordinary times by communities and public actors.Pandemics must be seen as an integral part of global history. Viruses are proteins; they do not circulate per se but are carried by living beings, both humans and animals. The spread of a virus can be considered a risk associated with all forms of circulation. It is up to each society to be aware of this and to assess this risk according to its own expectations. The history of a pandemic is therefore linked to the history of trade, navigation, colonization and travel, but also to the history of science and the constitution and dissemination of knowledge. In the 16th century, the introduction of smallpox in the Caribbean and then in the Americas by European sailors, soldiers and missionaries led to the extinction of 90% of the native populations; they had not developed antibodies to a disease they had never encountered. The crew of Christopher Columbus, on the other hand, brought syphilis back to the Mediterranean, and the wars in Italy then spread it throughout Europe.Epidemics and pandemics can indeed be the result of wars. The virus can still be a biological weapon. In 1346, the Mongols of the Golden Horde catapulted contaminated bodies over the walls of the Genoese colony of Caffà, whose merchants brought the ‘Black Death’ to Europe. A virus spread all the more easily as the organisms were weakened. 17th-century European Catholic societies associated the plague with famine and war in their prayers. The first Sino-Japanese war of 1894 increased the risk of the spread of the plague first contained in China, which very quickly affected the entire Asian Pacific coast as well as India. And the ‘Spanish flu’ of 1918 could be considered intrinsically linked to war because of the weakened societies and the circulation of soldiers, in and through which it was spread. The spread of ebola in the province of North Kivu in 2019 was another obvious evidence of the close and complex link between an infectious disease and a war that has been going on since 2004.Societies could respond to pandemics in radically different ways, generate a variety of emotions. In the 16th-century Aztec Empire as in the 17th-century the Holy Roman Empire, an eschatology developed with the effects of diseases that significantly amplified respectively the deaths of the Spanish conquest and the Thirty Years War. The diary of Sam Pepys is an exceptional source on the perception of the effects of the ‘Great Plague’ in 1665 London. Pepys, like the rest of the gentry, perceived the plague as an urban threat. As the first districts were quarantined, he described the departure of London’s elite to the countryside, spreading the disease even further. He himself sent his mother and wife to Woolwich but stayed in town to ensure the supply of London. He staged his indifference in front of the bodies piling up in the streets and a sort of acceptance of the banality of death. The summer heatwave seemed to him heavier than the plague. Medicine and society could also clash in the interpretation of the necessary measures to be taken during a time of crisis. While during the ‘Black death’ in Granada, Ibn Katima introduced a first typology of plagues, explained how they spread, and recommended social distancing, in Florence Giovanni Boccaccio denounced the selfishness of his contemporaries who turned away from the sick and left them to die alone, rather than accompanying them if not trying to cure them. Pandemics can indeed generate stigmatization and social marginalization of infected people and, like the AIDS epidemics of the 1980s and 1990s, this stigmatization can be more devastating than the disease itself.Despite their global dimension, pandemics were also part of the history of states and state-building. ‘Exclusion’ and ‘surveillance’ were according to Michel Foucault the two pillars of biopolitics. It is certainly no coincidence that Thomas Hobbes, the theorist of the social contract in England, was also the translator of Thucydides’ The Plague in Athens. The biological protection of the social body becomes an imperative for the State, whose legitimacy rested on the existence of this body. Bad policy led in Athens to the death of the state itself, embodied here by that of Pericles and the numerous religious desecrations. Then epidemics and pandemics were occasions for the development of the institutions through which the State informed itself and imposed social control over the governed populations. Closing borders, restricting freedom of movement and expression, distrust of foreigners and the temporary or permanent exclusion from society of certain groups identified as vulnerable, are measures specific to biopolitics. In this sense, infectious diseases also constitute a risk for today democracies.It is all of these themes that Contagion proposes to tackle with the participation of historians from different periods and disciplines working throughout the world.

The present document defines properties and usage of IoT and M2M technology in Contact Tracing.It introduces the method of Asynchronous Contact Tracing (ACT). ACT registers the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus on IoT connected objects (waste water, or air conditioning filters, or dirty objects, or dirty cleaning tools, etc.) or connected locations (such as a shops, restaurants, corridors in a supermarket, sanitary facilities in a shopping mall, railway stations, airports terminals and gates, etc.) using Group Test (sometime called in the literature Pooling Test).ACT identifies contacts with IoT connected objects that have been contaminated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and works in synergy with solutions designed for manual and digital contact tracing to identify and alert people who may have been infected by the virus. In case the object is suspected to host or have hosted the SARS-CoV-2 virus, ACT allows users that have been in contact with the object or visited the connected location to be informed.This shifts the paradigm from synchronously tracing the contacts of the people infected by COVID-19 to asynchronously tracing of contacts of materials (such as infected surfaces, waste-water, air-conditioning filters, etc.) that are hosting the SARS-CoV-2 virus.This enables people who have come into contact asynchronously with those particular materials to be alerted of a potential COVID-19 contagion, and, at the same time, it signals that one or more persons have been in contact with the material which is now spreading the SARS-CoV-2 virus.; Asynchronous Contact Tracing (ACT) traces the IoT connected object that may have been infected by the Covid-19 virus (or future pandemic viruses). This shifts the paradigm, from searching for a person in the process of infecting another to the tracing of both potential contamination and infections, and leveraging on the combination of the two information.The scope of this WI is to standardize the full support of Asynchronous Contact Tracing (ACT) by means of1) providing some examples of use and deployment of ACT by means of a few explanatory use cases.2) specifying the ACT method and its interaction with deployed contact tracing applications for human and systems. This includes the interaction with the different technologies used by non ACT contact tracing solutions.3) specifying the ACT system including application protocols and API.The new ACT method will require the use of existing ready-to-market IoT-based technology and well-established wireless network techniques, in particular the ones specified in the ETSI standards ecosystem. Moreover, it will preserve the user's privacy in accordance with GDPR and/or other regional requirements not requiring the transmission of any personal information by the user.

contribution à un site web; In parallel with the decisions taken by the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank (ECB), governments are stepping up announcements of stimulus packages to try to cushion the economic impact of the Covid-19 health crisis, which has triggered a recession on an unprecedented scale and pace. The confinement of the population and the closure of non-essential businesses is leading to a reduction in hours worked and in consumption and investment, combining a supply shock and demand shock. [First paragraph]

Summary:The European economic union is incomplete, which makes it vulnerable to macroeconomic shocks. The opportunity to move forward in the integration process was highly debated even before the Covid-19 crisis.Yet the diverging views among countries and political groups are often considered as an obstacle on the path to required agreements for completing the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). We present the results of a survey conducted in 2018 among members of national parliaments (MPs) in France, Germany and Italy on European integration in policy fields related to risk-sharing and budgetary institutions, asking for their opinion on proposals such as the creation of a European Unemployment Insurance (EUI), Eurobonds, or an EU tax. We find that nationality and political groups are key determinants of support for such proposals, the latter being the strongest. We describe how opinions are divided and try to identify policy proposals which could gather enough political support. The agreement reached on July 21st, 2020 at the last European summit includes financial transfers between States and the creation of Eurobonds, thus representing an important institutional move and an application of some of the reforms suggested by our survey. Yet what has been decided upon is only temporary and leaves open the question of the future of European integration.Key points: At first glance, the answers show diverging opinions on most questions between countries with Italy supporting more integration, and Germany opposing it for most proposals. France has an intermediate position, leaning towards Italy. A breakdown of the results by party affiliation shows a more nuanced picture. For cross-country comparisons, we build a party indicator using the affiliation of national parties to European political groups. National MPs associated with the group of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) at the European level show strong support for the creation of new fiscal institutions and a new EU tax, and for risk sharing institutions (European Unemployment Insurance, Eurobonds). On the contrary, MPs associated with the European People’s Party (EPP) are mildly positive or against risk-sharing and fiscal institutions. National MPs affiliated to Renew Europe hold similar views to S&D MPs, but are less supportive of risk-sharing mechanisms. There is a substantial diversity of positions between the German AfD, the Italian Lega and the 5-star movement: the three parties have diverging views on the future of integration. Our econometric analysis shows that party affiliations have more explanatory power than nationality for all questions. This clearly shows that outcomes of national parliamentary elections could change the overall support for any issue.; Summary:The European economic union is incomplete, which makes it vulnerable to macroeconomic shocks. The opportunity to move forward in the integration process was highly debated even before the Covid-19 crisis.Yet the diverging views among countries and political groups are often considered as an obstacle on the path to required agreements for completing the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). We present the results of a survey conducted in 2018 among members of national parliaments (MPs) in France, Germany and Italy on European integration in policy fields related to risk-sharing and budgetary institutions, asking for their opinion on proposals such as the creation of a European Unemployment Insurance (EUI), Eurobonds, or an EU tax. We find that nationality and political groups are key determinants of support for such proposals, the latter being the strongest. We describe how opinions are divided and try to identify policy proposals which could gather enough political support. The agreement reached on July 21st, 2020 at the last European summit includes financial transfers between States and the creation of Eurobonds, thus representing an important institutional move and an application of some of the reforms suggested by our survey. Yet what has been decided upon is only temporary and leaves open the question of the future of European integration.Key points: At first glance, the answers show diverging opinions on most questions between countries with Italy supporting more integration, and Germany opposing it for most proposals. France has an intermediate position, leaning towards Italy. A breakdown of the results by party affiliation shows a more nuanced picture. For cross-country comparisons, we build a party indicator using the affiliation of national parties to European political groups. National MPs associated with the group of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) at the European level show strong support for the creation of new fiscal institutions and a new EU tax, and for risk sharing institutions (European Unemployment Insurance, Eurobonds). On the contrary, MPs associated with the European People’s Party (EPP) are mildly positive or against risk-sharing and fiscal institutions. National MPs affiliated to Renew Europe hold similar views to S&D MPs, but are less supportive of risk-sharing mechanisms. There is a substantial diversity of positions between the German AfD, the Italian Lega and the 5-star movement: the three parties have diverging views on the future of integration. Our econometric analysis shows that party affiliations have more explanatory power than nationality for all questions. This clearly shows that outcomes of national parliamentary elections could change the overall support for any issue.