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2,213 Research products

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  • 2014-2023
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  • PAHO COVID19

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Raymond, Meriel; Ching-A-Sue, Gemma; Oliver, Van Hecke;

    Mast cells are present in mucosal and connective tissues throughout the body. They participate in the innate and adaptive immune process and have an important role in inflammation and allergy. Mast cells located in the submucosa of the respiratory tract are known to be activated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Once activated, degranulation occurs releasing histamine and proteases. Late mast-cell activation leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. Vitamin D is required to maintain the stability of mast cells, and Vitamin D deficiency results in mast cell activation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Roques, Lionel et al.;

    The COVID-19 epidemic started in the Hubei province in China in December 2019 and then spread around the world reaching the pandemic stage at the beginning of March 2020. Since then, several countries went into lockdown. We estimate the effect of the lockdown in France on the contact rate and the effective reproduction number Re of the COVID-19. We obtain a reduction by a factor 7 (Re=0.47, 95%-CI: 0.45-0.50), compared to the estimates carried out in France at the early stage of the epidemic. We also estimate the fraction of the population that would be infected by the beginning of May, at the official date at which the lockdown should be relaxed. We find a fraction of 3.7% (95%-CI: 3.0-4.8%) of the total French population, without taking into account the number of recovered individuals before April 1st, which is not known. This proportion is seemingly too low to reach herd immunity. Thus, even if the lockdown strongly mitigated the first epidemic wave, keeping a low value of Re is crucial to avoid an uncontrolled second wave (initiated with much more infectious cases than the first wave) and to hence avoid the saturation of hospital facilities. Our approach is based on the mechanistic-statistical formalism, which uses a probabilistic model to connect the data collection process and the latent epidemiological process, which is described by a SIR-type differential equation model.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Antecedentes El 30 de enero de 2020, la OMS declaró que el brote de COVID-19 constituía una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Inicialmente, la mayoría de los casos se notificaron en China y en personas que habían viajado a China. La situación más reciente puede consultarse en los informes de situación sobre la COVID-19 (en inglés). La COVID-19 es una enfermedad respiratoria aguda causada por un nuevo coronavirus humano (SARS-CoV-2, también conocido como virus COVID-19), que provoca una mayor mortalidad en mayores de 60 años y en personas con afecciones previas como enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, diabetes o cáncer. Los centros de atención de larga estancia, tales como residencias geriátricas y centros de rehabilitación, son establecimientos que prestan cuidados a personas — en algunos casos de edad avanzada— con discapacidades físicas o mentales. Los residentes en centros de atención de larga estancia constituyen un grupo de población vulnerable que presentan un mayor riesgo de desenlaces adversos e infecciones al convivir en estrecha proximidad con otras personas. Por consiguiente, los centros de larga estancia han de adoptar precauciones especiales para proteger a sus residentes, empleados y visitantes. Debe tenerse en cuenta que las actividades de prevención y control de infecciones (PCI), en particular el uso de equipos de protección personal (EPP) y las restricciones de las visitas y actividades de grupo, pueden afectar a la salud y el bienestar mentales de los residentes y el personal. Para más información sobre la resiliencia durante el brote de COVID-19, véanse las consideraciones sobre la salud mental y la atención psicosocial durante el brote de COVID-19 (en inglés)...

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Pan American Health Organization;

    Alcohol is often used for socialization and by some to cope with difficult emotions. As the rates of anxiety, fear, depression, boredom, and uncertainty became more commonly reported during the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol consumption is reported to have increased as well, despite the closure of licensed premises. However, the impact of the pandemic on alcohol consumption and related harms remains unknown.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde;

    [Introdução]: Este documento reúne orientações técnicas para agências governamentais, trabalhadores da saúde e outros públicos envolvidos, sobre como responder à disseminação comunitária. Este documento será atualizado à medida que novas informações forem disponibilizadas. Para os países em que essa resposta já esteja em preparação ou em andamento, este documento serve também como checklist para identificação de quaisquer pendências existentes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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    Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, y de manera particular, la atención durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio y de la persona recién nacida, se clasifican como servicios esenciales que deben mantenerse en apego a las medidas de prevención y mitigación de la transmisión de COVID-19. Dadas las características de la población, el comportamiento epidemiológico y las persistentes brechas de desigualdad en salud de la población mexicana, éstas se traducen en riesgos diferenciales para las mujeres en edad fértil y durante el proceso reproductivo, por lo que es necesario intensificar esfuerzos para garantizar su continuidad y calidad.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PAHO COVID19arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Viswanathan, Meera et al.;

    Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 have mild disease with unspecific symptoms, but about 5% become critically ill withrespiratory failure, septic shock and multiple organ failure. An unknown proportion of infected individuals never experience COVID-19symptoms although they are infectious, that is, they remain asymptomatic. Those who develop the disease, go through a presymptomaticperiod during which they are infectious. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections to detect individuals who are infected before theypresent clinically, could therefore be an important measure to contain the spread of the disease.

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    El Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica establece como obligatorio la aplicación de estos lineamientos en los lugares donde se brindan funciones de atención directa e indirecta de personas, en los servicios de salud públicos y privados, así como en los tres niveles de gestión del Ministerio de Salud. Debido a que los conocimientos generales y la situación epidemiológica de este nuevo coronavirus se encuentran en una condición evolutiva y dinámica, tanto en el contexto local como internacional, estos lineamientos se revisarán de forma periódica y se publicará la versión vigente en la página web del Ministerio de Salud.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Raymond, Meriel; Ching-A-Sue, Gemma; Oliver, Van Hecke;

    Mast cells are present in mucosal and connective tissues throughout the body. They participate in the innate and adaptive immune process and have an important role in inflammation and allergy. Mast cells located in the submucosa of the respiratory tract are known to be activated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Once activated, degranulation occurs releasing histamine and proteases. Late mast-cell activation leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. Vitamin D is required to maintain the stability of mast cells, and Vitamin D deficiency results in mast cell activation.

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    Authors: Roques, Lionel et al.;

    The COVID-19 epidemic started in the Hubei province in China in December 2019 and then spread around the world reaching the pandemic stage at the beginning of March 2020. Since then, several countries went into lockdown. We estimate the effect of the lockdown in France on the contact rate and the effective reproduction number Re of the COVID-19. We obtain a reduction by a factor 7 (Re=0.47, 95%-CI: 0.45-0.50), compared to the estimates carried out in France at the early stage of the epidemic. We also estimate the fraction of the population that would be infected by the beginning of May, at the official date at which the lockdown should be relaxed. We find a fraction of 3.7% (95%-CI: 3.0-4.8%) of the total French population, without taking into account the number of recovered individuals before April 1st, which is not known. This proportion is seemingly too low to reach herd immunity. Thus, even if the lockdown strongly mitigated the first epidemic wave, keeping a low value of Re is crucial to avoid an uncontrolled second wave (initiated with much more infectious cases than the first wave) and to hence avoid the saturation of hospital facilities. Our approach is based on the mechanistic-statistical formalism, which uses a probabilistic model to connect the data collection process and the latent epidemiological process, which is described by a SIR-type differential equation model.

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    Antecedentes El 30 de enero de 2020, la OMS declaró que el brote de COVID-19 constituía una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Inicialmente, la mayoría de los casos se notificaron en China y en personas que habían viajado a China. La situación más reciente puede consultarse en los informes de situación sobre la COVID-19 (en inglés). La COVID-19 es una enfermedad respiratoria aguda causada por un nuevo coronavirus humano (SARS-CoV-2, también conocido como virus COVID-19), que provoca una mayor mortalidad en mayores de 60 años y en personas con afecciones previas como enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, diabetes o cáncer. Los centros de atención de larga estancia, tales como residencias geriátricas y centros de rehabilitación, son establecimientos que prestan cuidados a personas — en algunos casos de edad avanzada— con discapacidades físicas o mentales. Los residentes en centros de atención de larga estancia constituyen un grupo de población vulnerable que presentan un mayor riesgo de desenlaces adversos e infecciones al convivir en estrecha proximidad con otras personas. Por consiguiente, los centros de larga estancia han de adoptar precauciones especiales para proteger a sus residentes, empleados y visitantes. Debe tenerse en cuenta que las actividades de prevención y control de infecciones (PCI), en particular el uso de equipos de protección personal (EPP) y las restricciones de las visitas y actividades de grupo, pueden afectar a la salud y el bienestar mentales de los residentes y el personal. Para más información sobre la resiliencia durante el brote de COVID-19, véanse las consideraciones sobre la salud mental y la atención psicosocial durante el brote de COVID-19 (en inglés)...

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    Authors: Pan American Health Organization;

    Alcohol is often used for socialization and by some to cope with difficult emotions. As the rates of anxiety, fear, depression, boredom, and uncertainty became more commonly reported during the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol consumption is reported to have increased as well, despite the closure of licensed premises. However, the impact of the pandemic on alcohol consumption and related harms remains unknown.

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    Authors: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde;

    [Introdução]: Este documento reúne orientações técnicas para agências governamentais, trabalhadores da saúde e outros públicos envolvidos, sobre como responder à disseminação comunitária. Este documento será atualizado à medida que novas informações forem disponibilizadas. Para os países em que essa resposta já esteja em preparação ou em andamento, este documento serve também como checklist para identificação de quaisquer pendências existentes.

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    Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, y de manera particular, la atención durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio y de la persona recién nacida, se clasifican como servicios esenciales que deben mantenerse en apego a las medidas de prevención y mitigación de la transmisión de COVID-19. Dadas las características de la población, el comportamiento epidemiológico y las persistentes brechas de desigualdad en salud de la población mexicana, éstas se traducen en riesgos diferenciales para las mujeres en edad fértil y durante el proceso reproductivo, por lo que es necesario intensificar esfuerzos para garantizar su continuidad y calidad.

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    Authors: Viswanathan, Meera et al.;

    Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 have mild disease with unspecific symptoms, but about 5% become critically ill withrespiratory failure, septic shock and multiple organ failure. An unknown proportion of infected individuals never experience COVID-19symptoms although they are infectious, that is, they remain asymptomatic. Those who develop the disease, go through a presymptomaticperiod during which they are infectious. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections to detect individuals who are infected before theypresent clinically, could therefore be an important measure to contain the spread of the disease.

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    El Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica establece como obligatorio la aplicación de estos lineamientos en los lugares donde se brindan funciones de atención directa e indirecta de personas, en los servicios de salud públicos y privados, así como en los tres niveles de gestión del Ministerio de Salud. Debido a que los conocimientos generales y la situación epidemiológica de este nuevo coronavirus se encuentran en una condición evolutiva y dinámica, tanto en el contexto local como internacional, estos lineamientos se revisarán de forma periódica y se publicará la versión vigente en la página web del Ministerio de Salud.

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