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Background National Influenza Centers (NICs) have played a crucial role in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. The FluCov project, covering 22 countries, was initiated to monitor the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on influenza activity. Methods This project consisted of an epidemiological bulletin and NIC survey. The survey, designed to assess the impact of the pandemic on the influenza surveillance system, was shared with 36 NICs located across 22 countries. NICs were invited to reply between November 2021 and March 2022. Results We received 18 responses from NICs in 14 countries. Most NICs (76%) indicated that the number of samples tested for influenza decreased. Yet, many NICs (60%) were able to increase their laboratory testing capacity and the "robustness" (e.g., number of sentinel sites) (59%) of their surveillance systems. In addition, sample sources (e.g., hospital or outpatient setting) shifted. All NICs reported a higher burden of work following the onset of the pandemic, with some NICs hiring additional staff or partial outsourcing to other institutes or departments. Many NICs anticipate the future integration of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance into the existing respiratory surveillance system. Discussion The survey shows the profound impact of SARS-CoV-2 on national influenza surveillance in the first 27 months of the pandemic. Surveillance activities were temporarily disrupted, whilst priority was given to SARS-CoV-2. However, most NICs have shown rapid adaptive capacity underlining the importance of strong national influenza surveillance systems. These developments have the potential to benefit global respiratory surveillance in the years to come; however, questions about sustainability remain. Background National Influenza Centers (NICs) have played a crucial role in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. The FluCov project, covering 22 countries, was initiated to monitor the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on influenza activity. Methods This project consisted of an epidemiological bulletin and NIC survey. The survey, designed to assess the impact of the pandemic on the influenza surveillance system, was shared with 36 NICs located across 22 countries. NICs were invited to reply between November 2021 and March 2022. Results We received 18 responses from NICs in 14 countries. Most NICs (76%) indicated that the number of samples tested for influenza decreased. Yet, many NICs (60%) were able to increase their laboratory testing capacity and the "robustness" (e.g., number of sentinel sites) (59%) of their surveillance systems. In addition, sample sources (e.g., hospital or outpatient setting) shifted. All NICs reported a higher burden of work following the onset of the pandemic, with some NICs hiring additional staff or partial outsourcing to other institutes or departments. Many NICs anticipate the future integration of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance into the existing respiratory surveillance system. Discussion The survey shows the profound impact of SARS-CoV-2 on national influenza surveillance in the first 27 months of the pandemic. Surveillance activities were temporarily disrupted, whilst priority was given to SARS-CoV-2. However, most NICs have shown rapid adaptive capacity underlining the importance of strong national influenza surveillance systems. These developments have the potential to benefit global respiratory surveillance in the years to come; however, questions about sustainability remain.

The following dissertation focuses on the role managers and administrators both have on the company’s insolvency. Since the 2008 financial crisis there has been an increasing tendency of companies who have passed through a period of crisis or even through insolvency, a reality that has been aggravated by the pandemic crisis caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19). Both doctrine and jurisprudence have assigned relevance to the subject under analysis given the urgency to ascertain responsibilities of those responsible for creating or aggravating said situation. In the present dissertation we propose to determine the regime of the insolvency qualifying incident, consecrated on articles 185 to 189 of the CIRE, which qualifies insolvency as fortuitous and culpable, since from that qualification can result grievous consequences for the administrators. We further propose to determine the duties of administrators and what can be considered as an insolvency situation, since we consider it as relevant for the understanding of this subject. At last, the regime being unclear, gives rise to a number of questions and disagreements, to which we seek to clarify during the course of this dissertation. A presente dissertação versa sobre a responsabilidade dos gerentes e administradores na insolvência da sociedade. Desde a crise financeira de 2008 que se observa uma tendência crescente de sociedades que ficaram em situação de crise ou até mesmo numa situação de insolvência, realidade esta agravada pela crise pandémica gerada pela doença coronavírus (COVID-19). A doutrina e jurisprudência têm atribuído relevância ao tema aqui em análise dada a urgência de apurar a responsabilidade daqueles que criam ou agravam essa situação. Na presente dissertação propomo-nos analisar o regime do incidente de qualificação da insolvência, consagrado nos artigos 185º a 189º do CIRE, que qualifica a insolvência como fortuita ou culposa, sendo que dessa qualificação podem resultar consequências gravosas para os administradores. Propomo-nos ainda a analisar os deveres dos administradores e o que é considerada uma situação de insolvência por entendermos que é relevante para o entendimento do tema. Por fim, sendo o regime pouco claro, origina diversas questões e divergências, as quais procuramos esclarecer ao longo da dissertação.

Escultura de grans dimensions donada per l'escultor Jaume Plensa. La peça reposa sobre una fina base circular de granit i representa el cap d'una noia amb els ulls tancats que emergeix de la roca. El 9 d'octubre del 2020, en plena pandèmia del virus Covid-19, va quedar col·locada al vestíbul de l'Hospital Clínic. Adreça: carrer Villarroel, 170

Eighteen million people in Latin America are domestic workers, 93% of whom are women. During Covid-19, they experimented with even higher vulnerable conditions and increasing demand for their services. While some organisations in the region promoted initiatives and campaigns, most of them still go through an evident lack of recognition and rights, as, Jorgelina Loza (CONICET and FLACSO, Argentina) depicts.

In this report, we provide the first global overview of how the pandemic has changed political attitudes and beliefs. We use data collected by YouGov from 27 countries and 81,857 individuals during the 2020-21 pandemic, together with data compiled by the HUMAN Surveys project from 79 sources and over 8 million individuals since 1958. We find strong evidence that the pandemic has reversed the rise of populism, whether measured using support for populist parties, approval of populist leaders, or agreement with populist attitudes. However, we also find a disturbing erosion of support for core democratic beliefs and principles, including less liberal attitudes with respect to basic civil rights and liberties and weaker preference for democratic government.

Durch den pandemiebedingten Lockdown im Frühjahr 2020 waren zahlreiche Betriebe des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes von schweren Einschränkungen betroffen. Sie mussten ihre Produktion teilweise oder vollständig herunterfahren. Einige davon hatten sich bereits im Herbst 2020 wieder von diesen schockartigen Eingriffen erholt und produzierten wieder wie vor dem Lockdown. Allerdings waren dies bei weitem nicht alle Betriebe. Die Fähigkeit, unvorhersehbaren Störereignissen, die negative Folgen mit sich bringen, vergleichsweise unbeschadet zu überstehen, wird in der Forschung als Resilienz bezeichnet. Seit der Pandemie war dieser ursprünglich psychologische Fachbegriff auch in den Wirtschaftskolumnen häufiger zu lesen. Diese Fähigkeit, sich möglichst widerstandsfähig gegenüber solchen Störereignissen zu erweisen, wurde für Betriebe zu einem entscheidenden Faktor. Plötzlich konnte von der Resilienz das Überleben des ganzen Produktionsstandorts abhängen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, welche Betriebe des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes die COVID-19 Pandemie besonders gut überstehen konnten und weshalb diese eine höhere Resilienz gegenüber den Einschränkungen als andere Betriebe aufwiesen. Die Analysen dieser Studie zeigen, dass sich kleine und mittelgroße Betriebe häufiger als resilient erwiesen. Deutlich wird auch, dass bei den pandemiebedingten Verlusten eine klare Polarisierung zwischen Branchen besteht. Zudem beeinflussen die Bereitschaft zur Industrie 4.0 und der Einsatz von Lean Management-Konzepten die Resilienz der Produktionsbetriebe in Deutschland in der COVID-19 Pandemie maßgeblich.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the serological profile of first two SARS-CoV-2 confirmed reinfections in the national healthcare worker cohort study SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation (SIREN) and potentially identify correlates of protection against reinfection. METHODS: In addition to routine testing within the SIREN study, viral culture, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Total antibody testing (Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike) were complemented by receptor binding domain indirect ELISA and neutralising antibody assays. RESULTS: The first two SARS-CoV-2 confirmed reinfections had mild symptomatic illness episodes from which infectious virus was recovered at the time of reinfection. The recovered viruses and their sequences were closely related to viruses circulating locally during the time of reinfection and serology was consistent with reinfection. Prior to reinfection, both cases had ELISA and immunoblot detectable anti-N antibodies, but lacked live virus neutralising antibody. Within days following reinfection, neutralising antibodies became detectable and anti-N and anti-S binding antibodies were boosted. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesise that titres of neutralising antibody can be used as a correlate of protection against reinfection. Further analysis using a case-control design is essential in order to confirm this hypothesis.