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  • Authors: Wright, Erik;

    Bacterial contamination in groundwater is not often analyzed beyond local and regional scales. The presence of bacterial contaminants in the groundwater of southern Ontario has been observed, and several areas have been identified as being at higher relative risk of E. coli contamination (Krolik et al, 2013). This discovery by Public Health Ontario has prompted further research to evaluate relationships between observed levels of bacterial contamination and the geological setting of private wells. Using approximately 38,000 geocoded wells, statistical analysis was performed to compare overburden depth, soil texture, bedrock classification, and surficial deposit classification to observed levels of total coliform bacteria and E. coli. A very weak negative correlation was observed between overburden depth and E. coli, but not total coliform bacteria. One-Way ANOVA identified statistically significant differences among the means of total coliform bacteria counts in bedrock and surficial units, but not for E. coli. One-Way ANOVA identified statistically significant differences among the means of both total coliform bacteria and E. coli in wells situated in soils of different texture.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeff Stepnisky;

    From November 2013 to February 2014 Ukrainian's, protesting the government of President Victor Yanukovych, barricaded themselves in Kyiv's central square, the Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square). Over these months the space became what some observers have called a "city within a city." It developed a self-sustaining infrastructure (people lived on the square), an identity, and most important to this paper, a spirit, or atmosphere distinct from that beyond the barricades. I argue that this atmosphere was an important component of Maidan. It provided an affective grounding that both attracted people to the square, and helped to generate a form of life unique to the Maidan. Following arguments developed by atmosphere theorists (e.g. Theresa Brennan, Gernöt Bohme, Peter Sloterdijk), I say that atmosphere is neither subjective nor objective, but a container, or greenhouse, that emerges out of the interaction between people and objects. It is at once produced through these interactions, but also feeds back to produce these interactions. The paper uses on empirical materials to demonstrate how participants created the atmosphere of Maidan.

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    https://doi.org/10.7939/r3f766...
    Other ORP type . 2017
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      https://doi.org/10.7939/r3f766...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eggie, Lauren;

    The Lower Mississippian (Tournaisian) Pekisko Formation in the Hawk Hills area of northern Alberta consists of skeletal-peloidal limestones with local shaly beds, and hosts a large, medium to heavy-gravity oil resource. It has been divided into the lower carbonate, lower shaly, upper carbonate, and upper shaly units. Three lithofacies associations, consisting of the outer ramp to slope, outer ramp, and mid- to inner ramp, are interpreted to represent deposition on a low-energy, temperature-stratified, homoclinal to distally-steepened ramp along the northern flank of the Peace River Embayment. Depositional patterns were strongly controlled by reactivated basement faulting and differential subsidence. Diagenetic features are interpreted to be marine, early meteoric, burial, and late meteoric in origin. Late burial and meteoric dissolution, which produced the reservoir porosity, was texturally controlled and associated with the Pekisko subcrop edge. The best quality reservoir units occur in the mid- to inner ramp lithofacies association.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Taylor, Amanda M.;

    A challenge with micrometeorological flux measurements is determining whether they represent field spatial variability. Often only one tower characterizes agricultural fluxes, so we used three towers (co-located, 50 m, and 100 m apart) to evaluate the spatial capability of eddy covariance to measure net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent heat flux (LE), and sensible heat flux (H) over a forage and a spring wheat crop. Regression comparisons of NEE decreased slightly as towers moved apart at the forage and was not reliable at the wheat because of senescence. LE varied little amongst separations, and H maintained a consistently high r2 at all tower locations on both fields whether examined over the short- or long-term. Georeferenced, gridded leaf area index values within tower footprints were representative of the whole field. Overall, H field variability was captured within 10 W m-2, LE ranged 15 – 60 W m-2, and NEE was 23 – 33% RMSE over the forage. Many farms have known heterogeneity that can come from forage, grains, and cattle operations within the same agroecosystem, and cattle movement is a challenge when measuring farm budgets. With two eddy covariance towers and static-vented chamber campaigns we measured NEE, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes for a year over a beef cattle farm. Enteric CH4 was used as a tracer to separate cattle respiration fluxes from the farm landscape NEE. Chamber measurements on bale locations after winter grazing were hotspots for N2O emission the following spring and summer, while pasture fluxes were minimal elsewhere. When all sources of greenhouse gas measurement were combined, field and cattle respiration and CH4 dominated, and the farm was a carbon source of 46 t CO2 equivalent ha-1 y-1. Flux research would benefit from quantifying field spatial variability to ensure that eddy covariance measurements are representative. Incorporating flux towers and chambers can help estimate greenhouse gas budgets of spatially variant agroecosystems.

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  • Authors: Joury, Marina;

    The southeastern coast of South Australia contains a spectacular and world-renown suite of Quaternary calcareous aeolianites. This study is focused on the provenance of components in the Holocene sector of this carbonate breach-dune succession. Research was carried out along seven transects from ~30 meters water depth offshore across the beach and into the dunes. Offshore sediments were acquired via grab sampling and SCUBA. Results indicate that dunes of the southern Lacepede and Otway coasts in particular are mostly composed of modern invertebrate and calcareous algal allochems. The most numerous grains are from molluscs, benthic foraminifera, coralline algae, echinoids, and bryozoans. These particles originate in carbonate factories such as macroalgal forests, rocky reefs, seagrass meadows, and low-relief seafloor rockgrounds. The incorporation of carbonate skeletons into coastal dunes, however, depends on a combination of; 1) the infauna within intertidal and nearshore environments, 2) the physical characteristics of different allochems and their ability to withstand fragmentation and abrasion, 3) the wave and swell climate, and 4) the nature of aeolian transport. Most aeolian dune sediment is derived from nearshore and intertidal carbonate factories. This is particularly well illustrated by the abundance of robust infaunal bivalves that inhabit the nearshore sands and virtual absence of bryozoans that are common as sediment particles in water depths > 10mwd. Thus, the calcareous aeolianites in this cool-water carbonate region are not a reflection of the offshore marine shelf factories, but more a product of shallow nearshore-intertidal biomes.

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  • Authors: Harvey, Alexander;

    Visualization and interpretation of geological observations into a cohesive geological model are essential to Earth sciences and related fields. Various emerging technologies offer approaches to multi-scale visualization of heterogeneous data, providing new opportunities that facilitate model development and interpretation processes. These include increased accessibility to 3D scanning technology, global connectivity, and Web-based interactive platforms. The geological sciences and geological engineering disciplines are adopting these technologies as volumes of data and physical samples greatly increase. However, a standardized and universally agreed upon workflow and approach have yet to properly be developed. In this thesis, the 3D scanning workflow is presented as a foundation for a virtual geological database. This database provides augmented levels of tangibility to students and researchers who have little to no access to locations that are remote or inaccessible. A Web-GIS platform was utilized jointly with customized widgets developed throughout the course of this research to aid in visualizing hand-sized/meso-scale geological samples within a geologic and geospatial context. This context is provided as a macro-scale GIS interface, where geophysical and geodetic images and data are visualized. Specifically, an interactive interface is developed that allows for simultaneous visualization to improve the understanding of geological trends and relationships. These developed tools will allow for rapid data access and global sharing, and will facilitate comprehension of geological models using multi-scale heterogeneous observations.

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  • Authors: Armstrong, Alexis;

    Tetradiids are a group of colonial, tubular fossils that occur globally in Middle to Upper Ordovician strata. Tetradiids were first described as a type of tabulate coral; however, based on their four-fold symmetry, division, and presence of a central-sparry canal, they were recently reinterpreted as a florideophyte rhodophyte algae, a reinterpretation that is tested in this thesis. This study focused on understanding the affinity and taphonomy of this order of fossil. Research was conducted by stratigraphic and petrographic analyses of the Black River Group in the Kingston, Ontario region. Tetradiid occurrences were divided into fragment or colonial, with three morphologies of tetradiids described (Tetradium, Phytopsis and Paratetradium). Morphology is specific to depositional environment, with compact Tetradium consistently within ooid grainstones and open branching Phytopsis and chained Paratetradium consistently within mudstones. Two types of patch reefs were recognized: a Paratetradium bioherm, and a Paratetradium, Phytopsis, stromatolite bioherm. The presence of bioherms implies that tetradiids were capable of hypercalcifying. Preservation styles of tetradiids were investigated, and were compared to brachiopods, echinoderms, mollusks, and ooids. Tetradiids were preferentially preserved as molds and demonstrated complete dissolution of skeletal material. Rare specimens, however, demonstrated preserved horizontal partitions, central plates, and a double wall. Skeletal molds were filled with either calcite spar, mud or encrusted by a cryptomicrobial colony. Both calcitic and aragonitic ooids were discovered. The co-occurrence of aragonitic ooids, aragonitic crytodontids, and the evolution of aragonitic, hypercalcifying tetradiids is interpreted as representing the geochemical favoring of aragonite and HMC in a time of global calcite seas. The geochemical favoring of aragonite is interpreted to be independent to global Mg: Ca ratios, but was the result of increased saturation levels and temperature driven by high atmospheric pCO2. Based on the presence of epitheca, tabulae, septa, and the commonality of growth forms, tetradiids are interpreted as an order of Cnidaria. The evolution of an aragonitic skeleton in tetradiids is interpreted to be the result of de novo acquisition of a skeleton from an unmineralized clade.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kimmerle, Stephanie;
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Canada Researcharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Spence, Harlan; Reeves, Geoffrey D.; Zhou, X. Z.; Fu, Suiyan; +7 Authors

    On 23 November 2012, a sudden dropout of the relativistic electron flux was observed after an interplanetary shock arrival. The dropout peaks at ∼1 MeV and more than 80% of the electrons disappeared from the drift shell. Van Allen twin Probes observed a sharp electron flux dropout with clear energy dispersion signals. The repeating flux dropout and recovery signatures, or “dropout echoes”, constitute a new phenomenon referred to as a “drifting electron dropout” with a limited initial spatial range. The azimuthal range of the dropout is estimated to be on the duskside, from ∼1300 to 0100 LT. We conclude that the shock-induced electron dropout is not caused by the magnetopause shadowing. The dropout and consequent echoes suggest that the radial migration of relativistic electrons is induced by the strong dusk-dawn asymmetric interplanetary shock compression on the magnetosphere.

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    Authors: Workman, Trent W.;

    Spring flooding regularly occurs in the plain along the Assiniboine River’s low-lying terminus in eastern Manitoba as the river attempts to accommodate snowmelt drained from the central plains territory of North America. The annual insensitive response to the changing state of the river is a physical expression of competing understandings of time made manifest in the landscape. Can the consideration of time shift our understanding of flooding in the prairie context? How can a deep sense of time be expressed in our reaction to the design of the land? Shifting to thinking of a time-sensitive response to flooding, I aim to construct a hybrid cartography that addresses the relationship between observer and understanding fundamental to relevant critical projects in the landscape. This approach aims to understand the geographic and temporal context to reveal deep synchronicities ignored by rational approaches to both fluvial engineering and design.

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  • Authors: Wright, Erik;

    Bacterial contamination in groundwater is not often analyzed beyond local and regional scales. The presence of bacterial contaminants in the groundwater of southern Ontario has been observed, and several areas have been identified as being at higher relative risk of E. coli contamination (Krolik et al, 2013). This discovery by Public Health Ontario has prompted further research to evaluate relationships between observed levels of bacterial contamination and the geological setting of private wells. Using approximately 38,000 geocoded wells, statistical analysis was performed to compare overburden depth, soil texture, bedrock classification, and surficial deposit classification to observed levels of total coliform bacteria and E. coli. A very weak negative correlation was observed between overburden depth and E. coli, but not total coliform bacteria. One-Way ANOVA identified statistically significant differences among the means of total coliform bacteria counts in bedrock and surficial units, but not for E. coli. One-Way ANOVA identified statistically significant differences among the means of both total coliform bacteria and E. coli in wells situated in soils of different texture.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeff Stepnisky;

    From November 2013 to February 2014 Ukrainian's, protesting the government of President Victor Yanukovych, barricaded themselves in Kyiv's central square, the Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square). Over these months the space became what some observers have called a "city within a city." It developed a self-sustaining infrastructure (people lived on the square), an identity, and most important to this paper, a spirit, or atmosphere distinct from that beyond the barricades. I argue that this atmosphere was an important component of Maidan. It provided an affective grounding that both attracted people to the square, and helped to generate a form of life unique to the Maidan. Following arguments developed by atmosphere theorists (e.g. Theresa Brennan, Gernöt Bohme, Peter Sloterdijk), I say that atmosphere is neither subjective nor objective, but a container, or greenhouse, that emerges out of the interaction between people and objects. It is at once produced through these interactions, but also feeds back to produce these interactions. The paper uses on empirical materials to demonstrate how participants created the atmosphere of Maidan.

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    https://doi.org/10.7939/r3f766...
    Other ORP type . 2017
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      https://doi.org/10.7939/r3f766...
      Other ORP type . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eggie, Lauren;

    The Lower Mississippian (Tournaisian) Pekisko Formation in the Hawk Hills area of northern Alberta consists of skeletal-peloidal limestones with local shaly beds, and hosts a large, medium to heavy-gravity oil resource. It has been divided into the lower carbonate, lower shaly, upper carbonate, and upper shaly units. Three lithofacies associations, consisting of the outer ramp to slope, outer ramp, and mid- to inner ramp, are interpreted to represent deposition on a low-energy, temperature-stratified, homoclinal to distally-steepened ramp along the northern flank of the Peace River Embayment. Depositional patterns were strongly controlled by reactivated basement faulting and differential subsidence. Diagenetic features are interpreted to be marine, early meteoric, burial, and late meteoric in origin. Late burial and meteoric dissolution, which produced the reservoir porosity, was texturally controlled and associated with the Pekisko subcrop edge. The best quality reservoir units occur in the mid- to inner ramp lithofacies association.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Taylor, Amanda M.;

    A challenge with micrometeorological flux measurements is determining whether they represent field spatial variability. Often only one tower characterizes agricultural fluxes, so we used three towers (co-located, 50 m, and 100 m apart) to evaluate the spatial capability of eddy covariance to measure net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent heat flux (LE), and sensible heat flux (H) over a forage and a spring wheat crop. Regression comparisons of NEE decreased slightly as towers moved apart at the forage and was not reliable at the wheat because of senescence. LE varied little amongst separations, and H maintained a consistently high r2 at all tower locations on both fields whether examined over the short- or long-term. Georeferenced, gridded leaf area index values within tower footprints were representative of the whole field. Overall, H field variability was captured within 10 W m-2, LE ranged 15 – 60 W m-2, and NEE was 23 – 33% RMSE over the forage. Many farms have known heterogeneity that can come from forage, grains, and cattle operations within the same agroecosystem, and cattle movement is a challenge when measuring farm budgets. With two eddy covariance towers and static-vented chamber campaigns we measured NEE, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes for a year over a beef cattle farm. Enteric CH4 was used as a tracer to separate cattle respiration fluxes from the farm landscape NEE. Chamber measurements on bale locations after winter grazing were hotspots for N2O emission the following spring and summer, while pasture fluxes were minimal elsewhere. When all sources of greenhouse gas measurement were combined, field and cattle respiration and CH4 dominated, and the farm was a carbon source of 46 t CO2 equivalent ha-1 y-1. Flux research would benefit from quantifying field spatial variability to ensure that eddy covariance measurements are representative. Incorporating flux towers and chambers can help estimate greenhouse gas budgets of spatially variant agroecosystems.

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  • Authors: Joury, Marina;

    The southeastern coast of South Australia contains a spectacular and world-renown suite of Quaternary calcareous aeolianites. This study is focused on the provenance of components in the Holocene sector of this carbonate breach-dune succession. Research was carried out along seven transects from ~30 meters water depth offshore across the beach and into the dunes. Offshore sediments were acquired via grab sampling and SCUBA. Results indicate that dunes of the southern Lacepede and Otway coasts in particular are mostly composed of modern invertebrate and calcareous algal allochems. The most numerous grains are from molluscs, benthic foraminifera, coralline algae, echinoids, and bryozoans. These particles originate in carbonate factories such as macroalgal forests, rocky reefs, seagrass meadows, and low-relief seafloor rockgrounds. The incorporation of carbonate skeletons into coastal dunes, however, depends on a combination of; 1) the infauna within intertidal and nearshore environments, 2) the physical characteristics of different allochems and their ability to withstand fragmentation and abrasion, 3) the wave and swell climate, and 4) the nature of aeolian transport. Most aeolian dune sediment is derived from nearshore and intertidal carbonate factories. This is particularly well illustrated by the abundance of robust infaunal bivalves that inhabit the nearshore sands and virtual absence of bryozoans that are common as sediment particles in water depths > 10mwd. Thus, the calcareous aeolianites in this cool-water carbonate region are not a reflection of the offshore marine shelf factories, but more a product of shallow nearshore-intertidal biomes.

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  • Authors: Harvey, Alexander;

    Visualization and interpretation of geological observations into a cohesive geological model are essential to Earth sciences and related fields. Various emerging technologies offer approaches to multi-scale visualization of heterogeneous data, providing new opportunities that facilitate model development and interpretation processes. These include increased accessibility to 3D scanning technology, global connectivity, and Web-based interactive platforms. The geological sciences and geological engineering disciplines are adopting these technologies as volumes of data and physical samples greatly increase. However, a standardized and universally agreed upon workflow and approach have yet to properly be developed. In this thesis, the 3D scanning workflow is presented as a foundation for a virtual geological database. This database provides augmented levels of tangibility to students and researchers who have little to no access to locations that are remote or inaccessible. A Web-GIS platform was utilized jointly with customized widgets developed throughout the course of this research to aid in visualizing hand-sized/meso-scale geological samples within a geologic and geospatial context. This context is provided as a macro-scale GIS interface, where geophysical and geodetic images and data are visualized. Specifically, an interactive interface is developed that allows for simultaneous visualization to improve the understanding of geological trends and relationships. These developed tools will allow for rapid data access and global sharing, and will facilitate comprehension of geological models using multi-scale heterogeneous observations.

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  • Authors: Armstrong, Alexis;

    Tetradiids are a group of colonial, tubular fossils that occur globally in Middle to Upper Ordovician strata. Tetradiids were first described as a type of tabulate coral; however, based on their four-fold symmetry, division, and presence of a central-sparry canal, they were recently reinterpreted as a florideophyte rhodophyte algae, a reinterpretation that is tested in this thesis. This study focused on understanding the affinity and taphonomy of this order of fossil. Research was conducted by stratigraphic and petrographic analyses of the Black River Group in the Kingston, Ontario region. Tetradiid occurrences were divided into fragment or colonial, with three morphologies of tetradiids described (Tetradium, Phytopsis and Paratetradium). Morphology is specific to depositional environment, with compact Tetradium consistently within ooid grainstones and open branching Phytopsis and chained Paratetradium consistently within mudstones. Two types of patch reefs were recognized: a Paratetradium bioherm, and a Paratetradium, Phytopsis, stromatolite bioherm. The presence of bioherms implies that tetradiids were capable of hypercalcifying. Preservation styles of tetradiids were investigated, and were compared to brachiopods, echinoderms, mollusks, and ooids. Tetradiids were preferentially preserved as molds and demonstrated complete dissolution of skeletal material. Rare specimens, however, demonstrated preserved horizontal partitions, central plates, and a double wall. Skeletal molds were filled with either calcite spar, mud or encrusted by a cryptomicrobial colony. Both calcitic and aragonitic ooids were discovered. The co-occurrence of aragonitic ooids, aragonitic crytodontids, and the evolution of aragonitic, hypercalcifying tetradiids is interpreted as representing the geochemical favoring of aragonite and HMC in a time of global calcite seas. The geochemical favoring of aragonite is interpreted to be independent to global Mg: Ca ratios, but was the result of increased saturation levels and temperature driven by high atmospheric pCO2. Based on the presence of epitheca, tabulae, septa, and the commonality of growth forms, tetradiids are interpreted as an order of Cnidaria. The evolution of an aragonitic skeleton in tetradiids is interpreted to be the result of de novo acquisition of a skeleton from an unmineralized clade.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kimmerle, Stephanie;
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Canada Researcharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Spence, Harlan; Reeves, Geoffrey D.; Zhou, X. Z.; Fu, Suiyan; +7 Authors

    On 23 November 2012, a sudden dropout of the relativistic electron flux was observed after an interplanetary shock arrival. The dropout peaks at ∼1 MeV and more than 80% of the electrons disappeared from the drift shell. Van Allen twin Probes observed a sharp electron flux dropout with clear energy dispersion signals. The repeating flux dropout and recovery signatures, or “dropout echoes”, constitute a new phenomenon referred to as a “drifting electron dropout” with a limited initial spatial range. The azimuthal range of the dropout is estimated to be on the duskside, from ∼1300 to 0100 LT. We conclude that the shock-induced electron dropout is not caused by the magnetopause shadowing. The dropout and consequent echoes suggest that the radial migration of relativistic electrons is induced by the strong dusk-dawn asymmetric interplanetary shock compression on the magnetosphere.

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    Authors: Workman, Trent W.;

    Spring flooding regularly occurs in the plain along the Assiniboine River’s low-lying terminus in eastern Manitoba as the river attempts to accommodate snowmelt drained from the central plains territory of North America. The annual insensitive response to the changing state of the river is a physical expression of competing understandings of time made manifest in the landscape. Can the consideration of time shift our understanding of flooding in the prairie context? How can a deep sense of time be expressed in our reaction to the design of the land? Shifting to thinking of a time-sensitive response to flooding, I aim to construct a hybrid cartography that addresses the relationship between observer and understanding fundamental to relevant critical projects in the landscape. This approach aims to understand the geographic and temporal context to reveal deep synchronicities ignored by rational approaches to both fluvial engineering and design.

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