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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: DE BAECQUE, Margot; BOUSSAFIR, Yasmina;

    La mise en place d'essais représentatifs pour caractériser la durabilité des matériaux des digues s'appuie sur la connaissance de la nature, l'amplitude et la fréquence des phénomènes environnementaux susceptibles de dégrader les matériaux. La spécificité les environnements fluviaux et maritime, ainsi que la spécificité des matériaux naturels, traités à la chaux ou au ciment sont pris compte dans l'élaboration des essais. New tests able to study the sustainability of levees' materials should be based on the knowledge of the type, the amplitude and the frequency of the environmental phenomena that can damage the materials. The specificity of the fluvial and maritime environments, as well as the specificity of natural materials, treated with lime or cement are taken into account in the development of the tests.

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    Authors: AN, Ni; HEMMATI, Sahar; CUI, Yu-Jun; MAISONNAVE, Cindy; +2 Authors

    When modelling the variations of soil volumetric water content and temperature in earth constructions, it is essential to adopt a fully coupled hydro-thermal model and to well determine the boundary conditions by considering soil-atmosphere interaction. In this study, a numerical approach combing coupled hydro-thermal model and soil-atmosphere interaction model is developed and applied to investigate the hydro-thermal behaviour of a field embankment constructed at Rouen. The related meteorological variables were recorded hourly from more than one year. Comparisons between the measurements and the simulation results show the relevance of the proposed numerical approach and its further application in longer term.

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    Authors: CALAS, Aude; UZU, Gaelle; KELLY, Frank J.; HOUDIER, Stephan; +10 Authors

    Many studies have demonstrated associations between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health outcomes in humans that can be explained by PM capacity to induce oxidative stress in vivo. Thus, assays have been developed to quantify the oxidative potential (OP) of PM as a more refined exposure metric than PM mass alone. Only a small number of studies have compared different acellular OP measurements for a given set of ambient PM samples. Yet, fewer studies have compared different assays over a year-long period and with detailed chemical characterization of ambient PM. In this study, we report on seasonal variations of the dithiothreitol (DTT), ascorbic acid (AA), electron spin resonance (ESR) and the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF, composed of the reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASC)) assays over a 1-year period in which 100 samples were analyzed. A detailed PM10 characterization allowed univariate and multivariate regression analyses in order to obtain further insight into groups of chemical species that drive OP measurements. Our results show that most of the OP assays were strongly intercorrelated over the sampling year but also these correlations differed when considering specific sampling periods (cold vs. warm). All acellular assays are correlated with a significant number of chemical species when considering univariate correlations, especially for the DTT assay. Evidence is also presented of a seasonal contrast over the sampling period with significantly higher OP values during winter for the DTT, AA, GSH and ASC assays, which were assigned to biomass burning species by the multiple linear regression models. The ESR assay clearly differs from the other tests as it did not show seasonal dynamics and presented weaker correlations with other assays and chemical species.

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    Authors: WEBER, Samuel; UZU, Gaelle; CALAS, Aude; CHEVRIER, Florie; +6 Authors

    Inhaled aerosolized particulate matter (PM) induces cellular oxidative stress in vivo leads to adverse health outcomes. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM appears to be a more relevant proxy of the health impact of the aerosol rather than the total mass concentration. However, the relative contributions of the aerosol sources to the OP are still poorly known. In order to better quantify the impact of different PM sources, we sampled aerosols in a French city for one year (year 2014, 115 samples). A coupled analysis with detailed chemical speciation (more than 100 species, including organic and carbonaceous compounds, ions, metals and Aethalometer measurements) and two OP assays (ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitiol (DTT)) in a simulated lung fluid (SLF) were performed in these samples.We developed in this study a new statistical model using a coupled approach with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and multiple linear regression to attribute a redox-activity to PM sources. Our results highlight the importance of the biomass burning and vehicular sources to explain the observed OP for both assays. In general, we see a different contribution of the sources when considering the OP AA, OP DTT or the mass of the PM10. Moreover, significant differences are observed between the DTT and AA tests which emphasized chemical specificities of the two tests and the need of a standardized approach for the future studies on epidemiology or toxicology of the PM.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: BOUSSAFIR, Yasmina; BICALHO, Katia; CUI, Yu Jun; MERCADIER, Dimitri;

    Le projet TerDOUEST a permis la réalisation d'un remblai expérimental réalisé en limon et argiles traitées à la chaux et/ou aux liants hydrauliques. Cet ouvrage a été largement instrumenté par des sondes TDR et de succion. L'exploitation de 4 années d'enregistrement des teneurs en eau volumiques et des succions est présentée dans cet article. La présentation d'une courbe de rétention d'eau avec les données du site ouvre la discussion sur les phénomènes ayant réellement lieu dans le matériau traité et l'ouvrage. The TerDOUEST project constructed a large-scale experimental embankment with compacted lime treated clays. The field instrumentation included spatial and temporal changes of the soil suction and water content at predefined locations within the embankment, as well as measurements of rainfall data, collected during 4 years. Field soil water retention curves of the lime treated clay were reconstructed through simultaneous field measurements of soil suction and water content. The results illustrated the importance of field measurements in optimizing the design of earthen landfill covers and in controlling their long-term performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archive institutionn...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: GERBER, Gaétan; RODTS, Stéphane; AIMEDIEU, Patrick; FAURE, PAMELA; +1 Authors

    From observations of the progressive deposition of noncolloidal particles by geometrical exclusion effects inside a 3D model porous medium, we get a complete dynamic view of particle deposits over a full range of regimes from transport over a long distance to clogging and caking. We show that clogging essentially occurs in the form of an accumulation of elements in pore size clusters, which ultimately constitute regions avoided by the flow. The clusters are dispersed in the medium, and their concentration (number per volume) decreases with the distance from the entrance; caking is associated with the final stage of this effect (for a critical cluster concentration at the entrance). A simple probabilistic model, taking into account the impact of clogging on particle transport, allows us to quantitatively predict all these trends up to a large cluster concentration, based on a single parameter: the clogging probability, which is a function of the confinement ratio. This opens the route towards a unification of the different fields of particle transport, clogging, caking, and filtration

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    Authors: BAHOKEN, Françoise;

    L'une des principales familles de solutions apportées à l'objectif de réduction de la complexité de la carte de flux consiste à réduire la résolution des données. Les solutions liées à l'agrégation spatiale conduisent à un changement d'échelle géographique, à la production d'un maillage territorial de niveau régional issu d'une classification fonctionnelle car fondée sur les valeurs des flux. Si l'approche est efficace, on souhaite s'interroger sur les raisons de l'absence d'analyse factorielle réalisées en amont de ces partitions de l'espace par des flux.

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    Authors: BAHOKEN, Françoise;
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    Authors: AGUILERA-BELANGER, Anne; CONTI, Benoit;
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    Authors: COMMENGES, Hadrien; TOMASONI, Lorenza; SEIGNEUR, Christian; BONIN, Olivier; +3 Authors

    Much has been spoken and written about the rationalization and optimization of services and amenities in urban territories. In this context, there is increasing use of numerical modeling techniques addressing the design, selection and/or calibration of policy instruments. The question of the relations between appraisal tools and policymaking has been widely studied. However, few studies have specifically focused on the role of modeling in policymaking processes. Drawing on two case studies, this paper suggests a change in the nature of multi-expertise: neither conflicting nor cross-sectoral, we observed in both cases an interwoven configuration with a network of experts making use of integrated models. We call this configuration distributed expertise, arguing that it is a novel configuration and that its emergence is closely linked to the development of integrated modeling techniques. Other authors have discussed the idea that the growing need for new appraisal tools is linked with the proliferation of wicked policy problems. From our case studies we would conclude that the emergence of integrated modeling is not a response to complex problems but to complex systems of actors who need to reach a consensus on actions.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: DE BAECQUE, Margot; BOUSSAFIR, Yasmina;

    La mise en place d'essais représentatifs pour caractériser la durabilité des matériaux des digues s'appuie sur la connaissance de la nature, l'amplitude et la fréquence des phénomènes environnementaux susceptibles de dégrader les matériaux. La spécificité les environnements fluviaux et maritime, ainsi que la spécificité des matériaux naturels, traités à la chaux ou au ciment sont pris compte dans l'élaboration des essais. New tests able to study the sustainability of levees' materials should be based on the knowledge of the type, the amplitude and the frequency of the environmental phenomena that can damage the materials. The specificity of the fluvial and maritime environments, as well as the specificity of natural materials, treated with lime or cement are taken into account in the development of the tests.

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    Authors: AN, Ni; HEMMATI, Sahar; CUI, Yu-Jun; MAISONNAVE, Cindy; +2 Authors

    When modelling the variations of soil volumetric water content and temperature in earth constructions, it is essential to adopt a fully coupled hydro-thermal model and to well determine the boundary conditions by considering soil-atmosphere interaction. In this study, a numerical approach combing coupled hydro-thermal model and soil-atmosphere interaction model is developed and applied to investigate the hydro-thermal behaviour of a field embankment constructed at Rouen. The related meteorological variables were recorded hourly from more than one year. Comparisons between the measurements and the simulation results show the relevance of the proposed numerical approach and its further application in longer term.

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    Authors: CALAS, Aude; UZU, Gaelle; KELLY, Frank J.; HOUDIER, Stephan; +10 Authors

    Many studies have demonstrated associations between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health outcomes in humans that can be explained by PM capacity to induce oxidative stress in vivo. Thus, assays have been developed to quantify the oxidative potential (OP) of PM as a more refined exposure metric than PM mass alone. Only a small number of studies have compared different acellular OP measurements for a given set of ambient PM samples. Yet, fewer studies have compared different assays over a year-long period and with detailed chemical characterization of ambient PM. In this study, we report on seasonal variations of the dithiothreitol (DTT), ascorbic acid (AA), electron spin resonance (ESR) and the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF, composed of the reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASC)) assays over a 1-year period in which 100 samples were analyzed. A detailed PM10 characterization allowed univariate and multivariate regression analyses in order to obtain further insight into groups of chemical species that drive OP measurements. Our results show that most of the OP assays were strongly intercorrelated over the sampling year but also these correlations differed when considering specific sampling periods (cold vs. warm). All acellular assays are correlated with a significant number of chemical species when considering univariate correlations, especially for the DTT assay. Evidence is also presented of a seasonal contrast over the sampling period with significantly higher OP values during winter for the DTT, AA, GSH and ASC assays, which were assigned to biomass burning species by the multiple linear regression models. The ESR assay clearly differs from the other tests as it did not show seasonal dynamics and presented weaker correlations with other assays and chemical species.

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    Authors: WEBER, Samuel; UZU, Gaelle; CALAS, Aude; CHEVRIER, Florie; +6 Authors

    Inhaled aerosolized particulate matter (PM) induces cellular oxidative stress in vivo leads to adverse health outcomes. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM appears to be a more relevant proxy of the health impact of the aerosol rather than the total mass concentration. However, the relative contributions of the aerosol sources to the OP are still poorly known. In order to better quantify the impact of different PM sources, we sampled aerosols in a French city for one year (year 2014, 115 samples). A coupled analysis with detailed chemical speciation (more than 100 species, including organic and carbonaceous compounds, ions, metals and Aethalometer measurements) and two OP assays (ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitiol (DTT)) in a simulated lung fluid (SLF) were performed in these samples.We developed in this study a new statistical model using a coupled approach with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and multiple linear regression to attribute a redox-activity to PM sources. Our results highlight the importance of the biomass burning and vehicular sources to explain the observed OP for both assays. In general, we see a different contribution of the sources when considering the OP AA, OP DTT or the mass of the PM10. Moreover, significant differences are observed between the DTT and AA tests which emphasized chemical specificities of the two tests and the need of a standardized approach for the future studies on epidemiology or toxicology of the PM.

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    Authors: BOUSSAFIR, Yasmina; BICALHO, Katia; CUI, Yu Jun; MERCADIER, Dimitri;

    Le projet TerDOUEST a permis la réalisation d'un remblai expérimental réalisé en limon et argiles traitées à la chaux et/ou aux liants hydrauliques. Cet ouvrage a été largement instrumenté par des sondes TDR et de succion. L'exploitation de 4 années d'enregistrement des teneurs en eau volumiques et des succions est présentée dans cet article. La présentation d'une courbe de rétention d'eau avec les données du site ouvre la discussion sur les phénomènes ayant réellement lieu dans le matériau traité et l'ouvrage. The TerDOUEST project constructed a large-scale experimental embankment with compacted lime treated clays. The field instrumentation included spatial and temporal changes of the soil suction and water content at predefined locations within the embankment, as well as measurements of rainfall data, collected during 4 years. Field soil water retention curves of the lime treated clay were reconstructed through simultaneous field measurements of soil suction and water content. The results illustrated the importance of field measurements in optimizing the design of earthen landfill covers and in controlling their long-term performance.

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    Authors: GERBER, Gaétan; RODTS, Stéphane; AIMEDIEU, Patrick; FAURE, PAMELA; +1 Authors

    From observations of the progressive deposition of noncolloidal particles by geometrical exclusion effects inside a 3D model porous medium, we get a complete dynamic view of particle deposits over a full range of regimes from transport over a long distance to clogging and caking. We show that clogging essentially occurs in the form of an accumulation of elements in pore size clusters, which ultimately constitute regions avoided by the flow. The clusters are dispersed in the medium, and their concentration (number per volume) decreases with the distance from the entrance; caking is associated with the final stage of this effect (for a critical cluster concentration at the entrance). A simple probabilistic model, taking into account the impact of clogging on particle transport, allows us to quantitatively predict all these trends up to a large cluster concentration, based on a single parameter: the clogging probability, which is a function of the confinement ratio. This opens the route towards a unification of the different fields of particle transport, clogging, caking, and filtration

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    Authors: BAHOKEN, Françoise;

    L'une des principales familles de solutions apportées à l'objectif de réduction de la complexité de la carte de flux consiste à réduire la résolution des données. Les solutions liées à l'agrégation spatiale conduisent à un changement d'échelle géographique, à la production d'un maillage territorial de niveau régional issu d'une classification fonctionnelle car fondée sur les valeurs des flux. Si l'approche est efficace, on souhaite s'interroger sur les raisons de l'absence d'analyse factorielle réalisées en amont de ces partitions de l'espace par des flux.

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    Authors: BAHOKEN, Françoise;
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    Authors: AGUILERA-BELANGER, Anne; CONTI, Benoit;
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    Authors: COMMENGES, Hadrien; TOMASONI, Lorenza; SEIGNEUR, Christian; BONIN, Olivier; +3 Authors

    Much has been spoken and written about the rationalization and optimization of services and amenities in urban territories. In this context, there is increasing use of numerical modeling techniques addressing the design, selection and/or calibration of policy instruments. The question of the relations between appraisal tools and policymaking has been widely studied. However, few studies have specifically focused on the role of modeling in policymaking processes. Drawing on two case studies, this paper suggests a change in the nature of multi-expertise: neither conflicting nor cross-sectoral, we observed in both cases an interwoven configuration with a network of experts making use of integrated models. We call this configuration distributed expertise, arguing that it is a novel configuration and that its emergence is closely linked to the development of integrated modeling techniques. Other authors have discussed the idea that the growing need for new appraisal tools is linked with the proliferation of wicked policy problems. From our case studies we would conclude that the emergence of integrated modeling is not a response to complex problems but to complex systems of actors who need to reach a consensus on actions.

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