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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Seraj, Ali; Oblak, Blagoje;

    We study the motion of a gyroscope located far away from an isolated gravitational source in an asymptotically flat spacetime. As seen from a local frame tied to distant stars, the gyroscope precesses when gravitational waves cross its path, resulting in a net "orientation memory" that carries information on the wave profile. At leading order in the inverse distance to the source, the memory consists of two terms: the first is linear in the metric perturbation and coincides with the spin memory effect, while the second is quadratic and measures the net helicity of the wave burst. Both are closely related to symmetries of the gravitational radiative phase space at null infinity: spin memory probes superrotation charges, while helicity is the canonical generator of local electric-magnetic duality on the celestial sphere. 23 pages, 2 figures. V2: Added references and minor corrections. V3: Expanded section 4.2 on symmetries, and new section 5 (conclusion); more references added. To appear in JHEP

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of High Energy Physics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    Hal-Diderot
    Preprint . 2021
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of High Energy Physics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      DOAJ
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
      Hal-Diderot
      Preprint . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Head, Martin, J; Steffen, Will; Fagerlind, David; Waters, Colin, N; +12 Authors

    International audience; The Anthropocene was conceptualized in 2000 to reflect the extensive impact of human activities on our planet, and subsequent detailed analyses have revealed a substantial Earth System response to these impacts beginning in the mid-20 th century. Key to this understanding was the discovery of a sharp upturn in a multitude of global socioeconomic indicators and Earth System trends at that time; a phenomenon termed the 'Great Acceleration'. It coincides with massive increases in global human-consumed energy and shows the Earth System now on a trajectory far exceeding the earlier variability of the Holocene Epoch, and in some respects the entire Quaternary Period. The evaluation of geological signals similarly shows the mid-20 th century as representing the most appropriate inception for the Anthropocene. A recent mathematical analysis has nonetheless challenged the significance of the original Great Acceleration data. We examine this analytical approach and reiterate the robustness of the original data in supporting the Great Acceleration, while emphasizing that intervals of rapid growth are inevitably time-limited, as recognised at the outset. Moreover, the exceptional magnitude of this growth remains undeniable, reaffirming the centrality of the Great Acceleration in justifying a formal chronostratigraphic Anthropocene at the rank of series/epoch.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Episodes; Refubium -...arrow_drop_down
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    Article
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    https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
    Other literature type . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: François Arleo; Greg Jackson; Stéphane Peigné;

    The phenomenon of fully coherent energy loss (FCEL) in the collisions of protons on light ions affects the physics of cosmic ray air showers. As an illustration, we address two closely related observables: hadron production in forthcoming proton-oxygen collisions at the LHC, and the atmospheric neutrino fluxes induced by the semileptonic decays of hadrons produced in proton-air collisions. In both cases, a significant nuclear suppression due to FCEL is predicted. The conventional and prompt neutrino fluxes are suppressed by $\sim 10...25\%$ in their relevant neutrino energy ranges. Previous estimates of atmospheric neutrino fluxes should be scaled down accordingly to account for FCEL. Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Letters Barrow_drop_down
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    Physics Letters B
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    Hal-Diderot
    Preprint . 2022
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    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Letters Barrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Letters B
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      Hal-Diderot
      Preprint . 2022
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jean-Baptiste Rigot; Sébastien Gondet; Marie-Laure Chambrade; Morteza Djamali; +2 Authors

    Located in the middle basin of the Pulvar river (Fars, Iran), Pasargadae was founded around 550 BCE in the early days of the Achaemenid Empire. Its territory is dotted with remains of imposing hydraulic facilities (dams, dikes, canals), some of which date to that very period. The purposes and functions of these structures, built to exploit surface water, located in today’s landscape (a deeply incised valley with temporary watercourses), raise questions and problems for which geomorphological studies provide major elements for consideration. Erosion of the Pleistocene glacis by the Pulvar and its tributaries caused several phases of alluvial deposition during the Holocene. They can be seen today in the Pasargadae region by examining the remains of three well-developed steplike terraces. These sedimentary units are primary archives for the reconstruction of river dynamics, and thus allow a better estimation of water availability. Since 2016, within the framework of a joint Iranian-French archaeological mission, several geo-archaeological campaigns have been carried out. Sediment analyses, C-14 dating and OSL dating of sediments collected in the alluvial formations, as well as in archaeological contexts, have been made to accurately reconstruct the variations over time in the Pulvar regime, as well as the past regional waterscape. From the beginning of the Holocene to the onset of the 1st millennium BCE, the Pulvarcatchment area was marked by an aggradation phase, which led to the valley being filled with alluvial deposits. This sedimentary unit provided vast areas of arable land where cultivation could be enhanced by irrigation. The creation of water inlets in the Pulvar and its tributaries was at that time facilitated by riverbeds less incised than present-day ones. Ancient hydraulic systems reflect these geomorphological conditions, since they were built to manage higher water levels, as well as stronger flows, when compared to irrigation facilities developed in modern times International audience

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mémoires en Sciences...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Quaternary International
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mayer, Wolf;

    L'expédition scientifique française, sous le commandement du capitaine Baudin, visita l'Australie entre 1801 et 1803. Parmi les savants, il y avait Louis Depuch (1774-1803) et Charles Bailly (1777-1844), les premiers géologues à étudier l géologie le long des côtes de ce continent. Leurs travaux en Australie furent fortement influencés par les idées des célèbres géologues Dolomieu (1750-1801)et Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1790), qu'ils appliquèrent aux roches de ce continent. Les écrits de Depuch et Bailly, et ceux du zoologiste de l'expédition, François Péron, démontrent qu'ils acceptaient la théorie neptuniste pour l'origine des granites, qu'ils considéraient comme les roches les plus anciennes. Cependant ils réfutaient cette théorie pour la formation des basaltes, qu'ils considéraient comme des produits des feux souterrains. Après le retour de l'expédition en France, la collection géologique ne suscita pas un grand intérêt. La mort de Depuch à l'île de France (île Maurice) et la perte regrettable de son journal, ont contribué au manque d'appréciation de leurs découvertes. Avec le temps, quelques-uns des savants européens ont cependant reconnu l'importance des travaux de ces pionniers de la géologie australienne. The French scientific expedition, commanded by Captain Nicolas Baudin, which visited Australia between 1801 and 1803, carried out the first geological surveys along the continent's western and southern margins. Louis Depuch and Charles Bailly, the expedition's geologists, were educated at the École des mines and the École polytechnique respectively. Their ideas, and those of the expedition's zoologist François Péron, were influenced by the teachings of Dolomieu and the works of de Saussure. They followed the Neptunist school of thought with regard to the origin of granite, but rejected this theory for volcanic rocks in assigning their formation to lavas of subterranean origin. The geological discoveries made in Australia were not, at the time of the expedition's return, received with much appreciation. This was largely due to death of Depuch on the return voyage and to the loss of his journal. In time, a number of scholars recognised the importance of the work of these pioneers of Australian geology.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    OpenEdition
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: OpenEdition
    Bulletin de la Sabix
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alice Bosco-Santos; William P. Gilhooly; Paola de Melo-Silva; Fotios Fouskas; +6 Authors

    Sulfur mass- independent fractionation (S-MIF) preserved in Archean sedimentary pyrite is interpreted to reflect atmospheric chemistry. Small ranges in Δ33S that expanded into larger fractionations leading up to the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) 2.45 to 2.2 Ga are disproportionately represented by sequences from the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons. These patterns of S-MIF attenuation and enhancement may differ from the timing and magnitude of minor sulfur isotope fractionations reported from other cratons, thus obscuring local for global sulfur cycling dynamics. By expanding the Δ33S record to include the relatively underrepresented Sao Francisco Craton in Brazil, we suggest that marine biogeochemistry affected S-MIF preservation prior to the GOE. In an early Neoarchean sequence (2763–2730 Ma) from the Rio das Velhas Greenstone Belt, we propose that low δ13Corg (< −30‰) and dampened Δ33S (0.4‰ to −0.7‰) in banded iron formation reflect the marine diagenetic process of anaerobic methane oxidation. The overlying black shale (TOC up to 7.8%) with higher δ13Corg (−33.4‰ to −19.2‰) and expanded Δ33S (2.3‰ ± 0.8‰), recorded oxidative sulfur cycling that resulted in enhance preservation of S-MIF input from atmospheric sources of elemental sulfur. The sequence culminates in a metasandstone, where concomitant changes to more uniform δ13Corg (−30‰ to −25‰), potentially associated with the RuBisCO I enzyme, and near-zero Δ33S (−0.04‰ to 0.38‰) is mainly interpreted as evidence for local oxygen production. When placed in the context of other sequences worldwide, the Rio das Velhas helps differentiate the influences of global atmospheric chemistry and local marine diagenesis in Archean biogeochemical processes. Our data suggest that prokaryotic sulfur, iron, and methane cycles might have an underestimated role in pre-GOE sulfur minor isotope records.

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    Geoscience Frontiers
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Article . 2021
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    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Geoscience Frontiersarrow_drop_down
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      Geoscience Frontiers
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Camille François; Manuel Pubellier; Christian Robert; Cédric Bulois; +4 Authors

    International audience; Orogens develop in convergent settings involving twoor more continental and/or oceanic plates. They are tra-ditionally defined as zones of crustal deformation associ-ated with mountain building resulting from either accretionof a terrane and/or an arc, continent-continent collision or rift-inversion. However, this definition does not considerthe genetic link between an oceanic domain and an intra-continental rift, even though extension associated with ascissor-shape opening can be demonstrated in many ocean-floored basins. Consequently, we propose a new conceptof orogenic evolution based on the development of exten-sional margins subsequently subjected to crustal shorten-ing. Thus orogens that develop as a result of the closureof wide basins, are distinguished from mountain belts devel-oped above subduction zones or that result from conti-nental collision and inverted intra-continental rifts. Ourreview of several key orogens identifies similarities anddifferences in geodynamic processes through geologicaltime including prior to the onset of plate tectonics ca. 2.5Ga. We propose that mapping based on comparative tec-tonics is a good way to constrain such an evolution, andthat this can start with a global-scale map of past-to-modernorogens aimed at re-exploring mountain building conceptsspatially and temporarily. This is the primary objective ofIGCP 667 project “World Map of Orogens”.

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    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rossignol, Camille; Yves Jean Antonio, Paul; Narduzzi, Francesco; Siciliano Rego, Eric; +8 Authors

    International audience; Despite representing one of the largest cratons on Earth, the early geological evolution of the Amazonia Craton remains poorly known due to relatively poor exposure and because younger metamorphic and tectonic events have obscured initial information. In this study, we investigated the sedimentary archives of the Carajás Basin to unravel the early geological evolution of the southeastern Amazonia Craton. The Carajás Basin contains sedimentary rocks that were deposited throughout a long period spanning more than one billion years from the Mesoarchean to the Paleoproterozoic. The oldest archives preserved in this basin consist of a few ca. 3.6 Ga detrital zircon grains showing that the geological roots of the Amazonia Craton were already formed by the Eoarchean. During the Paleoarchean or the early Mesoarchean (<3.1 Ga), the Carajás Basin was large and rigid enough to sustain the formation and preservation of the Rio Novo Group greenstone belt. Later, during the Neoarchean, at ca. 2.7 Ga, the southeastern Amazonia Craton witnessed the emplacement of the Parauapebas Large Igneous Province (LIP) that probably covered a large part of the craton and was associated with the deposition of some of the world largest iron formations. The emplacement of this LIP immediately preceded a period of continental extension that formed a rift infilled first by iron formations followed by terrigenous sediments. This major change of sedimentary regime might have been controlled by the regional tectonic evolution of the Amazonia Craton and its emergence above sea-level. During the Paleoproterozoic, at ca. 2.1 Ga, the Rio Fresco Group, consisting of terrigenous sediments from the interior of the Amazonia Craton, was deposited in the Carajás Basin. At that time, the Amazonian lithosphere could have either underwent thermal subsidence forming a large intracratonic basin or could have been deformed by long wavelength flexures that induced the formation of basins and swells throughout the craton under the influence of the growing Transamazonian mountain belt.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Geoscience Frontiers
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2022
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    Authors: Chavanis, Pierre-Henri;

    International audience; We develop a thermodynamical model of fermionic dark matter halos at finite temperature. Statistical equilibrium states may be justified by a process of violent collisionless relaxation in the sense of Lynden-Bell or from a collisional relaxation of nongravitational origin if the fermions are self-interacting. The most probable state (maximum entropy state) generically has a “core-halo” structure with a quantum core (fermion ball) surrounded by an isothermal atmosphere. The quantum core is equivalent to a polytrope of index n=3/2. The Pauli exclusion principle creates a quantum pressure that prevents gravitational collapse and solves the core-cusp problem of the cold dark matter model. The isothermal atmosphere (which is similar to the Navarro-Frenk-White profile of cold dark matter) accounts for the flat rotation curves of the galaxies at large distances. We numerically solve the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium with the Fermi-Dirac equation of state and determine the density profiles and rotation curves of fermionic dark matter halos. We impose that the surface density of the dark matter halos has the universal value Σ0=ρ0rh=141  M⊙/pc2 obtained from the observations. For a fermion mass m=165  eV/c2, the “minimum halo” has a mass (Mh)min=108  M⊙ and a radius (rh)min=597  pc similar to dwarf spheroidals like Fornax. This ultracompact halo corresponds to a completely degenerate fermion ball at T=0. This is the ground state of the self-gravitating Fermi gas. For ultracompact dark matter halos with a mass (Mh)min<Mh<(Mh)CCP=6.73×108  M⊙ (canonical critical point), the quantum core is surrounded by a tenuous classical isothermal atmosphere. Dark matter halos with a mass Mh>(Mh)CCP are dominated by the classical isothermal atmosphere. They may be purely gaseous (similar to the Burkert profile) or harbor a fermion ball. The gaseous solution is stable in all statistical ensembles. The core-halo solution is canonically unstable (having a negative specific heat) but, for small dark matter halos with a mass (Mh)CCP<Mh<(Mh)MCP=1.08×1010  M⊙ (microcanonical critical point), it is microcanonically stable. By maximizing the entropy at fixed mass and energy we find that the mass of the quantum core scales with the halo mass as Mc/(Mh)min=1.47[Mh/(Mh)min]3/8. This relation is equivalent to the “velocity dispersion tracing” relation according to which the velocity dispersion in the core vc2∼GMc/Rc is of the same order as the velocity dispersion in the halo vh2∼GMh/rh. We provide therefore a justification of this relation from thermodynamical arguments. The fermion ball represents a large quantum bulge which is either present now or may have, in the past, triggered the collapse of the surrounding gas, leading to a supermassive black hole and a quasar. When Mh>(Mh)MCP, the quantum core-halo solution is microcanonically unstable. Large dark matter halos may undergo a gravothermal catastrophe leading ultimately to the formation of a small out-of-equilibrium condensed core or, in the case of very large dark matter halos with Mh>MOV, to a supermassive black hole when the core mass overcomes the Oppenheimer-Volkoff (OV) limit. The isothermal halo is left undisturbed and is in agreement with the Burkert profile. Our model has no free parameter (the mass m=165  eV/c2 of the fermionic particle is determined by the minimum halo) so it is completely predictive. It predicts that the Milky Way should harbor a fermionic dark matter bulge of mass Mc=9.45×109  M⊙ and radius Rc=240  pc in possible agreement with the observations. We also consider another model involving a larger fermion mass m=54.6  keV/c2. In this model, a fermion ball of mass Mc=4.2×106  M⊙ and radius Rc=6×10-4  pc could mimic the effect of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way (Sagittarius A*). In bigger galaxies, the fermion ball should be replaced by a supermassive black hole of mass MBH=2.10×108  M⊙ which could account for active galactic nuclei. For an even larger fermion mass m=386  keV/c2, a supermassive black hole of mass MBH=4.2×106  M⊙ should be formed in the Milky Way instead of a fermion ball. However, models with a fermion mass m=54.6  keV/c2 predict that ultracompact dark matter halos of mass ∼108  M⊙ should contain a fermionic core of mass Mc∼104  M⊙ and radius Rc∼5 mpc similar to intermediate mass black holes, a prediction which may be challenged by observations.

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    https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
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    HAL-INSA Toulouse
    Preprint . 2022
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    Authors: Maxime Pineau; Maximilien Mathian; Fabien Baron; Benjamin Rondeau; +3 Authors

    Abstract Kaolinite is an Al-rich phyllosilicate commonly observed on Earth as a product of the chemical weathering of aluminosilicates. It has also been detected on the martian surface by orbital remote sensing observations. While the determination of the geological processes of formation of terrestrial kaolinite (i.e., hydrothermal activity, continental surface weathering, diagenesis) involves the coupling of field observation and multiple laboratory measurements, only geomorphology and associated minerals are generally available to determine their geological origin on Mars. Kaolinite crystallinity depends on many physicochemical parameters reflecting its conditions of crystallization. To determine if the near-infrared (NIR) spectral signature of kaolinite enables estimation of its crystallinity and furthermore if this method can be used to identify the geological processes involved in kaolinite formation, we carried out an in-depth analysis of NIR spectra of reference terrestrial kaolinites that formed in various geological contexts. We calculated second and third derivatives for each spectrum to highlight subtle variations in the spectral properties of kaolinite. This allowed the identification of 27 spectral contributions for the 4500 and 7000 cm−1 Al-OH-related regions of absorption bands. The position shifts and shape variations of these spectral contributions were intimately linked to variations of crystallinity, which was qualitatively estimated using Hinckley and Liétard XRD (dis)order indices. The results obtained show that the NIR signature of kaolinite is influenced by the stacking disorder of layers that has some influence on the vibrations of the interfoliar and inner Al-OH groups. Our study also confirms that: (1) well-ordered kaolinites are not restricted to hydrothermal deposits; (2) kaolinites from a similar sedimentary or pedogenetic context often display contrasting degrees of crystalline order; and (3) poorly ordered kaolinites are more likely to have a sedimentary or pedogenetic origin. Finally, this work highlights that obtaining spectra with sufficient spectral resolution could help to estimate the crystallinity of kaolinite and, in the best cases, its geological origin, both on Earth and Mars, especially with in situ NIR measurements.

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    American Mineralogist
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2021
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      American Mineralogist
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Seraj, Ali; Oblak, Blagoje;

    We study the motion of a gyroscope located far away from an isolated gravitational source in an asymptotically flat spacetime. As seen from a local frame tied to distant stars, the gyroscope precesses when gravitational waves cross its path, resulting in a net "orientation memory" that carries information on the wave profile. At leading order in the inverse distance to the source, the memory consists of two terms: the first is linear in the metric perturbation and coincides with the spin memory effect, while the second is quadratic and measures the net helicity of the wave burst. Both are closely related to symmetries of the gravitational radiative phase space at null infinity: spin memory probes superrotation charges, while helicity is the canonical generator of local electric-magnetic duality on the celestial sphere. 23 pages, 2 figures. V2: Added references and minor corrections. V3: Expanded section 4.2 on symmetries, and new section 5 (conclusion); more references added. To appear in JHEP

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    Journal of High Energy Physics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Preprint . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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      Journal of High Energy Physics
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    Authors: Head, Martin, J; Steffen, Will; Fagerlind, David; Waters, Colin, N; +12 Authors

    International audience; The Anthropocene was conceptualized in 2000 to reflect the extensive impact of human activities on our planet, and subsequent detailed analyses have revealed a substantial Earth System response to these impacts beginning in the mid-20 th century. Key to this understanding was the discovery of a sharp upturn in a multitude of global socioeconomic indicators and Earth System trends at that time; a phenomenon termed the 'Great Acceleration'. It coincides with massive increases in global human-consumed energy and shows the Earth System now on a trajectory far exceeding the earlier variability of the Holocene Epoch, and in some respects the entire Quaternary Period. The evaluation of geological signals similarly shows the mid-20 th century as representing the most appropriate inception for the Anthropocene. A recent mathematical analysis has nonetheless challenged the significance of the original Great Acceleration data. We examine this analytical approach and reiterate the robustness of the original data in supporting the Great Acceleration, while emphasizing that intervals of rapid growth are inevitably time-limited, as recognised at the outset. Moreover, the exceptional magnitude of this growth remains undeniable, reaffirming the centrality of the Great Acceleration in justifying a formal chronostratigraphic Anthropocene at the rank of series/epoch.

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    Authors: François Arleo; Greg Jackson; Stéphane Peigné;

    The phenomenon of fully coherent energy loss (FCEL) in the collisions of protons on light ions affects the physics of cosmic ray air showers. As an illustration, we address two closely related observables: hadron production in forthcoming proton-oxygen collisions at the LHC, and the atmospheric neutrino fluxes induced by the semileptonic decays of hadrons produced in proton-air collisions. In both cases, a significant nuclear suppression due to FCEL is predicted. The conventional and prompt neutrino fluxes are suppressed by $\sim 10...25\%$ in their relevant neutrino energy ranges. Previous estimates of atmospheric neutrino fluxes should be scaled down accordingly to account for FCEL. Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

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    Physics Letters B
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      Physics Letters B
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Jean-Baptiste Rigot; Sébastien Gondet; Marie-Laure Chambrade; Morteza Djamali; +2 Authors

    Located in the middle basin of the Pulvar river (Fars, Iran), Pasargadae was founded around 550 BCE in the early days of the Achaemenid Empire. Its territory is dotted with remains of imposing hydraulic facilities (dams, dikes, canals), some of which date to that very period. The purposes and functions of these structures, built to exploit surface water, located in today’s landscape (a deeply incised valley with temporary watercourses), raise questions and problems for which geomorphological studies provide major elements for consideration. Erosion of the Pleistocene glacis by the Pulvar and its tributaries caused several phases of alluvial deposition during the Holocene. They can be seen today in the Pasargadae region by examining the remains of three well-developed steplike terraces. These sedimentary units are primary archives for the reconstruction of river dynamics, and thus allow a better estimation of water availability. Since 2016, within the framework of a joint Iranian-French archaeological mission, several geo-archaeological campaigns have been carried out. Sediment analyses, C-14 dating and OSL dating of sediments collected in the alluvial formations, as well as in archaeological contexts, have been made to accurately reconstruct the variations over time in the Pulvar regime, as well as the past regional waterscape. From the beginning of the Holocene to the onset of the 1st millennium BCE, the Pulvarcatchment area was marked by an aggradation phase, which led to the valley being filled with alluvial deposits. This sedimentary unit provided vast areas of arable land where cultivation could be enhanced by irrigation. The creation of water inlets in the Pulvar and its tributaries was at that time facilitated by riverbeds less incised than present-day ones. Ancient hydraulic systems reflect these geomorphological conditions, since they were built to manage higher water levels, as well as stronger flows, when compared to irrigation facilities developed in modern times International audience

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    Quaternary International
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mayer, Wolf;

    L'expédition scientifique française, sous le commandement du capitaine Baudin, visita l'Australie entre 1801 et 1803. Parmi les savants, il y avait Louis Depuch (1774-1803) et Charles Bailly (1777-1844), les premiers géologues à étudier l géologie le long des côtes de ce continent. Leurs travaux en Australie furent fortement influencés par les idées des célèbres géologues Dolomieu (1750-1801)et Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1790), qu'ils appliquèrent aux roches de ce continent. Les écrits de Depuch et Bailly, et ceux du zoologiste de l'expédition, François Péron, démontrent qu'ils acceptaient la théorie neptuniste pour l'origine des granites, qu'ils considéraient comme les roches les plus anciennes. Cependant ils réfutaient cette théorie pour la formation des basaltes, qu'ils considéraient comme des produits des feux souterrains. Après le retour de l'expédition en France, la collection géologique ne suscita pas un grand intérêt. La mort de Depuch à l'île de France (île Maurice) et la perte regrettable de son journal, ont contribué au manque d'appréciation de leurs découvertes. Avec le temps, quelques-uns des savants européens ont cependant reconnu l'importance des travaux de ces pionniers de la géologie australienne. The French scientific expedition, commanded by Captain Nicolas Baudin, which visited Australia between 1801 and 1803, carried out the first geological surveys along the continent's western and southern margins. Louis Depuch and Charles Bailly, the expedition's geologists, were educated at the École des mines and the École polytechnique respectively. Their ideas, and those of the expedition's zoologist François Péron, were influenced by the teachings of Dolomieu and the works of de Saussure. They followed the Neptunist school of thought with regard to the origin of granite, but rejected this theory for volcanic rocks in assigning their formation to lavas of subterranean origin. The geological discoveries made in Australia were not, at the time of the expedition's return, received with much appreciation. This was largely due to death of Depuch on the return voyage and to the loss of his journal. In time, a number of scholars recognised the importance of the work of these pioneers of Australian geology.

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    Bulletin de la Sabix
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    Authors: Alice Bosco-Santos; William P. Gilhooly; Paola de Melo-Silva; Fotios Fouskas; +6 Authors

    Sulfur mass- independent fractionation (S-MIF) preserved in Archean sedimentary pyrite is interpreted to reflect atmospheric chemistry. Small ranges in Δ33S that expanded into larger fractionations leading up to the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) 2.45 to 2.2 Ga are disproportionately represented by sequences from the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons. These patterns of S-MIF attenuation and enhancement may differ from the timing and magnitude of minor sulfur isotope fractionations reported from other cratons, thus obscuring local for global sulfur cycling dynamics. By expanding the Δ33S record to include the relatively underrepresented Sao Francisco Craton in Brazil, we suggest that marine biogeochemistry affected S-MIF preservation prior to the GOE. In an early Neoarchean sequence (2763–2730 Ma) from the Rio das Velhas Greenstone Belt, we propose that low δ13Corg (< −30‰) and dampened Δ33S (0.4‰ to −0.7‰) in banded iron formation reflect the marine diagenetic process of anaerobic methane oxidation. The overlying black shale (TOC up to 7.8%) with higher δ13Corg (−33.4‰ to −19.2‰) and expanded Δ33S (2.3‰ ± 0.8‰), recorded oxidative sulfur cycling that resulted in enhance preservation of S-MIF input from atmospheric sources of elemental sulfur. The sequence culminates in a metasandstone, where concomitant changes to more uniform δ13Corg (−30‰ to −25‰), potentially associated with the RuBisCO I enzyme, and near-zero Δ33S (−0.04‰ to 0.38‰) is mainly interpreted as evidence for local oxygen production. When placed in the context of other sequences worldwide, the Rio das Velhas helps differentiate the influences of global atmospheric chemistry and local marine diagenesis in Archean biogeochemical processes. Our data suggest that prokaryotic sulfur, iron, and methane cycles might have an underestimated role in pre-GOE sulfur minor isotope records.

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    Geoscience Frontiers
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    Authors: Camille François; Manuel Pubellier; Christian Robert; Cédric Bulois; +4 Authors

    International audience; Orogens develop in convergent settings involving twoor more continental and/or oceanic plates. They are tra-ditionally defined as zones of crustal deformation associ-ated with mountain building resulting from either accretionof a terrane and/or an arc, continent-continent collision or rift-inversion. However, this definition does not considerthe genetic link between an oceanic domain and an intra-continental rift, even though extension associated with ascissor-shape opening can be demonstrated in many ocean-floored basins. Consequently, we propose a new conceptof orogenic evolution based on the development of exten-sional margins subsequently subjected to crustal shorten-ing. Thus orogens that develop as a result of the closureof wide basins, are distinguished from mountain belts devel-oped above subduction zones or that result from conti-nental collision and inverted intra-continental rifts. Ourreview of several key orogens identifies similarities anddifferences in geodynamic processes through geologicaltime including prior to the onset of plate tectonics ca. 2.5Ga. We propose that mapping based on comparative tec-tonics is a good way to constrain such an evolution, andthat this can start with a global-scale map of past-to-modernorogens aimed at re-exploring mountain building conceptsspatially and temporarily. This is the primary objective ofIGCP 667 project “World Map of Orogens”.

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    Authors: Rossignol, Camille; Yves Jean Antonio, Paul; Narduzzi, Francesco; Siciliano Rego, Eric; +8 Authors

    International audience; Despite representing one of the largest cratons on Earth, the early geological evolution of the Amazonia Craton remains poorly known due to relatively poor exposure and because younger metamorphic and tectonic events have obscured initial information. In this study, we investigated the sedimentary archives of the Carajás Basin to unravel the early geological evolution of the southeastern Amazonia Craton. The Carajás Basin contains sedimentary rocks that were deposited throughout a long period spanning more than one billion years from the Mesoarchean to the Paleoproterozoic. The oldest archives preserved in this basin consist of a few ca. 3.6 Ga detrital zircon grains showing that the geological roots of the Amazonia Craton were already formed by the Eoarchean. During the Paleoarchean or the early Mesoarchean (<3.1 Ga), the Carajás Basin was large and rigid enough to sustain the formation and preservation of the Rio Novo Group greenstone belt. Later, during the Neoarchean, at ca. 2.7 Ga, the southeastern Amazonia Craton witnessed the emplacement of the Parauapebas Large Igneous Province (LIP) that probably covered a large part of the craton and was associated with the deposition of some of the world largest iron formations. The emplacement of this LIP immediately preceded a period of continental extension that formed a rift infilled first by iron formations followed by terrigenous sediments. This major change of sedimentary regime might have been controlled by the regional tectonic evolution of the Amazonia Craton and its emergence above sea-level. During the Paleoproterozoic, at ca. 2.1 Ga, the Rio Fresco Group, consisting of terrigenous sediments from the interior of the Amazonia Craton, was deposited in the Carajás Basin. At that time, the Amazonian lithosphere could have either underwent thermal subsidence forming a large intracratonic basin or could have been deformed by long wavelength flexures that induced the formation of basins and swells throughout the craton under the influence of the growing Transamazonian mountain belt.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
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    Authors: Chavanis, Pierre-Henri;

    International audience; We develop a thermodynamical model of fermionic dark matter halos at finite temperature. Statistical equilibrium states may be justified by a process of violent collisionless relaxation in the sense of Lynden-Bell or from a collisional relaxation of nongravitational origin if the fermions are self-interacting. The most probable state (maximum entropy state) generically has a “core-halo” structure with a quantum core (fermion ball) surrounded by an isothermal atmosphere. The quantum core is equivalent to a polytrope of index n=3/2. The Pauli exclusion principle creates a quantum pressure that prevents gravitational collapse and solves the core-cusp problem of the cold dark matter model. The isothermal atmosphere (which is similar to the Navarro-Frenk-White profile of cold dark matter) accounts for the flat rotation curves of the galaxies at large distances. We numerically solve the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium with the Fermi-Dirac equation of state and determine the density profiles and rotation curves of fermionic dark matter halos. We impose that the surface density of the dark matter halos has the universal value Σ0=ρ0rh=141  M⊙/pc2 obtained from the observations. For a fermion mass m=165  eV/c2, the “minimum halo” has a mass (Mh)min=108  M⊙ and a radius (rh)min=597  pc similar to dwarf spheroidals like Fornax. This ultracompact halo corresponds to a completely degenerate fermion ball at T=0. This is the ground state of the self-gravitating Fermi gas. For ultracompact dark matter halos with a mass (Mh)min<Mh<(Mh)CCP=6.73×108  M⊙ (canonical critical point), the quantum core is surrounded by a tenuous classical isothermal atmosphere. Dark matter halos with a mass Mh>(Mh)CCP are dominated by the classical isothermal atmosphere. They may be purely gaseous (similar to the Burkert profile) or harbor a fermion ball. The gaseous solution is stable in all statistical ensembles. The core-halo solution is canonically unstable (having a negative specific heat) but, for small dark matter halos with a mass (Mh)CCP<Mh<(Mh)MCP=1.08×1010  M⊙ (microcanonical critical point), it is microcanonically stable. By maximizing the entropy at fixed mass and energy we find that the mass of the quantum core scales with the halo mass as Mc/(Mh)min=1.47[Mh/(Mh)min]3/8. This relation is equivalent to the “velocity dispersion tracing” relation according to which the velocity dispersion in the core vc2∼GMc/Rc is of the same order as the velocity dispersion in the halo vh2∼GMh/rh. We provide therefore a justification of this relation from thermodynamical arguments. The fermion ball represents a large quantum bulge which is either present now or may have, in the past, triggered the collapse of the surrounding gas, leading to a supermassive black hole and a quasar. When Mh>(Mh)MCP, the quantum core-halo solution is microcanonically unstable. Large dark matter halos may undergo a gravothermal catastrophe leading ultimately to the formation of a small out-of-equilibrium condensed core or, in the case of very large dark matter halos with Mh>MOV, to a supermassive black hole when the core mass overcomes the Oppenheimer-Volkoff (OV) limit. The isothermal halo is left undisturbed and is in agreement with the Burkert profile. Our model has no free parameter (the mass m=165  eV/c2 of the fermionic particle is determined by the minimum halo) so it is completely predictive. It predicts that the Milky Way should harbor a fermionic dark matter bulge of mass Mc=9.45×109  M⊙ and radius Rc=240  pc in possible agreement with the observations. We also consider another model involving a larger fermion mass m=54.6  keV/c2. In this model, a fermion ball of mass Mc=4.2×106  M⊙ and radius Rc=6×10-4  pc could mimic the effect of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way (Sagittarius A*). In bigger galaxies, the fermion ball should be replaced by a supermassive black hole of mass MBH=2.10×108  M⊙ which could account for active galactic nuclei. For an even larger fermion mass m=386  keV/c2, a supermassive black hole of mass MBH=4.2×106  M⊙ should be formed in the Milky Way instead of a fermion ball. However, models with a fermion mass m=54.6  keV/c2 predict that ultracompact dark matter halos of mass ∼108  M⊙ should contain a fermionic core of mass Mc∼104  M⊙ and radius Rc∼5 mpc similar to intermediate mass black holes, a prediction which may be challenged by observations.

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    https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: APS Licenses for Journal Article Re-use
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
    HAL-INSA Toulouse
    Preprint . 2022
    Data sources: HAL-INSA Toulouse
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    Authors: Maxime Pineau; Maximilien Mathian; Fabien Baron; Benjamin Rondeau; +3 Authors

    Abstract Kaolinite is an Al-rich phyllosilicate commonly observed on Earth as a product of the chemical weathering of aluminosilicates. It has also been detected on the martian surface by orbital remote sensing observations. While the determination of the geological processes of formation of terrestrial kaolinite (i.e., hydrothermal activity, continental surface weathering, diagenesis) involves the coupling of field observation and multiple laboratory measurements, only geomorphology and associated minerals are generally available to determine their geological origin on Mars. Kaolinite crystallinity depends on many physicochemical parameters reflecting its conditions of crystallization. To determine if the near-infrared (NIR) spectral signature of kaolinite enables estimation of its crystallinity and furthermore if this method can be used to identify the geological processes involved in kaolinite formation, we carried out an in-depth analysis of NIR spectra of reference terrestrial kaolinites that formed in various geological contexts. We calculated second and third derivatives for each spectrum to highlight subtle variations in the spectral properties of kaolinite. This allowed the identification of 27 spectral contributions for the 4500 and 7000 cm−1 Al-OH-related regions of absorption bands. The position shifts and shape variations of these spectral contributions were intimately linked to variations of crystallinity, which was qualitatively estimated using Hinckley and Liétard XRD (dis)order indices. The results obtained show that the NIR signature of kaolinite is influenced by the stacking disorder of layers that has some influence on the vibrations of the interfoliar and inner Al-OH groups. Our study also confirms that: (1) well-ordered kaolinites are not restricted to hydrothermal deposits; (2) kaolinites from a similar sedimentary or pedogenetic context often display contrasting degrees of crystalline order; and (3) poorly ordered kaolinites are more likely to have a sedimentary or pedogenetic origin. Finally, this work highlights that obtaining spectra with sufficient spectral resolution could help to estimate the crystallinity of kaolinite and, in the best cases, its geological origin, both on Earth and Mars, especially with in situ NIR measurements.

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    American Mineralogist
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ American Mineralogis...arrow_drop_down
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      American Mineralogist
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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