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The purpose of this report is to outline the evaluation and comparison approach and the knowledge obtained through a detailed data collection process, in order to examine the implementation and application of the Half Double Methodology (HDM) at Forsvarsministeriets Material- og Indkøbsstyrelse (FMI), as well as compare and contrast pilot and reference projects. State-owned FMI is the Danish Ministry of Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization (English abbreviation: DALO), and thus a unit under the Ministry of Defence and the Danish public sector. It is likely that the Half Double Methodology has had a positive impact on FMI and their team collaboration. The procurement process is faster, which especially is evident in pilot case 3, but also the initial versions of pilot case 1 and 2. However, here, the cases were subject to external conditions which increased the duration. FMI experiences satisfaction from stakeholders involved in the procurement. This satisfaction is also present in most of the team members engaging with the methodology. Hence overall, integrating the Half Double Methodology in FMI’s team collaboration is perceived as a success in FMI and continues to be applied. However, there is still room for improvements in the procurement process and team configuration. This relates to the application of HDM, but also other constraints in FMI, which is related to a lack of resources to develop interdisciplinary teams, as well as challenges from covid-19 restrictions. The purpose of this report is to outline the evaluation and comparison approach and the knowledge obtained through a detailed data collection process, in order to examine the implementation and application of the Half Double Methodology (HDM) at Forsvarsministeriets Material- og Indkøbsstyrelse (FMI), as well as compare and contrast pilot and reference projects. State-owned FMI is the Danish Ministry of Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization (English abbreviation: DALO), and thus a unit under the Ministry of Defence and the Danish public sector. It is likely that the Half Double Methodology has had a positive impact on FMI and their team collaboration. The procurement process is faster, which especially is evident in pilot case 3, but also the initial versions of pilot case 1 and 2. However, here, the cases were subject to external conditions which increased the duration. FMI experiences satisfaction from stakeholders involved in the procurement. This satisfaction is also present in most of the team members engaging with the methodology. Hence overall, integrating the Half Double Methodology in FMI’s team collaboration is perceived as a success in FMI and continues to be applied. However, there is still room for improvements in the procurement process and team configuration. This relates to the application of HDM, but also other constraints in FMI, which is related to a lack of resources to develop interdisciplinary teams, as well as challenges from covid-19 restrictions.

This deliverable, D4.4, describes the "participatory framework for sustainable management, conservation and use of European coastal and maritime cultural landscapes" of the PERICLES project. It is the final deliverable for WP4, based on the four tasks carried out in this and other work packages. It brings together a synthesis of information already communicated in other reports (e.g. D4.1; D4.2; D4.3), and examples from the PERICLES case regions. In doing so, this deliverable presents the PERICLES participatory framework as practice-informed approach to understand, assess and enact sustainable management, conservation and use of European coastal and maritime cultural landscapes.In the PERICLES participatory risk assessment framework, defining risks and threats is seen as an important starting point because this enables clearer communication and therefore to create a common understanding among those stakeholders who are affected by threats, and those who are affecting andgoverning risks to coastal and maritime cultural heritage. In the PERICLES project, a distinction is made between natural/environmental and human-induced threats as captured in the first phase of the framework. At the same time, it is highlighted that such distinction can be artificial and should beconsidered with care, as represented in the two-layered design of the framework. Every step goes with questions for reflection for those using the framework, and the iterative loops contained within it. Governance, is seen as a process of steering at a strategic level in which a variety of actors can beinvolved yet not affected, can be affected yet marginalized or excluded, or anything in between. Risk management takes place at the more operational level but the power dynamics of a governance process are still important. As such the second phase of the risk assessment framework seeks to suggest participatory ways to assess, decide and evaluate risks.PERICLES partners had the ambition to test the framework in demo-specific risk assessment processes in the PERICLES case regions. This testing was planned at the case-region level between January 2020 and January 2021. However, due to pandemic related restriction (ban of meetings and curfews) it proved to be impossible to realise the testing and implementing of the framework in the way envisioned. As an alternative approach, PERICLES partners have looked at their demo work through the lens of the assessment framework and discussed this in four joint sessions. This led to enhanced, practice-informed insights on how the different steps worked out in several specific case regions. Furthermore, thepartners jointly reflected on the impact of COVID-19 on their own participatory strategies. It has been clear that the pandemic has hampered participation in demo activities and has also brought some to a stand-still. Mitigating measures were mainly through online activities, which allowed for opening up to new audiences but also brought forward forms of exclusion because of a digital divide.

Context and framing of the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 2021The sixth edition of the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report (AGR2021) has been produced in the second year of the global COVID-19 pandemic. While encouraging trends in tackling the pandemic are emerging, including the unprecedented development and roll-out of highly effective vaccines in many industrialized countries, the COVID-19 crisis continues to create severe human health challenges, economic turmoil and recurring restrictions on daily life in most parts of the world. The pandemic’s impact on global climate change adaptation processes is increasingly visible through direct effects on adaptation planning and constraints on available finance. Climate impacts also tend to be more severe in vulnerable developing economies, many of which are also among the worst affected by COVID-19. At the same time, rescue andrecovery initiatives designed to kick start economies in the wake of the pandemic offer a unique opportunity to secure a green recovery by mainstreaming adaptation into public financing streams worth trillions of dollars, dwarfing the sums otherwise dedicated to adaptation. Furthermore, climate change and the pandemic share some striking similarities: like the pandemic, the climate change crisis is a systemic problem that requires coordinated global, national and local responses. Many of the lessons learned from handling the pandemic have the potential to serve as examples of how to improve climate adaptation planningand financing.Meanwhile, climate change continues its unrelenting path towards a warmer future. As the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), released in August 2021, starkly documents, some impacts are now irreversible. Many parts of the world have experienced unprecedented climate impacts this year, such as the heat dome and rampant wildfires in the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America and Canada; severe flooding in Western Europe, eastern parts of the United States of America, the province of Henan in China, and the state of Maharashtra in India; and imminent hunger after continued droughts in Madagascar. The assessment report also documents how, even under the most optimistic emissions mitigation scenarios where net-zero is reached by around 2050, global warming will continue in the short to medium term, potentially levelling off at 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. All this makes adaptation an increasingly urgent global imperative.At the political level, international climate efforts under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) continue, despite the postponement of the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 26), which was put back from November 2020 to November 2021. COP 26 will have a strong focus on adaptation issues and will see consultations and work proceed towards the first Global Stocktake in 2023, including the submission of new and updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).AGR2021 provides an update on current actions and the emerging results of regional-level to national-level adaptation planning, finance and implementation worldwide (figure ES.1). All three elements are critical for tracking and assessing progress towards the global goal on adaptation. AGR2021 also expands and strengthens the assessment of future adaptation outcomes, in particular through the inclusion of qualitativeexpert judgements. In view of the ongoing pandemic, the report provides an in-depth assessment of the emerging consequences of COVID-19 in relation to adaptation planning and finance and highlights the lessons and opportunities for future adaptation efforts through economic growth and climate resilience as part of a green recovery.Status and progress of global adaptation planning, finance and implementationPLANNINGDespite the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change adaptation is becoming increasingly embedded in policy and planning across the world. National-level adaptation planning processes remain a critical element in the global response to the impacts of climate change, as underscored by the Paris Agreement. While early evidence suggests that some National Adaptation Plan (NAP) development processes have been delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among least developed countries, progress is still being made on national adaptation planning agendas. Around 79 per cent of all countries have now adopted at least onenational-level adaptation planning instrument (for example, a plan, strategy, policy or law). This is an increase of 7 per cent since 2020 (figure ES.1). Furthermore, 9 per cent of countries that do not currently have such an instrument in place are in the process of developing one (no change since 2020). At least 65 per cent of countries have one or more sectoral plans in place and at least 26 per cent have one or moresubnational planning instruments. 

Digital microuidic biochips have emerged as a technology for miniaturizing and automating the traditional biochemical laboratory processes. The technology allows for direct programmatic control of droplets without the need for pumps, valves, or dened channels, which makes the digital microuidic biochips highly programmable and recongurable devices. Although the technology has already been in the research spotlight for over two decades, the digital microuidic biochips face signicant diculties in achieving wide-adoption and living up to the expectations for extensive miniaturization and automation of biomedical applications. Among the most signicant challenges is that digital microuidics is an interdisciplinary eld where the research is often focused on technology and component level rather than on a complete future proof system. Taking the digital microuidics past the step of technology demonstrators required bridging the gap between digital biochips presented in the context of application-specic short term research goals and a programmable applicationagnostic digital microuidics system. Hence, inspired by the heavily standardized microelectronics industry and modern computer architectures, this dissertation embarked on the journey to eciently connect the uidic and control domains into a vision for a modular and recongurable cyber-uidic architecture. The proposed architecture is based on the analysis of an extensive survey of existing technologies and systems, which conrmed that achieving the envisioned cyber-uidic architecture requires the design, fabrication, and operational aspects to be considered in symbiosis. The proposed cyber-uidic architecture is split into three loosely coupled parts; uidic, instrumentation, and virtual, where each part is deliberately designed in the context of its intrinsic relationships with the rest of the system. The cyber-uidic architecture was developed into a modular platform-based design, which allowed addressing the spectrum of accompanying challenges on a conceptual and technological level. The engineering research of the uidic system led to the development of a digital biochip with a large array of individually addressable electrodes, a novel design of recongurable embedded heaters, and an innovative low-cost coating method. This dissertation also discusses the design and implementation of the modular instrumentation system that embraces recongurability to provide an evolvable and scalable model for digital biochip instrumentation. We also conceptualized a software stack for programmable microuidics, including a uidic instruction set architecture, text and graphicalbased programming methods, and an execution model. The capabilities of the proposed cyber-uidic architecture and the constructed platform are demonstrated with several real-life protocols, namely performing a gene amplication by a polymerase chain reaction and magnetic beads-based enzymatic immunoassays targeting the detection of MRSA and SARS-CoV-2 spiked protein.

Testing and inclusion are two global education policy agendas with seemingly divergent aims. While inclusion suggests that every student can make a valuable contribution to their learning environment, testing has the capacity to exclude those who do not attain the ‘right’ knowledge in the ‘right’ way. National policies of testingand inclusion therefore have implications for students’ participation in education and, implicitly, their future citizenship. Drawing on data from national-, regional- and school-level policy document analysis and qualitative interviews with policymakers, school leaders, teachers and students, this background paper explores the testingand inclusion agendas in five national contexts: Argentina, China, Denmark, England (UK) and Israel. It is argued that testing and inclusion, in the context of wider political, socio-economic, geographical and cultural forces, have combined to marginalise particular groups of students in each national jurisdiction. Moreover, the inclusionagenda is challenged by: i) the more dominant testing agenda; ii) limited engagement with broader conceptual understandings of inclusion; and iii) insufficient financial investment. Although the Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated social and educational inequalities, students in certain contexts benefited from new approaches tolearning. In light of the challenges and opportunities presented by the current health crisis, we conclude our paper with proposals for future policies of assessment and inclusion.

Den biofarmaceutiske industri har sit fundament i produktionen af terapeutiskeproteiner i levende cellefabrikker – og den foretrukne type cellefabrik er baseret påkinesiske hamster ovarie (CHO) celler. For at skabe en ny kræftbehandling eller en nyvaccine baseret på terapeutiske proteiner, skal nye CHO-cellelinjer genereres. Dentraditionelle udvikling af sådanne cellelinjer har været empirisk, og det er derfor entid- og ressourcekrævende proces. Med de nye fremskridt inden for præcisegenredigeringsværktøjer til pattedyrceller, er et paradigmeskift mod hurtigere ogrationel CHO-cellelinieudvikling blevet muligt. For at fremme dette skift har vi udvikletmetoder til CHO-cellelinje genredigering baseret på præcis genintegration iforudbestemte områder i genomet. Ved hjælp af CRISPR/Cas9 og rekombinasemetoder for genintegration har vi genereret CHO-cellelinjer med en ensartet ogkonsistent ydelse, hvilket fremskynder produktionen af terapeutiske proteiner. Vianvendte en præcis genintegrationsplatform til produktion af værdifuldebiofarmaceutiske produkter, herunder en vaccine mod SARS-CoV-2, og vist de fordeleplatformen har for komparative studier af CHO-celler. Vi udviklede en præcis multikopigenintegrationsmetode for at øge produktiviteten af CHO-cellelinjer og for at nåindustrielle produktionsniveauer af terapeutiske proteiner. Således beviste vi, atpræcis genintegration er en fordelagtig metode til CHO-cellelinieudvikling, hvilkethjælper med at reducere tiden, ressourcerne og omkostningerne tilknyttetudviklingsprocessen og leveringen af nye biofarmaceutiske produkter til patienterne. Recombinant therapeutic proteins are crucial medicines for the treatment of human diseases including cancer, infections, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The production of these proteins relies on mammalian cell factories - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. For each protein, a stable CHO cell line with high productivity and protein quality must be developed. Traditionally, CHO cell line development has been long and unpredictable and required massive resources tofind a single cell line with the best performance. The recent development of precise genome editing tools for mammalian cells enabled a potential paradigm shift in CHO cell line engineering, offering more rapid and predictable ways of biopharmaceuticals production. This thesis aimed to develop and optimize new CHO cell line development methods based on targeted gene integration and encourage the change to nextgeneration cell line development platforms. To advance CHO cell line development, we created a targeted gene integration platform using CRISPR/Cas9 and recombinases and showed its use for the production of valuable therapeutic proteins, including a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrated that this platform minimizes clonal variation, which in turn reduces the need for screening of cell lines and thus shortens the timeline of CHO cell line development. This platform enables robust comparative studies of CHO cells, which was illustrated by the analysis of CHO transcriptomes. Furthermore, we increased the productivity of cell lines using multi-copy targeted integration, reaching industriallyrelevant titers of therapeutic proteins. We investigated the response to increased protein production in multi-copy cell lines using RNA-seq and revealed a transcriptional limitation in protein expression that appears at high copy numbers.Overall, the thesis proves that targeted integration is an advantageous method for CHO cell line generation that minimizes genetic heterogeneity thus making cell line generation faster, more robust and predictable. It can clearly improve CHO cell line development, reducing time, resources and cost of delivering new biopharmaceuticals to the patients.

The research conducted in relation to this thesis was aimed at investigating strengths and current limitations of electronic citizen science platforms as a method to collect data from recreational fisheries. Traditionally, data collection from recreational fisheries is a logistical and financial challenge due to the diffuse and diverse nature of the sector. Therefore, data tend to be lacking for many water bodies. The general lack of data is a hindrance for sustainable fishing and healthy fish stocks through viable management plans. Combined, the challenges of data collection, the importance of data, and the widespread lack of it highlight the need to rethink data collection approaches in recreational fisheries. A potential solution is offered through citizen science, which makes it possible to conduct cost-effective research on large temporal and spatial scales via members of the public (e.g., as data collectors). The potential of citizen science platforms is widened by the increasing availability of internet and smartphones. Electronic citizen science platforms for anglers working as smartphone applications (apps) and/or webpages are relatively cost-efficient and have the potential to supplement or replace traditional recreational fisheries survey methods. Yet, these platforms for anglers require validation to be successfully integrated in recreational fisheries management and research, e.g., with respect to participation and data quality. The need for validation and research is furthered by a likely inclusion of electronic platforms, as a tool to collect data from recreational fisheries in multiple countries, in the near future (i.e., 5-10 years). Indication has been given that angler apps and electronic citizen science projects for anglers can complement traditional survey methods, however, little is known about electronic citizen science platforms for anglers as data collection tools. This thesis investigates aspects of participation (i.e., recruitment and retention), explores quality of recreational fisheries data, and looks into research opportunities using a novel data collection approach, i.e., data generated by anglers via the electronic citizen science platform Fangstjournalen (see appendix A for a detailed description of the platform).The first paper (MS I) focused on characterizing citizen science participants and their retention patterns (i.e., how long they stay engaged) on the electronic citizen science platform Fangstjournalen. The first part of MS I was based on data from an onsite survey that involved interviewing anglers while they were fishing (i.e., roving creel survey), which was conducted to investigate the coastal recreational fisheries on the Danish island of Funen. Using a roving creel survey approach, it was possible to ask anglers whether they were using the Fangstjournalen platform and thereby identify citizen science participants and non-participants in a population of anglers. Subsequently, participant characteristics (i.e., demography and recreation specialization) and catch rates (i.e., fish per trip) of participants and non-participants of the citizen science platform were investigated. The results suggested that citizen science participants were younger, more specialized anglers, and had higher catch rates compared to non-participants. The second part of MS I used data from the Fangstjournalen platform to explore retention patterns and thereby the level of sustained engagement after recruitment to the platform. Additionally, various characteristics of the retained participants were investigated to determine whether a specific segment of anglers used the platform continually. Results indicated that ~ 21% of the participants that contributed with data (i.e., register fishing trips) stayed engaged on the citizen science platform for more than three months after recruiting. Additionally, ~10% of the participants that contributed with data stayed engaged for more than twelve months. Compared to participants who stopped using the platforms within three months of recruitment, the sustained participants were older and considered angling a more important hobby.In conclusion, the findings from MS I suggest that citizen science participants are a specific segment of the angling population (i.e., younger, more skilled, and more specialized), which points towards electronic citizen science platforms not being representative of the general angling population. Consequently, extrapolation of catch and effort from citizen science platforms to population level might be an issue. The findings from MS I also indicate that citizen science platforms for anglers can benefit from specific measures to increase retention and suggest a specific segment to target (i.e., younger and less committed anglers).Paper two (MS II) investigated the quality of catch and effort data generated by the electronic citizen science platform Fangstjournalen. Additionally, MS II explored whether the demography of citizen science participants potentially differ from participants in other type of recreational fisheries surveys. In this study, data collected from the citizen science platform was compared to three traditional survey methods, namely a roving creel survey, a recall survey, and an aerial survey. These data comparisons were performed for a specific fishery within a limited temporal and spatial frame, i.e., the sea trout fisheries on the Danish island of Funen in spring 2017. Results from MS II indicated that the Fangstjournalen platform provided catch and effort data that were similar to the data generated from two concurrently conducted surveys (i.e., roving creel survey and recall survey). There were similarities in estimates between survey methods, despite some demographic differences (e.g., seen by a disproportionate distribution of tourist anglers on the Fangstjournalen platform compared to the roving creel survey). However, when focused only on Danish participants, age and geographical distribution of residences were similar between the citizen science platform and the creel survey. Findings from MS II also indicated a relationship between anglers counted during the aerial survey and number of citizen science participants that were active during the aerial survey, i.e., during the specific time slot on a given survey day where aerial counts were conducted. This result illustrated a possibility of using the number of active citizen science participants as a proxy for total angling effort in a limited area and for specific fisheries. Overall, the findings from MS II suggest that electronic citizen science platforms can supplement traditional survey methods or, in certain cases, act as a standalone method, e.g., for the Funen sea trout fishery within a limited temporal frame. However, the results also indicate that participant characteristics of citizen scientists may not reflect that of participants captured via traditional surveys. MS III was in part an extension of MS II. In this paper, three additional years were included to be a part of the catch and effort comparison between citizen science and recall survey data from the Funen sea trout fishery. In addition, citizen science and recall data were temporally and spatially compared for other Danish fisheries, such as the coastal sea trout fishery, the coastal/offshore cod (Gadus morhua) fishery, and the freshwater pike (Esox lucius) fishery. The comparisons for the Danish coastal sea trout fishery and coastal/offshore cod fishery were based on catch data (i.e., catches and release proportions) collected within each of the eight distinct ICES management areas that cover the Danish coastal and offshore areas. In these fisheries, catch data from different survey methods were compared for ten specific half-year periods from 2016 to 2020. Similarly, catch and effort data from the freshwater water pike fishery were contrasted in ten half-year periods from 2016 to 2020. The findings from MS III indicated that estimates of catch and effort from the two survey methods were similar in the Funen sea trout fishery and that the similarities were consistent over time (i.e., temporal consistency). Equivalently, similarity and temporal consistency of catch and effort estimates were found for the Danish freshwater pike fishery. In contrast, large differences were found when catch data was compared temporally and spatially (i.e., ICES management areas) for the Danish coastal sea trout and coastal/offshore cod fishery. Here, the catches from the recall survey were generally larger (i.e., 200% – 300%) compared to the recall survey. Additionally, a larger proportion of fish were being released on the citizen science platform compared to the recall survey (i.e., 20% -30%). These differences between survey methods were fairly consistent over time, which suggested that it was possible to identify a conversion factor between estimates. It is worth noting that sample size was low for the Danish coastal/offshore cod fishery on the citizen science platform.In conclusion, the findings from MS III suggest that citizen science platforms can generate catch and effort data that are similar to the data of a traditional survey method, i.e., a recall survey, and that these similarities seem consistent, at least over 4- 5 years. Yet, these findings only relate to certain fisheries (i.e., the Funen sea trout fishery and freshwater pike fishery). Low sample sizes for the coastal/offshore cod fishery clearly indicate that certain fisheries are not captured by the citizen science platform. The results from the Danish coastal sea trout fishery indicate systematic bias in either recall survey data (e.g., framing of questions, number of recall periods, and length of the recall periods), citizen science data (e.g., underreporting caused by not reporting certain parts of the catch, such as smaller fish), or possibly both.Understanding human dimensions (e.g., angler heterogeneity and angler behavior) are central components in modern management of recreational fisheries. Recreational fisheries are coupled social-ecological systems that rely on information about the fish (e.g., catch, effort, biological information) and the people that fish for them (e.g., behavior) for successful management. Paper four (MS IV) and five (MS V) highlight how electronic citizen science platforms can advance the exploration of human dimensions, e.g., by offering a novel way to collect research data.Paper four (MS IV) was made as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The covid-19 pandemic caused a lockdown in spring 2020, where citizens to a wide extent were restricted to stay at home. The pandemic caused an abrupt change in the life of Danish citizens, which, for example resulted in a 20% increase in the sale of fishing licenses during the lockdown compared to the same period in previous years (i.e., spring 2018 and 2019). The increased sale of fishing licenses was interpreted as a heightened interest for recreational fishing during the Covid-19 lockdown and thus an increase in participation. In response, participant characteristics (e.g., demography and importance of angling as a hobby) of anglers recruited to the citizen science platform (i.e., created an account) during the lockdown were compared to anglers recruited in the same period in previous years (i.e., spring 2017, 2018, and 2019). Additionally, participant characteristics of data providers (i.e., participants that register fishing trips) recruited during the lockdown period were compared to data providers recruited in the same period in previous years. The comparison of data providers also included catch and effortpatterns (i.e., catch rates, release rates, and daily and hourly effort patterns). The results indicated that participants recruited during the lockdown were younger, less experienced as anglers, more likely to live in urban areas, considered angling a less important hobby, and were less likely to be from outside of Denmark compared to participants recruited in previous years. Most of these factors disappeared, when participant characteristics of data providers were compared between the periods, with the exception of angling experience. Compared to previous years, data providers had relatively higher effort on weekdays and fished later in the day during the lockdown period. Additionally, they had lower catch rates and were more inclined to harvest fish compared to previous years. The findings from MS IV provide some insights into potential effects of the Covid-19 lockdown for the Danish recreational fisheries and indicate the value of citizen science platforms to collect recreational fisheries data, e.g., as a supplement to onsite surveys in times of travel restrictions and closed public offices. However, it also clearly demonstrates some of the potential biases in the data that electronic citizen science platforms aimed for anglers produce. For example, a sudden change in participation can be reflected in the generated data. Additionally, the transition from recruit (i.e., account creation) to data provider (i.e., fishing trip registration) seems to be done by a homogenous group of anglers, which could be another indication that data providers from citizen science platforms are not representative of the general angling population as also shown in MS I. Paper five (MS V) investigated the potential of an electronic citizen science platform as a tool to collect data related to angler satisfaction, an important human dimension aspect, in recreational fisheries. In this study, fishing trips satisfaction from the citizen science participants was investigated using a human dimensions (HD) survey build into the Fangstjournalen platform. The HD survey was programmed to appear after fishing trip completion in approximately one of seven fishing trips that anglers reported to the platform. During the survey, citizen science participants were first asked to state their motive for fishing, i.e., “Why did you fish today?” with six different responses. Second, participants were asked to state their satisfaction, i.e., “How satisfied were you with the trip?” on a ten-point Lickert scale, from one being very dissatisfied to ten being very satisfied. Using this survey, several drivers related to fishing trip satisfaction were determined. Some of the findings were consistent with findings from other studies. For example, catch proved to be a strong driver of satisfaction. However, findings from MS V also revealed several additional drivers for fishing trip satisfaction, e.g., the motivational setting of a fishing trip moderated the satisfaction derived from catch. For example, anglers who were motivated by catch-related aspects (e.g., to catch a trophy fish) received higher satisfaction from catching fish compared to anglers who were motived by non-catch related aspects (e.g., to experience nature). Another novel finding was that fishing trips at higher air temperature caused somewhat higher satisfaction levels, indicating that fishing trips happening in more pleasant environments provide higher satisfaction. Importantly, an effect of recall period (i.e., time between conducting and submitting a fishing trip) was also found. This effect indicated that as time between conducting a fishing trip and submitting it the platform increased, so did satisfaction. The findings from MS V provide novel insights into fishing trip satisfaction for anglers, e.g., by relating recall period, air temperature, motives, and catch to satisfaction. Additionally, this highlights the potential of electronic citizen science platforms as diverse data collection tools (e.g., by capturing recall period and weather automatically) and showcases the usefulness of citizen science platforms in a human dimensions context. Together, the results from the papers presented in this PhD-thesis provide new insights into the strengths and current limitations of electronic citizen science platforms as tools for data collection in recreational fisheries. Electronic citizen science platforms are likely to attract a segment of the angling population that are younger, more specialized, and have higher catch rates compared to the general angler, which may be a problem for extrapolation to population level (MS I). Retention rates of ~20% after three months and ~10% after twelve months could be another source of bias (MS I). In addition, the participants that provide data and the participants that provide data continuously (i.e., stay engaged for more than twelve months) are also likely to be specific segments of anglers (MS I; MS IV). The specific angler segments do not engage on electronic citizen science platforms and the segments that stop using them (e.g., by a failure to transition from recruit to data provider) offer potential targets in measures to attract, engage, and retain participants (MS I; MS II; MS IV). Despite the potential sources of bias related to participation, findings in this thesis indicate that electroniccitizen science platforms still can generate catch and effort estimates that are similar to those of traditional survey methods (MS II), and that the similarities can be consistent over a four-to-five-year period (MS III). Nonetheless, it is also indicated that citizen science platforms might be limited to certain fisheries (MS III). Electronic citizen science platforms also hold value for collecting data that can further the knowledge of other aspects of recreational fisheries, e.g., angler behavior (MS IV; MS V) and human dimensions research (MS V). For example, it was possible to detect participational changes and associated behavioral changes in the Danish recreational fisheries during the Covid-19 lockdown in spring 2020 (MS IV) and identify several known and novel drivers for angler satisfaction (MS V) using the Fangstjournalen platform. Combined, the findings from this thesis highlight some of the strengths and current limitations of electronic citizen science platforms for anglers and provide a starting point for future research. From the work conducted in relation to this thesis, it is indicated that the strengths relate to data quality and research opportunities (i.e., the ability to generate recreational fisheries data similar to that of traditional survey methods in some fisheries and the capacity to further research via a novel data collection approach). Most of the associated limitations relate to participation, e.g., the inability to recruit participants that are representative of the general angling population, the inability to reflect the participants captured in traditional surveys, low retention rates, and a failure to retain and receive contributions from certain angler segments. Future research should extend from the central topics from this thesis. Specifically, participation, data quality, and research opportunities. The research into participation from this thesis has given some insights and subsequently new questions relating to recruitment and retention of participants. For example, demographic differences among citizen science participants and participants from traditional surveys does not necessarily seem to affect data quality (i.e., they generate similar estimates of catch and effort), which question the role of demographics in validating electronic citizen science platform. Hence, future research could focus on determining the role of different segmentation methods (e.g., demography, recreation specialization, consumptive orientation, and catch orientation) in their ability to capture variation associated with recreational fisheries data (e.g., how catch rates are affected by different angler segments engaging in different surveys). Speaking of segmentation, future work should also focus on methods to ensure recruitment of tourist anglers, recruitment and retention of less committed anglers, and recruitment of anglers from fisheries that so far are poorly represented on citizen science platforms. Such research is likely to benefit from inter-disciplinary approach (e.g., social and design sciences) and could involve platform design and advertisement, e.g., by determining the number of data entries different segments are willing to register from a fishing trip. Further research should also focus on further data quality evaluations. Findings from this thesis indicate that the Fangstjournalen platform can supplement or replace traditional surveys but only in some fisheries. From a data quality perspective, this indicates that fishery specific evaluation is a necessity. This could for example, be in relation to participation and platform design in order to determine why electronic citizen science platforms works in some fisheries but not in others. Another important research area is biological information generated by anglers using electronic citizen science platforms. On one hand, it is important to understand how well citizen scientist can identify species, genders, and stages of maturity as well as, determine accuracies of lengths and weights. One the other hand, it is possible that most of these features can be done automatically, e.g., via image recognition software. Novel use of technology could both lessen the burden for participants and serve as an educational tool for anglers.