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The uploaded files are for the Editorial office of Viruses

Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) may have impaired initial humoral responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination depending on the type of immunosuppression (ISP) used.1 It is largely unknown how antibody titres develop over time and whether it is needed to adjust timing of booster campaigns for patients with IMID.

A balancing act: what’s behind the uneven jobs recovery in regions after Covid-19?

Background: The emergence of COVID-19 was rapidly followed by infection and the deaths of millions of people across the globe. With much of the research and scientific advancement rightly focused on reducing the burden of severe and critical acute COVID-19 infection, the long-term effects endured by those who survived the acute infection has been previously overlooked. Now, an appreciation for the post-COVID-19 condition, including its neurological manifestations, is growing, although there remain many unknowns regarding the etiology and risk factors of the condition, as well as how to effectively diagnose and treat it. Methods: Here, drawing upon the experiences and expertise of the clinicians and academics of the European working group on COVID-19, we have reviewed the current literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the neurological sequalae of the post-COVID-19 condition. Results: In this review, we provide a summary of the neurological symptoms associated with the post-COVID-19 condition, before discussing the possible mechanisms which may underly and manifest these symptoms. Following this, we explore the risk factors for developing neurological symptoms as a result of COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19 condition, as well as how COVID-19 infection may itself be a risk factor for the development of neurological disease in the future. Lastly, we evaluate how the post-COVID condition could be accurately diagnosed and effectively treated, including examples of the current guidelines, clinical outcomes, and tools that have been developed to aid in this process, as well as addressing the protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines against the post-COVID-19 condition. Conclusions: Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the neurological sequalae of the post-COVID-19 condition.

Since the arrival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019, its characterization as a novel human pathogen, and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, over 6.5 million people have died worldwide—a stark and sobering reminder of the fundamental and nonredundant roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in host defense against emerging pathogens. Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are caused by germline variants, typically in single genes. IEI are characterized by defects in development and/or function of cells involved in immunity and host defense, rendering individuals highly susceptible to severe, recurrent, and sometimes fatal infections, as well as immune dysregulatory conditions such as autoinflammation, autoimmunity, and allergy. The study of IEI has revealed key insights into the molecular and cellular requirements for immune-mediated protection against infectious diseases. Indeed, this has been exemplified by assessing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with previously diagnosed IEI, as well as analyzing rare cases of severe COVID-19 in otherwise healthy individuals. This approach has defined fundamental aspects of mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, immunopathology in the context of infection with a novel pathogen, and therapeutic options to mitigate severe disease. This review summarizes these findings and illustrates how the study of these rare experiments of nature can inform key features of human immunology, which can then be leveraged to improve therapies for treating emerging and established infectious diseases.

Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, global sequencing efforts have led in the field of inborn errors of immunity, and inspired particularly by previous research on life-threatening influenza, they have revealed that known and novel inborn errors affecting type I interferon immunity underlie critical COVID-19 in up to 5% of cases. In addition, neutralizing autoantibodies against type I interferons have been identified in up to 20% of patients with critical COVID-19 who are older than 80 years and 20% of fatal cases, with a higher prevalence in men and individuals older than 70 years. Also, inborn errors impairing regulation of type I interferon responses and RNA degradation have been found as causes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, a life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition complicating otherwise mild initial SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and young adults. Better understanding of these immunologic mechanisms can aid in designing treatments for severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, long COVID, and neuro-COVID.

OBJETIVO: O mercado dermocosmético tem sofrido muitas mudanças nos últimos anos, não só devido à intensa competição e inovação no mercado, mas também, às mais recentes mudanças no comportamento do consumidor devido à última pandemia de COVID-19 que se espera ter um efeito de longo prazo nos hábitos de compra do consumidor. Com a explosão do mercado de e-commerce, os consumidores que procuram alternativas ao canal farmácia, têm agora acesso a dezenas de opções. A distribuição online de dermocosméticos é realizada por grandes “e-commerce players”, “e-stores”, farmácias online e lojas online de distribuição moderna (como a Wells). Com o desafio de se tornar a marca número um no mercado dermocosmético, a La RochePosay precisará de consolidar todos os perfis de mercado, desde a sua prioridade com o canal de farmácia, o crescente canal de distribuição moderna (parafarmácias) e o e-commerce. METODOLOGIA: Os dados foram recolhidos a 180 inquiridos maioritariamente da Área de Lisboa através de um inquérito, realizado através do Qualtrics. O inquérito dividiu-se em três seções, em primeiro, analisando a perceção do inquirido sobre o mercado dermocosmético, seguido da notoriedade da marca La Roche-Posay e concluindo com dados sociodemográficos. Num momento posterior da pesquisa, foi realizado um focus group para obter mais informações sobre os resultados iniciais do inquérito. No que se refere à informação do mercado dermocosmético, foi utilizado o IQVIA para extrair os dados de Sell-Out do mercado, a sua evolução e principais concorrentes. PURPOSE: The dermocosmetic sector has suffered many changes in the last years, not only due to the intense competition and innovation in the market, but also the most recent alterations in consumer behavior due to the latest COVID-19 pandemic that is expected to have a long-term effect in the habits of purchase. With the explosion of the e-commerce market, consumers seeking for alternatives to the pharmacy channel, now have access to dozens of options. The online distribution of dermocosmetic is carried out by big ecommerce players, e-stores, online pharmacies and online stores from modern distribution (like Wells). With the challenge of becoming the number one brand in the dermocosmetic market, La Roche-Posay will need to balance all profiles of the market, from their priority with the pharmacy channel, the growing modern distribution (parapharmacies) and the booming ecommerce channel. METHODOLOGY: Data was collected from 180 respondents mostly from the Lisbon Area using a survey, conducted through Qualtrics. The survey focused on three sections to firstly analyze the respondent’s perception of the dermocosmetic market, followed by the brand awareness of La Roche-Posay and closing with social-demographic data. In a further moment of research, a focus group was conducted to get more information concerning the initial findings of the survey. Concerning the dermocosmetic market information, IQVIA was used to extract the Sell-Out data of the market, its evolution and main players.

Law in Action is a podcast in which academics talk about their research and how law works in practice. The guests are academics who contributed to the special issue “Access to Justice in a digital era” of the Journal of Empirical Research on Law in Action (Recht der Werkelijkheid). The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on everyone in a way nobody could have predicted and the judicial system was no exception. Marieke Dubelaar, together with María Bruquetas-Callejo and Karen Geerstema, analysed the role of the lawyer in criminal law, immigration detention law and asylum law in the context of digitalisation measures during the COVID-19 lockdowns in the Netherlands.