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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Teng Hu; Sparkle L. Malone; Cornelia Rumpel; Abad Chabbi;

    AbstractGrassland management effects on soil organic carbon storage under future climate are unknown. Here we examine the impact of ley grassland durations in crop rotations on soil organic carbon in temperate climate from 2005 to 2100, considering two IPCC scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, with and without atmospheric CO2 enhancements. We used the DailyDayCent model and a long-term experiment to show that ley grasslands increase soil organic carbon storage by approximately 10 Mg ha−1 over 96 years compared with continuous cropping. Surprisingly, extending ley duration from 3 to 6 years does not enhance soil organic carbon. Furthermore, in comparison with non-renewed grasslands, those renewed every three years demonstrated a notable increase in soil organic carbon storage, by 0.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1. We concluded that management of ploughing and renewal intervals is crucial for maximizing soil organic carbon stocks, through balancing biomass carbon inputs during regrowth and carbon losses through soil respiration.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Communications Earth...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Communications Earth & Environment
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    DOAJ
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Communications Earth...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Communications Earth & Environment
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: K. Abe; N. Akhlaq; R. Akutsu; H. Alarakia-Charles; +196 Authors

    This paper reports the first measurement of muon neutrino charged-current interactions without pions in the final state using multiple detectors with correlated energy spectra at T2K. The data was collected on hydrocarbon targets using the off-axis T2K near detector (ND280) and the on-axis T2K near detector (INGRID) with neutrino energy spectra peaked at 0.6 GeV and 1.1 GeV respectively. The correlated neutrino flux presents an opportunity to reduce the impact of the flux uncertainty and to study the energy dependence of neutrino interactions. The extracted double-differential cross sections are compared to several Monte Carlo neutrino-nucleus interaction event generators showing the agreement between both detectors individually and with the correlated result. Updated discussion in Sec. V-A; Updated author list

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    CERN Document Server
    Other literature type . 2023
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      CERN Document Server
      Other literature type . 2023
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Seraj, Ali; Oblak, Blagoje;

    We study the motion of a gyroscope located far away from an isolated gravitational source in an asymptotically flat spacetime. As seen from a local frame tied to distant stars, the gyroscope precesses when gravitational waves cross its path, resulting in a net "orientation memory" that carries information on the wave profile. At leading order in the inverse distance to the source, the memory consists of two terms: the first is linear in the metric perturbation and coincides with the spin memory effect, while the second is quadratic and measures the net helicity of the wave burst. Both are closely related to symmetries of the gravitational radiative phase space at null infinity: spin memory probes superrotation charges, while helicity is the canonical generator of local electric-magnetic duality on the celestial sphere. 23 pages, 2 figures. V2: Added references and minor corrections. V3: Expanded section 4.2 on symmetries, and new section 5 (conclusion); more references added. To appear in JHEP

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of High Energy Physics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    Hal-Diderot
    Preprint . 2021
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of High Energy Physics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      DOAJ
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
      Hal-Diderot
      Preprint . 2021
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2021
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiansheng, Liu; Hadiatullah, Hadiatullah; Xun, Zhang; Pedro, Trechera; +48 Authors

    This study is supported by the RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban & amp; Industrial Areas, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Green Deal, European Commission, contract 101036245). This study is also supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42101470, 72242106) and in part by the Chunhui Project Foundation of the Education Department of China under Grant HZKY20220053. This study benefited from the Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS), especially the so-called ACTRIS-2 H2020 research project (grant no 654109), and the authors would like to thank ACTRIS (The Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure), especially the ACTRIS in situ EBAS Data Centre (EBAS), for providing datasets to the study. This study is also partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, a partnership between UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and Imperial College London, and the UK Natural Environment Re-search Council, and the views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care. The research was also supported by the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation Office (grant no. K132254). We thank also the support from "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and FEDER funds under the projects CAIAC (PID2019-108990RB-I00); and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41) and the Direccio General de Territori. IMT Nord Europe and LOA acknowledge financial support from the Labex CaPPA project, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-11-LABX-0005-01), and the CLIMIBIO and ECRIN projects, both financed by the Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal pat-terns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated. The result showed that the peak concentrations of LDSA at UB and TR sites are commonly observed in the morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) and late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with traffic rush hours, biomass burning, and atmospheric stagnation periods. The only LDSA night-time peaks are observed on weekends. Due to the variability of emission sources and meteorology, the seasonal variability of the LDSA concentration revealed sig-nificant differences (p = 0.01) between the four seasons at all monitoring sites. Meanwhile, the correlations of LDSA with other pollutant metrics suggested that Aitken and accumulation mode particles play a significant role in the total LDSA concentration. The results also indicated that the main proportion of total LDSA is attributed to the ALV fraction (50 %), followed by the TB (34 %) and HA (16 %). Overall, this study provides valuable information of LDSA as a predictor in epidemiological studies and for the first time presenting total LDSA in a variety of European urban environments. RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban amp; Industrial Areas, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Green Deal, European Commission, 101036245) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health European Union (EU) K132254, PID2019-108990RB-I00, AGAUR 2017 SGR41, ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) National Research, Development & Innovation Office (NRDIO) - Hungary Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) Chunhui Project Foundation of the Education Department of China National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) 654109 Generalitat de Catalunya 42101470, 72242106 Direccio General de Territori HZKY20220053 Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" ERDF

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HELDA - Digital Repo...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Lille Open Archive
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: Lille Open Archive
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Donath, Axel; Terrier, Régis; Linhoff, Maximilian; Contreras, Jose Luis; +42 Authors

    In this article, we present Gammapy, an open-source Python package for the analysis of astronomical $\gamma$-ray data, and illustrate the functionalities of its first long-term-support release, version 1.0. Built on the modern Python scientific ecosystem, Gammapy provides a uniform platform for reducing and modeling data from different $\gamma$-ray instruments for many analysis scenarios. Gammapy complies with several well-established data conventions in high-energy astrophysics, providing serialized data products that are interoperable with other software packages. Starting from event lists and instrument response functions, Gammapy provides functionalities to reduce these data by binning them in energy and sky coordinates. Several techniques for background estimation are implemented in the package to handle the residual hadronic background affecting $\gamma$-ray instruments. After the data are binned, the flux and morphology of one or more $\gamma$-ray sources can be estimated using Poisson maximum likelihood fitting and assuming a variety of spectral, temporal, and spatial models. Estimation of flux points, likelihood profiles, and light curves is also supported. After describing the structure of the package, we show, using publicly available $\gamma$-ray data, the capabilities of Gammapy in multiple traditional and novel $\gamma$-ray analysis scenarios, such as spectral and spectro-morphological modeling and estimations of a spectral energy distribution and a light curve. Its flexibility and power are displayed in a final multi-instrument example, where datasets from different instruments, at different stages of data reduction, are simultaneously fitted with an astrophysical flux model. Astronomy and astrophysics 678, A157 (2023). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346488 Published by EDP Sciences, Les Ulis

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
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    Astronomy and Astrophysics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Astronomy and Astrophysics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Elbers, Willem; Frenk, Carlos S.; Jenkins, Adrian; Li, Baojiu; +4 Authors

    The Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB) encodes a wealth of information, but has not yet been observed directly. To determine the prospects of detection and to study its information content, we reconstruct the phase-space distribution of local relic neutrinos from the three-dimensional distribution of matter within 200 Mpc/h of the Milky Way. Our analysis relies on constrained realization simulations and forward modelling of the 2M++ galaxy catalogue. We find that the angular distribution of neutrinos is anti-correlated with the projected matter density, due to the capture and deflection of neutrinos by massive structures along the line of sight. Of relevance to tritium capture experiments, we find that the gravitational clustering effect of the large-scale structure on the local number density of neutrinos is more important than that of the Milky Way for neutrino masses less than 0.1 eV. Nevertheless, we predict that the density of relic neutrinos is close to the cosmic average, with a suppression or enhancement over the mean of (-0.3%, +7%, +27%) for masses of (0.01, 0.05, 0.1) eV. This implies no more than a marginal increase in the event rate for tritium capture experiments like PTOLEMY. We also predict that the CNB and CMB rest frames coincide for 0.01 eV neutrinos, but that neutrino velocities are significantly perturbed for masses larger than 0.05 eV. Regardless of mass, we find that the angle between the neutrino dipole and the ecliptic plane is small, implying a near-maximal annual modulation in the bulk velocity. Along with this paper, we publicly release our simulation data, comprising more than 100 simulations for six different neutrino masses. Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures, JCAP, accepted with minor revisions

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: P. Rivoire; P. Rivoire; P. Rivoire; O. Martius; +5 Authors

    Abstract. Heavy precipitation can lead to floods and landslides, resulting in widespread damage and significant casualties. Some of its impacts can be mitigated if reliable forecasts and warnings are available. Of particular interest is the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction timescale. The S2S prediction timescale has received increasing attention in the research community because of its importance for many sectors. However, very few forecast skill assessments of precipitation extremes in S2S forecast data have been conducted. The goal of this article is to assess the forecast skill of rare events, here extreme precipitation, in S2S forecasts, using a metric specifically designed for extremes. We verify extreme precipitation events over Europe in the S2S forecast model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The verification is conducted against ERA5 reanalysis precipitation. Extreme precipitation is defined as daily precipitation accumulations exceeding the seasonal 95th percentile. In addition to the classical Brier score, we use a binary loss index to assess skill. The binary loss index is tailored to assess the skill of rare events. We analyze daily events that are locally and spatially aggregated, as well as 7 d extreme-event counts. Results consistently show a higher skill in winter compared to summer. The regions showing the highest skill are Norway, Portugal and the south of the Alps. Skill increases when aggregating the extremes spatially or temporally. The verification methodology can be adapted and applied to other variables, e.g., temperature extremes or river discharge.

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    https://doi.org/10.48350/19143...
    Article . 2023
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    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48350/19143...
      Article . 2023
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      Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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    Authors: F. Brun; O. King; O. King; M. Réveillet; +16 Authors

    The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow (approx. 0.2 km(2)) located at the very high elevation of 8000ma.s.l. (above sea level) on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study by Potocki et al. (2022) proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. This is in contradiction to our comparison of two digital elevation models derived from aerial photographs taken in December 1984 and a stereo Pleiades satellite acquisition from March 2017, from which we estimate a mean elevation change of 0.01 +/- 0.05m a(-1). To reconcile these results, we investigate some aspects of the surface energy and mass balance of South Col Glacier. From satellite images and a simple model of snow compaction and erosion, we show that wind erosion has a major impact on the surface mass balance due to the strong seasonality in precipitation and wind and that it cannot be neglected. Additionally, we show that the melt amount predicted by a surface energy and mass balance model is very sensitive to the model structure and implementation. Contrary to previous findings, melt is likely not a dominant ablation process on this glacier, which remains mostly snow-covered during the monsoon. The Cryosphere, 17 (8) ISSN:1994-0424 ISSN:1994-0416

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    The Cryosphere (TC)
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Cerisy, L; Pedrajas, A.L.; Lastoria, C; Perrin-Terrin, M; +2 Authors

    International audience; One of the main goals of KM3NeT/ORCA is to measure atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters with competitive precision. To achieve this goal, good discrimination between track-like and shower-like events is necessary, with particular focus on the measurement of the tau neutrino normalisation. The track-like signal is mainly carried by muon neutrinos from charged current interactions, while the shower-like signal comes from charged current interactions of electron and tau neutrinos, and neutral current interactions of all flavours. A Random Grid Search algorithm is optimised to separate these channels and its performance is compared with machine learning methods using boosted decision trees. This contribution will report on the technical aspects of the algorithm and the performance of the particle identification with data recorded in 2020 and 2021 using an early six-lines configuration of the ORCA detector (ORCA6).

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    Authors: Savadkoohi, Marjan; Pandolfi, Marco; Reche, Cristina; Niemi, Jarkko V.; +46 Authors

    This study is supported by the RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban & amp; Industrial Areas, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Green Deal, European Commission, contract 101036245) . RI-URBANS is implementing the ACTRIS (https://actris.eu/) strategy for the development of services for improving air quality in Europe. The authors would like to also thank the support from "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the project CAIAC (PID2019-108990RB-I00) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR, SGR-447) M. Savadkoohi would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her FPI grant (PRE-2020-095498) . This study is also part funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, a partnership between UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and Imperial College London, and the UK Natural Environment Research Council. The views expressed are those of the author (s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care. The measurements in Stockholm (SE) were funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The work performed in Rome (IT) was supported by ARPA Lazio, the regional Environmental Protection Agency.This work was also carried out through the Core Program within the Romanian National Research Development and Innovation Plan 2022-2027, with the support of MCID, project no. PN 23 05 and through the European Regional Development Fund through the Competitiveness Operational Programme 2014-2020, Action 1.1.3 Creating synergies with H2020 Programme, project Strengthen the participation of the ACTRIS-RO consortium in the pan-European research infrastructure ACTRIS, ACTRIS-ROC, MYSMIS code 107596 (ctr. no.337/2021) . Measurements at Granada urban station were possible thanks to the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the projects PID2020-120015RB-I00 and PID2021-128757OB-I00, and ACTRIS-Espana (CGL2017-90884REDT) . Measurements at Burjassot Atmospheric Station are supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) though the projects: RTI2018-096548-B-I00, PID2021-123881OB-I00 and TED2021-129185B-I00; and the Valencia Autonomous Government project: AICO/2021/341. IMT Nord Europe acknowledges financial support from the Labex CaPPA project, which is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d'In-vestissement d'Avenir) under contract ANR-11-LABX-0005-01, and the CLIMIBIO and ECRIN projects, both financed by the Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) . The ATOLL site is one of the French ACTRIS National Facilities and contributes to the CARA program of the LCSQA funded by the French Ministry of Environment. This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities. RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban amp; Industrial Areas) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health 107596, 337/2021, PID2020-120015RB-I00, PID2021-128757OB-I00, AICO/2021/341, ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 H2020 Programme, project Strengthen the participation of the ACTRIS-RO PID2019-108990RB-I00 Agencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR) Generalitat de Catalunya European Regional Development Fund through the Competitiveness Operational Programme Core Program within the Romanian National Research Development and Innovation Plan Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the project CAIAC Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the projects European Union (EU) European Commission Joint Research Centre Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her FPI Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) 2022-2027 European research infrastructure ACTRIS SGR-447 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" Agencia Estatal de Investigacion Environmental Protection Agency French Ministry of Environment ACTRIS-ROC PRE-2020-095498 ECRIN projects 2014-2020 Labex CaPPA project European Union (EU) CLIMIBIO PN 23 05 MCID 101036245 ACTRIS-España Horizon 2020 Green Deal ARPA Lazio MYSMIS

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    Environment International
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Teng Hu; Sparkle L. Malone; Cornelia Rumpel; Abad Chabbi;

    AbstractGrassland management effects on soil organic carbon storage under future climate are unknown. Here we examine the impact of ley grassland durations in crop rotations on soil organic carbon in temperate climate from 2005 to 2100, considering two IPCC scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, with and without atmospheric CO2 enhancements. We used the DailyDayCent model and a long-term experiment to show that ley grasslands increase soil organic carbon storage by approximately 10 Mg ha−1 over 96 years compared with continuous cropping. Surprisingly, extending ley duration from 3 to 6 years does not enhance soil organic carbon. Furthermore, in comparison with non-renewed grasslands, those renewed every three years demonstrated a notable increase in soil organic carbon storage, by 0.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1. We concluded that management of ploughing and renewal intervals is crucial for maximizing soil organic carbon stocks, through balancing biomass carbon inputs during regrowth and carbon losses through soil respiration.

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    Communications Earth & Environment
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      Communications Earth & Environment
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    Authors: K. Abe; N. Akhlaq; R. Akutsu; H. Alarakia-Charles; +196 Authors

    This paper reports the first measurement of muon neutrino charged-current interactions without pions in the final state using multiple detectors with correlated energy spectra at T2K. The data was collected on hydrocarbon targets using the off-axis T2K near detector (ND280) and the on-axis T2K near detector (INGRID) with neutrino energy spectra peaked at 0.6 GeV and 1.1 GeV respectively. The correlated neutrino flux presents an opportunity to reduce the impact of the flux uncertainty and to study the energy dependence of neutrino interactions. The extracted double-differential cross sections are compared to several Monte Carlo neutrino-nucleus interaction event generators showing the agreement between both detectors individually and with the correlated result. Updated discussion in Sec. V-A; Updated author list

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    https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    CERN Document Server
    Other literature type . 2023
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
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      CERN Document Server
      Other literature type . 2023
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Seraj, Ali; Oblak, Blagoje;

    We study the motion of a gyroscope located far away from an isolated gravitational source in an asymptotically flat spacetime. As seen from a local frame tied to distant stars, the gyroscope precesses when gravitational waves cross its path, resulting in a net "orientation memory" that carries information on the wave profile. At leading order in the inverse distance to the source, the memory consists of two terms: the first is linear in the metric perturbation and coincides with the spin memory effect, while the second is quadratic and measures the net helicity of the wave burst. Both are closely related to symmetries of the gravitational radiative phase space at null infinity: spin memory probes superrotation charges, while helicity is the canonical generator of local electric-magnetic duality on the celestial sphere. 23 pages, 2 figures. V2: Added references and minor corrections. V3: Expanded section 4.2 on symmetries, and new section 5 (conclusion); more references added. To appear in JHEP

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    Journal of High Energy Physics
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    Hal-Diderot
    Preprint . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2021
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      Journal of High Energy Physics
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      Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Xiansheng, Liu; Hadiatullah, Hadiatullah; Xun, Zhang; Pedro, Trechera; +48 Authors

    This study is supported by the RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban & amp; Industrial Areas, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Green Deal, European Commission, contract 101036245). This study is also supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42101470, 72242106) and in part by the Chunhui Project Foundation of the Education Department of China under Grant HZKY20220053. This study benefited from the Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS), especially the so-called ACTRIS-2 H2020 research project (grant no 654109), and the authors would like to thank ACTRIS (The Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure), especially the ACTRIS in situ EBAS Data Centre (EBAS), for providing datasets to the study. This study is also partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, a partnership between UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and Imperial College London, and the UK Natural Environment Re-search Council, and the views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care. The research was also supported by the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation Office (grant no. K132254). We thank also the support from "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and FEDER funds under the projects CAIAC (PID2019-108990RB-I00); and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41) and the Direccio General de Territori. IMT Nord Europe and LOA acknowledge financial support from the Labex CaPPA project, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-11-LABX-0005-01), and the CLIMIBIO and ECRIN projects, both financed by the Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal pat-terns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated. The result showed that the peak concentrations of LDSA at UB and TR sites are commonly observed in the morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) and late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with traffic rush hours, biomass burning, and atmospheric stagnation periods. The only LDSA night-time peaks are observed on weekends. Due to the variability of emission sources and meteorology, the seasonal variability of the LDSA concentration revealed sig-nificant differences (p = 0.01) between the four seasons at all monitoring sites. Meanwhile, the correlations of LDSA with other pollutant metrics suggested that Aitken and accumulation mode particles play a significant role in the total LDSA concentration. The results also indicated that the main proportion of total LDSA is attributed to the ALV fraction (50 %), followed by the TB (34 %) and HA (16 %). Overall, this study provides valuable information of LDSA as a predictor in epidemiological studies and for the first time presenting total LDSA in a variety of European urban environments. RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban amp; Industrial Areas, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Green Deal, European Commission, 101036245) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health European Union (EU) K132254, PID2019-108990RB-I00, AGAUR 2017 SGR41, ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) National Research, Development & Innovation Office (NRDIO) - Hungary Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) Chunhui Project Foundation of the Education Department of China National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) 654109 Generalitat de Catalunya 42101470, 72242106 Direccio General de Territori HZKY20220053 Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" ERDF

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    Lille Open Archive
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Donath, Axel; Terrier, Régis; Linhoff, Maximilian; Contreras, Jose Luis; +42 Authors

    In this article, we present Gammapy, an open-source Python package for the analysis of astronomical $\gamma$-ray data, and illustrate the functionalities of its first long-term-support release, version 1.0. Built on the modern Python scientific ecosystem, Gammapy provides a uniform platform for reducing and modeling data from different $\gamma$-ray instruments for many analysis scenarios. Gammapy complies with several well-established data conventions in high-energy astrophysics, providing serialized data products that are interoperable with other software packages. Starting from event lists and instrument response functions, Gammapy provides functionalities to reduce these data by binning them in energy and sky coordinates. Several techniques for background estimation are implemented in the package to handle the residual hadronic background affecting $\gamma$-ray instruments. After the data are binned, the flux and morphology of one or more $\gamma$-ray sources can be estimated using Poisson maximum likelihood fitting and assuming a variety of spectral, temporal, and spatial models. Estimation of flux points, likelihood profiles, and light curves is also supported. After describing the structure of the package, we show, using publicly available $\gamma$-ray data, the capabilities of Gammapy in multiple traditional and novel $\gamma$-ray analysis scenarios, such as spectral and spectro-morphological modeling and estimations of a spectral energy distribution and a light curve. Its flexibility and power are displayed in a final multi-instrument example, where datasets from different instruments, at different stages of data reduction, are simultaneously fitted with an astrophysical flux model. Astronomy and astrophysics 678, A157 (2023). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346488 Published by EDP Sciences, Les Ulis

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2023
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    Astronomy and Astrophysics
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      Astronomy and Astrophysics
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Elbers, Willem; Frenk, Carlos S.; Jenkins, Adrian; Li, Baojiu; +4 Authors

    The Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB) encodes a wealth of information, but has not yet been observed directly. To determine the prospects of detection and to study its information content, we reconstruct the phase-space distribution of local relic neutrinos from the three-dimensional distribution of matter within 200 Mpc/h of the Milky Way. Our analysis relies on constrained realization simulations and forward modelling of the 2M++ galaxy catalogue. We find that the angular distribution of neutrinos is anti-correlated with the projected matter density, due to the capture and deflection of neutrinos by massive structures along the line of sight. Of relevance to tritium capture experiments, we find that the gravitational clustering effect of the large-scale structure on the local number density of neutrinos is more important than that of the Milky Way for neutrino masses less than 0.1 eV. Nevertheless, we predict that the density of relic neutrinos is close to the cosmic average, with a suppression or enhancement over the mean of (-0.3%, +7%, +27%) for masses of (0.01, 0.05, 0.1) eV. This implies no more than a marginal increase in the event rate for tritium capture experiments like PTOLEMY. We also predict that the CNB and CMB rest frames coincide for 0.01 eV neutrinos, but that neutrino velocities are significantly perturbed for masses larger than 0.05 eV. Regardless of mass, we find that the angle between the neutrino dipole and the ecliptic plane is small, implying a near-maximal annual modulation in the bulk velocity. Along with this paper, we publicly release our simulation data, comprising more than 100 simulations for six different neutrino masses. Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures, JCAP, accepted with minor revisions

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: P. Rivoire; P. Rivoire; P. Rivoire; O. Martius; +5 Authors

    Abstract. Heavy precipitation can lead to floods and landslides, resulting in widespread damage and significant casualties. Some of its impacts can be mitigated if reliable forecasts and warnings are available. Of particular interest is the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction timescale. The S2S prediction timescale has received increasing attention in the research community because of its importance for many sectors. However, very few forecast skill assessments of precipitation extremes in S2S forecast data have been conducted. The goal of this article is to assess the forecast skill of rare events, here extreme precipitation, in S2S forecasts, using a metric specifically designed for extremes. We verify extreme precipitation events over Europe in the S2S forecast model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The verification is conducted against ERA5 reanalysis precipitation. Extreme precipitation is defined as daily precipitation accumulations exceeding the seasonal 95th percentile. In addition to the classical Brier score, we use a binary loss index to assess skill. The binary loss index is tailored to assess the skill of rare events. We analyze daily events that are locally and spatially aggregated, as well as 7 d extreme-event counts. Results consistently show a higher skill in winter compared to summer. The regions showing the highest skill are Norway, Portugal and the south of the Alps. Skill increases when aggregating the extremes spatially or temporally. The verification methodology can be adapted and applied to other variables, e.g., temperature extremes or river discharge.

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    https://doi.org/10.48350/19143...
    Article . 2023
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    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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      https://doi.org/10.48350/19143...
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      Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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    Authors: F. Brun; O. King; O. King; M. Réveillet; +16 Authors

    The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow (approx. 0.2 km(2)) located at the very high elevation of 8000ma.s.l. (above sea level) on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study by Potocki et al. (2022) proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. This is in contradiction to our comparison of two digital elevation models derived from aerial photographs taken in December 1984 and a stereo Pleiades satellite acquisition from March 2017, from which we estimate a mean elevation change of 0.01 +/- 0.05m a(-1). To reconcile these results, we investigate some aspects of the surface energy and mass balance of South Col Glacier. From satellite images and a simple model of snow compaction and erosion, we show that wind erosion has a major impact on the surface mass balance due to the strong seasonality in precipitation and wind and that it cannot be neglected. Additionally, we show that the melt amount predicted by a surface energy and mass balance model is very sensitive to the model structure and implementation. Contrary to previous findings, melt is likely not a dominant ablation process on this glacier, which remains mostly snow-covered during the monsoon. The Cryosphere, 17 (8) ISSN:1994-0424 ISSN:1994-0416

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    Other literature type . 2023
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    The Cryosphere (TC)
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Cerisy, L; Pedrajas, A.L.; Lastoria, C; Perrin-Terrin, M; +2 Authors

    International audience; One of the main goals of KM3NeT/ORCA is to measure atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters with competitive precision. To achieve this goal, good discrimination between track-like and shower-like events is necessary, with particular focus on the measurement of the tau neutrino normalisation. The track-like signal is mainly carried by muon neutrinos from charged current interactions, while the shower-like signal comes from charged current interactions of electron and tau neutrinos, and neutral current interactions of all flavours. A Random Grid Search algorithm is optimised to separate these channels and its performance is compared with machine learning methods using boosted decision trees. This contribution will report on the technical aspects of the algorithm and the performance of the particle identification with data recorded in 2020 and 2021 using an early six-lines configuration of the ORCA detector (ORCA6).

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    Authors: Savadkoohi, Marjan; Pandolfi, Marco; Reche, Cristina; Niemi, Jarkko V.; +46 Authors

    This study is supported by the RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban & amp; Industrial Areas, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Green Deal, European Commission, contract 101036245) . RI-URBANS is implementing the ACTRIS (https://actris.eu/) strategy for the development of services for improving air quality in Europe. The authors would like to also thank the support from "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the project CAIAC (PID2019-108990RB-I00) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR, SGR-447) M. Savadkoohi would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her FPI grant (PRE-2020-095498) . This study is also part funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, a partnership between UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and Imperial College London, and the UK Natural Environment Research Council. The views expressed are those of the author (s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care. The measurements in Stockholm (SE) were funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The work performed in Rome (IT) was supported by ARPA Lazio, the regional Environmental Protection Agency.This work was also carried out through the Core Program within the Romanian National Research Development and Innovation Plan 2022-2027, with the support of MCID, project no. PN 23 05 and through the European Regional Development Fund through the Competitiveness Operational Programme 2014-2020, Action 1.1.3 Creating synergies with H2020 Programme, project Strengthen the participation of the ACTRIS-RO consortium in the pan-European research infrastructure ACTRIS, ACTRIS-ROC, MYSMIS code 107596 (ctr. no.337/2021) . Measurements at Granada urban station were possible thanks to the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the projects PID2020-120015RB-I00 and PID2021-128757OB-I00, and ACTRIS-Espana (CGL2017-90884REDT) . Measurements at Burjassot Atmospheric Station are supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) though the projects: RTI2018-096548-B-I00, PID2021-123881OB-I00 and TED2021-129185B-I00; and the Valencia Autonomous Government project: AICO/2021/341. IMT Nord Europe acknowledges financial support from the Labex CaPPA project, which is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d'In-vestissement d'Avenir) under contract ANR-11-LABX-0005-01, and the CLIMIBIO and ECRIN projects, both financed by the Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) . The ATOLL site is one of the French ACTRIS National Facilities and contributes to the CARA program of the LCSQA funded by the French Ministry of Environment. This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities. RI-URBANS project (Research Infrastructures Services Reinforcing Air Quality Monitoring Capacities in European Urban amp; Industrial Areas) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health 107596, 337/2021, PID2020-120015RB-I00, PID2021-128757OB-I00, AICO/2021/341, ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 H2020 Programme, project Strengthen the participation of the ACTRIS-RO PID2019-108990RB-I00 Agencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR) Generalitat de Catalunya European Regional Development Fund through the Competitiveness Operational Programme Core Program within the Romanian National Research Development and Innovation Plan Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the project CAIAC Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the projects European Union (EU) European Commission Joint Research Centre Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her FPI Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) 2022-2027 European research infrastructure ACTRIS SGR-447 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" Agencia Estatal de Investigacion Environmental Protection Agency French Ministry of Environment ACTRIS-ROC PRE-2020-095498 ECRIN projects 2014-2020 Labex CaPPA project European Union (EU) CLIMIBIO PN 23 05 MCID 101036245 ACTRIS-España Horizon 2020 Green Deal ARPA Lazio MYSMIS

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    Environment International
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