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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ahlström, Björn;

    The sepsis syndrome is present in ¼ to ⅓ of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. The short-term prognosis is grim, with a 30-day mortality of 30–35%; however, the long- term outcomes are now being explored, as multi-professional follow-up after ICU care is increasingly being implemented. In 2020 the first and second waves of another severe infection, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) hit Sweden. The number of ICU beds were scaled up by several hundred percent while we simultaneously tried to understand the disease. Reports on risk factors for adverse outcomes in Covid-19 started to appear, but we needed to know more. Thus, we initiated this project aiming at assessing sepsis as an independent risk factor for later morbidity and mortality. Subsequently, with the onset of the pandemic, our focus shifted to identifying risk factors for adverse outcomes in Covid-19 and describing the functional recovery after severe Covid-19. We used the Swedish Intensive Care Registry and several governmental registries to this end. In Cox regression, we compared one-year ICU sepsis survivors without previous dementia with ICU patients without sepsis, finding no increased risk of dementia during follow- up. In a similar cohort, we assessed the impact of sepsis on long-term mortality and causes of death in a series of Cox and multinomial models. We found a surprisingly small overall association between sepsis and mortality and a persistently increased risk of infectious causes of death in sepsis patients. We compared the prevalence of several common comorbidities and medications as risk factors for ICU admission and mortality in ICU patients with Covid-19 with that of age- and sex-matched population controls and in patients discharged alive with those that were deceased at discharge. We found associations between several comorbidities and medications with these adverse outcomes. To better understand the meaning of these comorbidities as risk factors for short-term mortality, we compared them in logistic regression models on patients with Covid-19, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We found very similar impacts from the comorbidities; however, greater age was more associated with mortality in Covid-19 than in either sepsis or ARDS. Finally, we investigated the long-term functional recovery in ICU patients with Covid-19 compared to hospital-admitted patients with Covid-19 and population controls matched to the ICU group. The ICU patients had a markedly impeded recovery that was not explained by demographics or comorbidities in statistical models.

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    Authors: Persson, Anton; Lundh, Klara;

    Background: The covid-19 outbreak started in China in December of 2019. Four months later most of the world was affected by the virus. Nurses’ work was changed, since they needed to care for patients with a disease that no one knew about initially. At the same time, new routines for hygiene measures and protective equipment were required. Covid-19 changed the healthcare, and person-centred care and patients’ ability to participate in their own care was negatively affected. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for covid-19 patients in inpatient care. Method: A qualitative method with inductive approach was applied to carry out the literature review. Article searches were performed in the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE. Thirteen articles with qualitative design were used for the result. The data was analysed according to Friberg’s five steps (2022). Result: The result highlights what nurses experience when caring for covid-19 patients in inpatient care and consists of three categories and seven subcategories: Uncertainty (To feel fear, To feel insecure). A difficult work situation (To feel stressed, To feel exhaustion, To be stigmatized). Pride (Feelings of meaningful caring, Feeling appreciated). Conclusion: The nurses experienced a variety of emotions from caring for covid-19-patients. For instance, fear, uncertainty, and stress were present. These were often due to a lack of knowledge, which makes clear the need for training. Pride and feelings of being appreciated also emerged among the nurses, due to the reactions of those around them. Bakgrund: Covid-19 bröt ut i Kina under december 2019. Fyra månader senare var majoriteten av världen drabbad av viruset. Sjuksköterskors arbete förändrades då de behövde vårda patienter med en sjukdom som ingen hade kunskap om initialt. Samtidigt som nya rutiner för hygien och skyddsutrustning krävdes. Covid-19 förändrade sjukvården och den personcentrerade vården och patienters möjlighet att delta i sin egen vård påverkades negativt. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda covid-19-patienter i slutenvård. Metod: Kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats tillämpades för att genomföra litteraturöversikten. Artikelsökning gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och MEDLINE. Tretton artiklar med kvalitativ design användes till resultatet. Dataanalysen genomfördes enligt Fribergs fem steg (2022). Resultat: Resultatet belyser vad sjuksköterskor upplever när de vårdar covid-19-patienter i slutenvård och består av tre kategorier och sju subkategorier: Ovisshet (Att känna rädsla, Att känna osäkerhet). En svår arbetssituation (Att känna stress, Att känna utmattning, Att bli stigmatiserad). Stolthet (Känslor av ett meningsfullt vårdande, Att känna sig uppskattad). Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde flertal olika känslor av att vårda covid-19-patienter. Exempelvis förekom rädsla, osäkerhet och stress. Dessa berodde ofta på kunskapsbrist, vilket tydliggör behovet av utbildning. Även stolthet och känslor av att bli uppskattad förekom hos sjuksköterskorna, på grund av omgivningens reaktioner.

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    Authors: Ikuteyijo, Olutoyin O.; Aliyu, Taofeek K.; Akinyemi, Akanni I.; Ikuteyijo, Lanre O.; +7 Authors

    The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated containment strategies have significantly impacted the logistics of supplying sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services to adolescents and young adults (AYA) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies conducted in the region indicate an increase in sexual activity, particularly among young people, during the pandemic. However, the impact of these changes on their utilization of SRH services remains unclear. This scoping review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on the SRH behavior and service utilization of AYA. This review focuses on examining the demand and supply of SRH for AYA during the COVID-19 lockdown period (January 2020 – December 2021). Following the Arksey & O’Malley (2005) procedure and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewer’s Manual (2020), the review encompasses comprehensive search strategies, analysis, and reporting of results. The search for relevant articles was conducted across various databases, including Medline Complete, Africa-Wide, SocINDEX, Academic Search Complete (all through EBSCOhost), Public Health, Social Science & Sociology databases, the Middle East & Africa Database (all through ProQuest), and Web of Science. Articles published between January 2020 and December 2021 were included in this review. The studies discussed in this review shed light on the discrepancies in the demand for and supply of SRH services during the COVID-19 pandemic, exposing a substantial gap in addressing the specific SRH needs of AYA. This review also examines the strategies adopted by countries in SSA to mitigate these effects. Several countries in SSA demonstrated resilience as health providers fulfilled their role, while AYA sought alternatives to mitigate the shortage in the supply chain for SRH services and commodities, often resorting to alternative medicine. The findings underscore the urgency of further research to address the risks imposed by COVID-19 on the utilization of SRH services by AYA in SSA. The evidence presented in this review can inform strategic efforts to ensure the availability and accessibility of SRH services for AYA during any unforeseen emergency or future pandemic.

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    Authors: Solvin, Elsa;

    In the face of ever-present crises, this thesis aims to investigate if national identity is a factor that can contribute to our understanding of why individuals have different opinions of government crisis response, focusing specifically on the COVID-19 pandemic as a most likely case for this. The research question is “Does national identity impact approval of government crisis response?” By using regression analysis to study national identities generally, as well as some subdivisions of national identity, the investigation finds an (albeit) weak relationship between having a strong national identity and approval of government response to the COVID- 19 pandemic. The central finding is that approval was generally higher among people with strong national identities, especially in the subgroup of uncritical patriots. This indicates that national identities may have a role to play in shaping government approval during crises.

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    Authors: Jonsson, Elin;

    This essay's main topic is how the digitalization of art affects the experience. This was done by comparing a digitalized and a physical viewing of the art exhibit Katja of Sweden at Kristinehamns Konstmuseum. The two versions were analysed through Spielberg’s seven phenomenological steps: experience, ideation, generalizing, nuancing, constitution, reduction, and interpretation. They were then compared through a comparative method highlighting the similarities and differences between the two versions of the art exhibit. The concept of a museum as a place and space was then analysed through Christian Norberg-Schultz's argument phenomenon of place, and Walter Benjamins's argument of the aura of the artwork. The conclusion that came from the analysis was that digitalization affected how the visitor interacted with the art exhibit's place and space. Even so, the digitalisation of the exhibit Katja of Sweden was deemed a necessary precaution to ensure that the visitors could take part in the exhibit even if the museum were closed, due to the restrictions that came with the Covid-19 pandemic. 

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    Authors: Anklev, Max;

    This thesis analyzes Sweden's unique and puzzling approach to the COVID-19 pandemic by using the securitization framework, exploring if Sweden's strategy during the pandemic's first year reflects securitization, (de)securitization, or non-securitization. It employs content analysis to evaluate Sweden's response, analyzing primary sources and academic literature, and uses a discourse table based on existing theoretical studies by Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde (1998) and Lene Hansen (2012) to assess indicators of securitization, (de)securitization or non-securitization. The study finds that initially, Sweden combined (de)securitization and non-securitization, led by the state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell and the Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS), treating the virus as a manageable health issue within existing healthcare systems. However, as the pandemic progressed, the Swedish government, led by Prime Minister Stefan Löfven, adopted a securitization strategy, framing COVID-19 as a significant national health threat. This shift illustrates the dynamic roles of various actors in pandemic discourse. The thesis argues against a binary view of securitization and (de)securitization, showing their fluid application in real-world crises. It highlights the interaction between scientific and political decision-making in crisis management, suggesting a spectrum of responses involving (de)securitization and non-securitization.

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    Authors: Johansson, Ida;

    The COVID-19 pandemic prompted governments around the globe to employ various measures, such as social distancing and quarantine, to prevent its spread. The pandemic contributed to drastic changes in everyday life, through economic shocks, fear of the virus, morbidity, and mortality. It was quickly suspected that stress, fear, and loneliness resulting from these factors, would have a negative impact on mental health. While previous research suggests an increase of clinical mental morbidity in Sweden during the pandemic, its impact on subjective well-being remains unexplored. The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of public health during the pandemic by considering a self-reported measure of well-being. Using data from the latest Swedish Generations and Gender Survey (2021), this study sets out to answer two research questions. First, how are demographic characteristics associated with worsened subjective well-being? Secondly, given that foreign-born individuals were disproportionately affected by a range of COVID-19 related negative outcomes, this thesis asks whether foreign-born individuals were particularly affected by worsened subjective well-being. The questions are analysed through descriptive statistics and stepwise modeling using Linear Probability Models. Findings suggest that younger age and being female is associated with negative changes in subjective well-being, net of resources in terms of education, income and activity status, and family status. Foreign-born individuals were indeed particularly affected by worsened subjective well-being. This was partly mediated through their higher propensity of unemployment and on average lower income. By using a nationally representative sample and timely data, this thesis contributes to the understanding of COVID-19 related effects in Sweden. Furthermore, it sheds lights on the experiences of foreign-born individuals, a previously understudied group within the well-being literature. 

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    Authors: Larsson, Sanna;

    Through a digital survey, the level of knowledge about congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been investigated in Sweden. The virus infection is one of the most common worldwide and can cause damage to the fetus if the infection is transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Out of the 304 individuals who responded to the survey, 21% had heard of CMV, but only 10% had knowledge of how to protect themselves from CMV. The fact that this information has not reached more people is consistent with other studies conducted globally, but the preliminary knowledge level among Swedes is low compared to the rest of Europe. Parents need to be aware of the risks associated with congenital CMV infection and its connection to daily routines, such as sharing utensils or kissing younger siblings on the mouth during pregnancy. Even in the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, hygiene practices do not seem to have been sufficiently established and secure to protect the most vulnerable in society also from unnecessary risks of CMV transmission, which can lead to permanent and serious injuries. Genom en digital enkätundersökning har kunskapsläget om medfödd Cytomegalovirus (CMV) i Sverige undersökts. Virusinfektionen är en av de vanligaste i världen och kan innebära skador på foster om smitta överförs från moder till foster under en graviditet. Av de 304 individer som besvarade enkäten hade 21 % hört talas om CMV men endast 10 % hade kunskap om hur man skyddar sig mot CMV. Att denna information inte nått ut till fler stämmer överens med andra undersökningar som genomförts i världen, men det preliminära genomsnittliga kunskapsläget för svenskar är lågt jämfört med övriga Europa. Blivande föräldrar behöver få veta riskerna med medfödd CMV och sambandet det har med rutiner i vardagen, som att dela bestick eller pussa syskon i yngre förskoleålder på munnen under en graviditet. Även i nära anslutning till COVID-19-pandemin tycks hygienrutiner inte blivit tillräckligt etablerade och säkra för att skydda även de svagaste i samhället mot onödig risk att smittas av medfödd CMV infektion som kan medföra allvarliga och bestående skador.

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    Authors: Ngoc Phuong, Chau;

    According to the World Health Organization, almost all human population (99%) lives in 117 countries with over 6000 cities, where air pollutant concentration exceeds recommended thresholds. The most common, so-called criteria, air pollutants that affect human lives, are particulate matter (PM) and gas-phase (SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and others). Therefore, many countries or regions worldwide have imposed regulations or interventions to reduce these effects. Whenever an intervention occurs, air quality changes due to changes in ambient factors, such as weather characteristics and human activities. One approach for assessing the effects of interventions or events on air quality is through the use of the Weather Normalized Model (WNM). However, current deterministic models struggle to accurately capture the complex, non-linear relationship between pollutant concentrations and their emission sources. Hence, the primary objective of this thesis is to examine the power of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to develop and improve WNMs. Subsequently, these enhanced WNMs are employed to assess the impact of events on air quality. Furthermore, these ML/DL-based WNMs can serve as valuable tools for conducting exploratory data analysis (EDA) to uncover the correlations between independent variables (meteorological and temporal features) and air pollutant concentrations within the models. It has been discovered that DL techniques demonstrated their efficiency and high performance in different fields, such as natural language processing, image processing, biology, and environment. Therefore, several appropriate DL architectures (Long Short-Term Memory - LSTM, Recurrent Neural Network - RNN, Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network - BIRNN, Convolutional Neural Network - CNN, and Gated Recurrent Unit - GRU) were tested to develop the WNMs presented in Paper I. When comparing these DL architectures and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), LSTM-based methods (LSTM, BiRNN) have obtained superior results in developing WNMs. The study also showed that our WNMs (DL-based) could capture the correlations between input variables (meteorological and temporal variables) and five criteria contaminants (SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and PM2.5). This is because the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) library allowed us to discover the significant factors in DL-based WNMs. Additionally, these WNMs were used to assess the air quality changes during COVID-19 lockdown periods in Ecuador. The existing normalized models operate based on the original units of pollutants and are designed for assessing pollutant concentrations under “average” or consistent weather conditions. Predicting pollution peaks presents an even greater challenge because they often lack discernible patterns. To address this, we enhanced the Weather Normalized Models (WNMs) to boost their performance specifically during daily concentration peak conditions. In the second paper, we accomplished this by developing supervised learning techniques, including Ensemble Deep Learning methods, to distinguish between daily peak and non-peak pollutant concentrations. This approach offers flexibility in categorizing pollutant concentrations as either daily concentration peaks or non-daily concentration peaks. However, it is worth noting that this method may introduce potential bias when selecting non-peak values. In the third paper, WNMs are directly applied to daily concentration peaks to predict and analyse the correlations between meteorological, temporal features and daily concentration peaks of air pollutants.

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    Authors: Jörtsö, Axel;

    Denna studie syftar till att belysa gymnasielärares erfarenheter i omställningen från traditionellklassrumsundervisning till distansundervisning under coronapandemin. Med särskilt fokus på geografiämnetundersöks hur denna förändring påverkade lärares undervisningsmetoder samt lärarnas förmåga att nå målen iläroplanen och deras upplevelser av den nya undervisningsformen som de blev tvingade till. Genom intervjuermed geografilärare på olika gymnasieskolor har data samlats in och analyserats för att få en djupare förståelse förhur lärare anpassade sin undervisning till distansformatet. Frågeställningarna kretsar kring vilka delar avgeografiämnet som påverkats mest, lärarnas förmåga att säkerställa att eleverna når betygskriterierna ochlärarnas personliga uppfattningar om distansundervisning. Resultaten från studien visar på betydande utmaningarsåsom anpassningen av bedömningsmetoder, svårigheter att bibehålla interaktiv och praktisk undervisning samten ökad arbetsbelastning och stress bland lärarna. Dessa resultat bidrar till en ökad förståelse för de komplexakonsekvenserna av pandemin inom geografiundervisningen och kan användas som en grund för vidareutveckling av distansundervisningsmetoder. 

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ahlström, Björn;

    The sepsis syndrome is present in ¼ to ⅓ of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. The short-term prognosis is grim, with a 30-day mortality of 30–35%; however, the long- term outcomes are now being explored, as multi-professional follow-up after ICU care is increasingly being implemented. In 2020 the first and second waves of another severe infection, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) hit Sweden. The number of ICU beds were scaled up by several hundred percent while we simultaneously tried to understand the disease. Reports on risk factors for adverse outcomes in Covid-19 started to appear, but we needed to know more. Thus, we initiated this project aiming at assessing sepsis as an independent risk factor for later morbidity and mortality. Subsequently, with the onset of the pandemic, our focus shifted to identifying risk factors for adverse outcomes in Covid-19 and describing the functional recovery after severe Covid-19. We used the Swedish Intensive Care Registry and several governmental registries to this end. In Cox regression, we compared one-year ICU sepsis survivors without previous dementia with ICU patients without sepsis, finding no increased risk of dementia during follow- up. In a similar cohort, we assessed the impact of sepsis on long-term mortality and causes of death in a series of Cox and multinomial models. We found a surprisingly small overall association between sepsis and mortality and a persistently increased risk of infectious causes of death in sepsis patients. We compared the prevalence of several common comorbidities and medications as risk factors for ICU admission and mortality in ICU patients with Covid-19 with that of age- and sex-matched population controls and in patients discharged alive with those that were deceased at discharge. We found associations between several comorbidities and medications with these adverse outcomes. To better understand the meaning of these comorbidities as risk factors for short-term mortality, we compared them in logistic regression models on patients with Covid-19, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We found very similar impacts from the comorbidities; however, greater age was more associated with mortality in Covid-19 than in either sepsis or ARDS. Finally, we investigated the long-term functional recovery in ICU patients with Covid-19 compared to hospital-admitted patients with Covid-19 and population controls matched to the ICU group. The ICU patients had a markedly impeded recovery that was not explained by demographics or comorbidities in statistical models.

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    Authors: Persson, Anton; Lundh, Klara;

    Background: The covid-19 outbreak started in China in December of 2019. Four months later most of the world was affected by the virus. Nurses’ work was changed, since they needed to care for patients with a disease that no one knew about initially. At the same time, new routines for hygiene measures and protective equipment were required. Covid-19 changed the healthcare, and person-centred care and patients’ ability to participate in their own care was negatively affected. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for covid-19 patients in inpatient care. Method: A qualitative method with inductive approach was applied to carry out the literature review. Article searches were performed in the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE. Thirteen articles with qualitative design were used for the result. The data was analysed according to Friberg’s five steps (2022). Result: The result highlights what nurses experience when caring for covid-19 patients in inpatient care and consists of three categories and seven subcategories: Uncertainty (To feel fear, To feel insecure). A difficult work situation (To feel stressed, To feel exhaustion, To be stigmatized). Pride (Feelings of meaningful caring, Feeling appreciated). Conclusion: The nurses experienced a variety of emotions from caring for covid-19-patients. For instance, fear, uncertainty, and stress were present. These were often due to a lack of knowledge, which makes clear the need for training. Pride and feelings of being appreciated also emerged among the nurses, due to the reactions of those around them. Bakgrund: Covid-19 bröt ut i Kina under december 2019. Fyra månader senare var majoriteten av världen drabbad av viruset. Sjuksköterskors arbete förändrades då de behövde vårda patienter med en sjukdom som ingen hade kunskap om initialt. Samtidigt som nya rutiner för hygien och skyddsutrustning krävdes. Covid-19 förändrade sjukvården och den personcentrerade vården och patienters möjlighet att delta i sin egen vård påverkades negativt. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda covid-19-patienter i slutenvård. Metod: Kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats tillämpades för att genomföra litteraturöversikten. Artikelsökning gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och MEDLINE. Tretton artiklar med kvalitativ design användes till resultatet. Dataanalysen genomfördes enligt Fribergs fem steg (2022). Resultat: Resultatet belyser vad sjuksköterskor upplever när de vårdar covid-19-patienter i slutenvård och består av tre kategorier och sju subkategorier: Ovisshet (Att känna rädsla, Att känna osäkerhet). En svår arbetssituation (Att känna stress, Att känna utmattning, Att bli stigmatiserad). Stolthet (Känslor av ett meningsfullt vårdande, Att känna sig uppskattad). Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde flertal olika känslor av att vårda covid-19-patienter. Exempelvis förekom rädsla, osäkerhet och stress. Dessa berodde ofta på kunskapsbrist, vilket tydliggör behovet av utbildning. Även stolthet och känslor av att bli uppskattad förekom hos sjuksköterskorna, på grund av omgivningens reaktioner.

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    Authors: Ikuteyijo, Olutoyin O.; Aliyu, Taofeek K.; Akinyemi, Akanni I.; Ikuteyijo, Lanre O.; +7 Authors

    The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated containment strategies have significantly impacted the logistics of supplying sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services to adolescents and young adults (AYA) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies conducted in the region indicate an increase in sexual activity, particularly among young people, during the pandemic. However, the impact of these changes on their utilization of SRH services remains unclear. This scoping review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on the SRH behavior and service utilization of AYA. This review focuses on examining the demand and supply of SRH for AYA during the COVID-19 lockdown period (January 2020 – December 2021). Following the Arksey & O’Malley (2005) procedure and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewer’s Manual (2020), the review encompasses comprehensive search strategies, analysis, and reporting of results. The search for relevant articles was conducted across various databases, including Medline Complete, Africa-Wide, SocINDEX, Academic Search Complete (all through EBSCOhost), Public Health, Social Science & Sociology databases, the Middle East & Africa Database (all through ProQuest), and Web of Science. Articles published between January 2020 and December 2021 were included in this review. The studies discussed in this review shed light on the discrepancies in the demand for and supply of SRH services during the COVID-19 pandemic, exposing a substantial gap in addressing the specific SRH needs of AYA. This review also examines the strategies adopted by countries in SSA to mitigate these effects. Several countries in SSA demonstrated resilience as health providers fulfilled their role, while AYA sought alternatives to mitigate the shortage in the supply chain for SRH services and commodities, often resorting to alternative medicine. The findings underscore the urgency of further research to address the risks imposed by COVID-19 on the utilization of SRH services by AYA in SSA. The evidence presented in this review can inform strategic efforts to ensure the availability and accessibility of SRH services for AYA during any unforeseen emergency or future pandemic.

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    Authors: Solvin, Elsa;

    In the face of ever-present crises, this thesis aims to investigate if national identity is a factor that can contribute to our understanding of why individuals have different opinions of government crisis response, focusing specifically on the COVID-19 pandemic as a most likely case for this. The research question is “Does national identity impact approval of government crisis response?” By using regression analysis to study national identities generally, as well as some subdivisions of national identity, the investigation finds an (albeit) weak relationship between having a strong national identity and approval of government response to the COVID- 19 pandemic. The central finding is that approval was generally higher among people with strong national identities, especially in the subgroup of uncritical patriots. This indicates that national identities may have a role to play in shaping government approval during crises.

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    Authors: Jonsson, Elin;

    This essay's main topic is how the digitalization of art affects the experience. This was done by comparing a digitalized and a physical viewing of the art exhibit Katja of Sweden at Kristinehamns Konstmuseum. The two versions were analysed through Spielberg’s seven phenomenological steps: experience, ideation, generalizing, nuancing, constitution, reduction, and interpretation. They were then compared through a comparative method highlighting the similarities and differences between the two versions of the art exhibit. The concept of a museum as a place and space was then analysed through Christian Norberg-Schultz's argument phenomenon of place, and Walter Benjamins's argument of the aura of the artwork. The conclusion that came from the analysis was that digitalization affected how the visitor interacted with the art exhibit's place and space. Even so, the digitalisation of the exhibit Katja of Sweden was deemed a necessary precaution to ensure that the visitors could take part in the exhibit even if the museum were closed, due to the restrictions that came with the Covid-19 pandemic. 

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    Authors: Anklev, Max;

    This thesis analyzes Sweden's unique and puzzling approach to the COVID-19 pandemic by using the securitization framework, exploring if Sweden's strategy during the pandemic's first year reflects securitization, (de)securitization, or non-securitization. It employs content analysis to evaluate Sweden's response, analyzing primary sources and academic literature, and uses a discourse table based on existing theoretical studies by Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde (1998) and Lene Hansen (2012) to assess indicators of securitization, (de)securitization or non-securitization. The study finds that initially, Sweden combined (de)securitization and non-securitization, led by the state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell and the Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS), treating the virus as a manageable health issue within existing healthcare systems. However, as the pandemic progressed, the Swedish government, led by Prime Minister Stefan Löfven, adopted a securitization strategy, framing COVID-19 as a significant national health threat. This shift illustrates the dynamic roles of various actors in pandemic discourse. The thesis argues against a binary view of securitization and (de)securitization, showing their fluid application in real-world crises. It highlights the interaction between scientific and political decision-making in crisis management, suggesting a spectrum of responses involving (de)securitization and non-securitization.

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    Authors: Johansson, Ida;

    The COVID-19 pandemic prompted governments around the globe to employ various measures, such as social distancing and quarantine, to prevent its spread. The pandemic contributed to drastic changes in everyday life, through economic shocks, fear of the virus, morbidity, and mortality. It was quickly suspected that stress, fear, and loneliness resulting from these factors, would have a negative impact on mental health. While previous research suggests an increase of clinical mental morbidity in Sweden during the pandemic, its impact on subjective well-being remains unexplored. The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of public health during the pandemic by considering a self-reported measure of well-being. Using data from the latest Swedish Generations and Gender Survey (2021), this study sets out to answer two research questions. First, how are demographic characteristics associated with worsened subjective well-being? Secondly, given that foreign-born individuals were disproportionately affected by a range of COVID-19 related negative outcomes, this thesis asks whether foreign-born individuals were particularly affected by worsened subjective well-being. The questions are analysed through descriptive statistics and stepwise modeling using Linear Probability Models. Findings suggest that younger age and being female is associated with negative changes in subjective well-being, net of resources in terms of education, income and activity status, and family status. Foreign-born individuals were indeed particularly affected by worsened subjective well-being. This was partly mediated through their higher propensity of unemployment and on average lower income. By using a nationally representative sample and timely data, this thesis contributes to the understanding of COVID-19 related effects in Sweden. Furthermore, it sheds lights on the experiences of foreign-born individuals, a previously understudied group within the well-being literature. 

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    Authors: Larsson, Sanna;

    Through a digital survey, the level of knowledge about congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been investigated in Sweden. The virus infection is one of the most common worldwide and can cause damage to the fetus if the infection is transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Out of the 304 individuals who responded to the survey, 21% had heard of CMV, but only 10% had knowledge of how to protect themselves from CMV. The fact that this information has not reached more people is consistent with other studies conducted globally, but the preliminary knowledge level among Swedes is low compared to the rest of Europe. Parents need to be aware of the risks associated with congenital CMV infection and its connection to daily routines, such as sharing utensils or kissing younger siblings on the mouth during pregnancy. Even in the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, hygiene practices do not seem to have been sufficiently established and secure to protect the most vulnerable in society also from unnecessary risks of CMV transmission, which can lead to permanent and serious injuries. Genom en digital enkätundersökning har kunskapsläget om medfödd Cytomegalovirus (CMV) i Sverige undersökts. Virusinfektionen är en av de vanligaste i världen och kan innebära skador på foster om smitta överförs från moder till foster under en graviditet. Av de 304 individer som besvarade enkäten hade 21 % hört talas om CMV men endast 10 % hade kunskap om hur man skyddar sig mot CMV. Att denna information inte nått ut till fler stämmer överens med andra undersökningar som genomförts i världen, men det preliminära genomsnittliga kunskapsläget för svenskar är lågt jämfört med övriga Europa. Blivande föräldrar behöver få veta riskerna med medfödd CMV och sambandet det har med rutiner i vardagen, som att dela bestick eller pussa syskon i yngre förskoleålder på munnen under en graviditet. Även i nära anslutning till COVID-19-pandemin tycks hygienrutiner inte blivit tillräckligt etablerade och säkra för att skydda även de svagaste i samhället mot onödig risk att smittas av medfödd CMV infektion som kan medföra allvarliga och bestående skador.

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    Authors: Ngoc Phuong, Chau;

    According to the World Health Organization, almost all human population (99%) lives in 117 countries with over 6000 cities, where air pollutant concentration exceeds recommended thresholds. The most common, so-called criteria, air pollutants that affect human lives, are particulate matter (PM) and gas-phase (SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and others). Therefore, many countries or regions worldwide have imposed regulations or interventions to reduce these effects. Whenever an intervention occurs, air quality changes due to changes in ambient factors, such as weather characteristics and human activities. One approach for assessing the effects of interventions or events on air quality is through the use of the Weather Normalized Model (WNM). However, current deterministic models struggle to accurately capture the complex, non-linear relationship between pollutant concentrations and their emission sources. Hence, the primary objective of this thesis is to examine the power of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to develop and improve WNMs. Subsequently, these enhanced WNMs are employed to assess the impact of events on air quality. Furthermore, these ML/DL-based WNMs can serve as valuable tools for conducting exploratory data analysis (EDA) to uncover the correlations between independent variables (meteorological and temporal features) and air pollutant concentrations within the models. It has been discovered that DL techniques demonstrated their efficiency and high performance in different fields, such as natural language processing, image processing, biology, and environment. Therefore, several appropriate DL architectures (Long Short-Term Memory - LSTM, Recurrent Neural Network - RNN, Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network - BIRNN, Convolutional Neural Network - CNN, and Gated Recurrent Unit - GRU) were tested to develop the WNMs presented in Paper I. When comparing these DL architectures and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), LSTM-based methods (LSTM, BiRNN) have obtained superior results in developing WNMs. The study also showed that our WNMs (DL-based) could capture the correlations between input variables (meteorological and temporal variables) and five criteria contaminants (SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and PM2.5). This is because the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) library allowed us to discover the significant factors in DL-based WNMs. Additionally, these WNMs were used to assess the air quality changes during COVID-19 lockdown periods in Ecuador. The existing normalized models operate based on the original units of pollutants and are designed for assessing pollutant concentrations under “average” or consistent weather conditions. Predicting pollution peaks presents an even greater challenge because they often lack discernible patterns. To address this, we enhanced the Weather Normalized Models (WNMs) to boost their performance specifically during daily concentration peak conditions. In the second paper, we accomplished this by developing supervised learning techniques, including Ensemble Deep Learning methods, to distinguish between daily peak and non-peak pollutant concentrations. This approach offers flexibility in categorizing pollutant concentrations as either daily concentration peaks or non-daily concentration peaks. However, it is worth noting that this method may introduce potential bias when selecting non-peak values. In the third paper, WNMs are directly applied to daily concentration peaks to predict and analyse the correlations between meteorological, temporal features and daily concentration peaks of air pollutants.

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    Authors: Jörtsö, Axel;

    Denna studie syftar till att belysa gymnasielärares erfarenheter i omställningen från traditionellklassrumsundervisning till distansundervisning under coronapandemin. Med särskilt fokus på geografiämnetundersöks hur denna förändring påverkade lärares undervisningsmetoder samt lärarnas förmåga att nå målen iläroplanen och deras upplevelser av den nya undervisningsformen som de blev tvingade till. Genom intervjuermed geografilärare på olika gymnasieskolor har data samlats in och analyserats för att få en djupare förståelse förhur lärare anpassade sin undervisning till distansformatet. Frågeställningarna kretsar kring vilka delar avgeografiämnet som påverkats mest, lärarnas förmåga att säkerställa att eleverna når betygskriterierna ochlärarnas personliga uppfattningar om distansundervisning. Resultaten från studien visar på betydande utmaningarsåsom anpassningen av bedömningsmetoder, svårigheter att bibehålla interaktiv och praktisk undervisning samten ökad arbetsbelastning och stress bland lärarna. Dessa resultat bidrar till en ökad förståelse för de komplexakonsekvenserna av pandemin inom geografiundervisningen och kan användas som en grund för vidareutveckling av distansundervisningsmetoder. 

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